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6} ื–ื˜ 88118016 ืฉ|ืก1ื•ืกื˜ื˜ 06ื”ื ืช 1085 8161121ื•ื– ืคื  1 


000021100? 210166019 16886ื–116 


ืคื™ื˜ 98 


ื ืขืกืก. 16ื˜1ืก-04100158)ืก1ืžื• 
1ื•1416.00ืก-ืฐ1015ืฅ//:ืค1ื— 


03008608, 16049ืกืขืง 116110896 106 0 


ื–ืกืŸ ืฅ50101 ืกื—ื–ื•ื—ืก 1066ื˜ืกื–ื˜ 15 0101101ื—ื– 1015 
ื–ืก 010ื– 60066โ€ 101ืก'ื–ืกื–ื•ื•ื–ืกืก ื–ืกื™1 ืฅื•ื—ืก 56ื˜ 30001ื–ืกืงืŸ 
0ืฐืฉืก1011 406 01 ืคื• 0001006 16056ื˜ ,56ื˜ ื–ืก)ืก ืขื—ื˜ 

6409 011ื—ื–ืก 


ื ืขืกืก. 16ื˜?1ืก-04100198)ืก1ืžื• 


0 1 6 116111296 01016019 7000021108 


ืจ 
*6ื 0 ื• ื ืื” " 


ื› 
ื“ื— 
ื” 
ื˜ 


ืฆ' 
= 
ื–ืฆ 
(ืก 
0 


ื˜ืื•ืฉื˜ื™ืฉ 
|ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“ 


ืœ'ื˜ืขืจืืจ'ืฉ-ืง'ื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ'ืฉืขืฃ 
ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉื–ืฉื•ื”ื ืืœ 


ืึธืจื’ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ 
: 
ื“ ืจ ืฉื™ื•ื ื˜ืืฉื•ื”ื+ ืกืคื™ื• 
5 
| ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคึผื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ" 
ืžืึธ ืกืงืฐืข 


ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ || |. 
+ ; ืฉ. 
ืฉ1 


ื™ื™ืจ 1905 


ื›ืึธืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข,. ื‘ืœืฑื– ืืฒื™ื ืข... ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ. ืคึผื™ื ื™ืข 
ืงื™ืจื™ื˜ืฉืื ืกืงื™, ืžื™ืฉืข ืžืึธื’ื™ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 
ื”ื™ื•ืกืฉ ืจืขืœืขืก,. ืขืœื™ืข ื‘ืฒื“ืฆืจ, ื‘ื‘ื–:-ืข 


ืกื™ื ืขืœื ื™ืงืึทืฐื, ื™ืึธืกืœ ื‘ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื“ืฉืจ. .. 3 
ื”ืขืจืฉืœ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืื ืงืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ (ืจืึธืžืืŸ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ) . . . . . 7 
ืžืึธื˜ืœ ื’ืึธืœื‘ ืฉ ื˜ืฒืŸ. ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื•ืŸ 
(ืœื“ืขืจ). .. . .ืจ} .ื™"ืข {,.+ 6 6 0 
ื ืฒึทืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื™ืขื›ื™ึทืขืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืžืืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืกืœ . . +. . . . . . . 50 
ื›ืื™ึทื ื’ื•ืจืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืืจืึธื‘ื™ื ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืœ; ื“ื™ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ื ืขืกื˜:; ื ืขืฐื™ื™ึทืฉืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ . . . . . . 66 
ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืขื ืก. ,ื˜ืื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก!" (ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืขืก ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืก)) + + *+ + . + + 7 ื•) 
ืฆื•ื 90'ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึทื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. 
ืคืฆืจื " ื™ืฆืกืขื’ื™ืŸ. ืœื™ื“ืฉืจ..+ +6'. + 86 
ืก. ืงืึธืฉืขื˜ืฉืงื™ืŸ. ืกืขืจื’ืฒื™ ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ืŸ . . : 8 
ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื’ื™ืฆื™ืก. 
ื‘ืื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ (ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’) . . . . . . . 91 
ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ืจืึธืฉืขื ืงืึธืฐ. ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ 1965. 
ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ 1966 (ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’) . + . . . . . . 100 
ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืง. ืœ ืขืึธื ืขืœ ื“ืื“ื™ึทืื ื™. ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืข- 
ืกืขืจ ื˜ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ . . . . . . . 116 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•ืขืŸ. .+ + + + + . . . 126 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข, ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜. 
ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื™ื ื–ืึธืŸ. ื ืœืฒึทื“ื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš 131 
ื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืจ ื‘ื•ืจ ืคืขืจืœ ืจื•ื™ื–ืŸ. ื–ื™ ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ 
. 26 ืงืื‘ ืขืจ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ 
ืžืืงืก ื’ืึธืœื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขืื™ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ืื™ ืจ ื™ื™ ืจ ื˜ืก ื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจ ื™ื™ 140 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขื ืข ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ. ืฉืึธ ืœืขื ื‘ื™ ืœื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง- 
ื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืข ืงืื˜ืึธื•ื•ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืฆื™ืงืข ืžืฒึทืกืขืก . . 145 
ื“. ืงื™ืจื–ืฉื ื™ืฅ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข-- ืฉืึธืœืขื ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ . 150 
ืจื™ ืคึผืึธื˜ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืžืœืื ื“". ื™'ืขืคื™ื 
ืงืึธืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืง. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก. ื™ืื ืงืœ 
ื ืื›ืœื™ืก. ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื’ืืฉืข. ืื™. ืคึผืขืจืฆื™ื’ืขืจ. 
ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืคืืฉื™ื–ื' . + + + + . 6 ืื˜ืฅ 1 ื™ื• 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื•ืขื˜ืขืืื ื™ืฉื™. + + + ื™ื‘ ืื˜ ืขืจ 161 
ื‘ื™ื ื™ืึธืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืขึทืจืึทื“ืฆืฆืงื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืœืื ื’ 
-'ื™ื”ื™ื˜ืฉืจืขืจ. . .+ + *+ + +  +โ€ 0 164 
ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืึธืจ 
ืฆ+ ื•ื™ ื˜ื’ ื˜ืขื•ืื˜ื•ืฃ ื™ืฉ ื + 2 .-. 166 
ืฉื™ืžืขืŸ ืกืื ื“ืœืขืจ. ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืœืขืจืขืจ (ืคื—ืกื–ืืฉืฅืกื68) 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš. . + . . . . . . 169 
ื™ืข ื™ื˜ ื™ื” :6 .2 + 120 ืกืฆื ื• 148 
ืจืฉื•ืžืข (ืžืฉื™ืฉ, ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ). + *-. +::6.. *..ื™ - !6 
ื™ื• 


ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ื. ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก 
ืจืขื“ืงืึทืœืขื’ื™ืข: 


ื›. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืš (ืฉื˜ืขืœืคืืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ), 

ืฉ. ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ, ื˜. ื’ืขืŸ, 

ื. ื˜ื•ื•ืขืจืกืงืึธื™, 

ื ืึธื˜ืข ืœื•ืจื™ืข, ื‘. ืžืึธื’ื™ืœื ืขืจ, 
ื‘. ืžื™ืœืขืจ, ื›. ืžืขืœืืžื•ื“, 

ื”. ืคึผืึธืœื™ืื ืงืขืจ, 

ื™. ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื™. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืžืืŸ 


(ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐื•ืึทืจื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 


ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ). 


ื› ื–ืกืข'// ืจ 
ืจืฆื›ึผืืงืกืงื” / 
ืืข ื™ื™ืจ ืจ ื‘ืจ 7 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ /ื™ // /ืฉ, 

0 4 


*ืฆืกืœ-ื™ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื’ื“ื‘ืจ 


ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื“ืึทืจ 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง, 

ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื“ืึธืจ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. 

ืฆื™ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืืคืŸ ืฐืขื’ื• 

ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข, ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ืข? 

ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜, ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืื–ื ื–ืืš, 

ืื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง, ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš 

ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืกื˜ืขื–ืฉืงืขืœืขืš ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข. 

ื›'ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜-ื“ืึธืจ, ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ื“ืขื ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ, 

ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืฉืึธืœืขื ืื•ื™ืกืฉืžื™ื“ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ, 

ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื ืึธืจ, ื ื‘ืืœืื’ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ. 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš ืื™ื ืขื ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ืŸ, 

ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ-ืฐื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ึดืขืจ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืขืจ, 

ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืฉืืจื™ึดืขืŸ, ื˜ืจืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืึธืš, ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขื ื™ืฉ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ื ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืข ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืคืืจื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ-ื’ืึธืœื“ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ 

ื‘ืื”ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืกื˜ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ -- 

ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ืŸ. 


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ืคึผื™ื ื™ืข ืคึผืœืึธื˜ืงื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื“ ืจื•ืฃ 

ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ:; ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ.. 
ืฆื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขื ื™ื• ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ. ืฐื•ึผ ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื ื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ื ืงื™ื ื“ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืงืกืœ? 
ื’ืึธืจ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืก, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ 

ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืš ื ืขื ืื™ื, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ: ืื•ืŸ ื›'ืคื™ืœ, 


ืฐื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืกืืงืึธื ืข. 
ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืกืžืขื ืขืจ, 

ืฐืึธืก ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืขืก 
ื ืฒื™ื˜ืจืึธื ืข. 


ืคืืจืžืฒึทื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืขืก 
ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืคืืจื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืขืก 


ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ 
ืคืืจืžืื›ืŸ! 

ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืฆืจืขืก, 

ืฐืึธืก ืœืื ื’ื–ืื 

ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 

ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ! 


ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื– 


ืžื™ืจ ืจื•ืคืŸ ืž'ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึท ืื–ื ืกื™ื‘ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜. ืืฆื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืื–ื ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจื•ืฃ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ: ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ! 
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ื–ื™ืกื™ ืฐื•ืฒืฆ ืžืืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืฒื™ื 


ืžืขืœืึทื›ืข -- ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข! ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ื ืก 
ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ 
ืคืืจืคืœืื ืฆื˜ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ. 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืก ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื ืงืจื™ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืขื ืžื•ื™ืขืจ. 


ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ -- ื’ืขืจืืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข, 
ืื– ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืจืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, 


ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื’ื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 


ืคึผื™ื ื™ืข ืงื™ืจื™ื˜ืฉืื ืกืงื™ 


ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’-ืฆื•ื•ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ. 


ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื, 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืืžืขืจ ืื•ึนืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ. 


ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื -- ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืกื™ืžืขืŸ. 
ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื›'ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ืžื›ืข! 


ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืฐื•ืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 


ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 


ืื™ืš ื ืขื ื“ื™ ื–ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืื•ื•ืขืง, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜-ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืงืœืึธืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜. 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ืขื’ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื“ืขืžื‘, 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืงื™ืจืฆืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื”ืขืžื“. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“, 


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ื›'ืฉื ืฒึทื“ ืคืœื™ื ืง ื“ืขื ื“ืขืžื‘, ืืฃ ื“ืจ'ืขืจื“ 
ื ื“ื•ื ืขืจ ืคืืœื˜. 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืจื˜ -- 
ืขืก ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื. 


ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜-ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜, 
ืื™ืš ื ืขื ื“ื™ ื–ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ ืื”ื™ื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืง. 


ืžื™ืฉืข ืžืึธื’ื™ืœืขื•ืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกืึทืœื“ืื˜ 


ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึท ื’ืขื”ืึธื’ืœื˜, 
ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคื˜. 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ. 


ื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ื•ื™ ืก'ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืขืก, 
ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ืœืฐืขืจ ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื˜ืืงืข 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื’ื ืขื˜ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืคึผืจื•ื•ื˜. 


ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื˜ืขื›ืœื“ืจืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ ืขืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ืฆืึธื›ืŸ, 
ื›'ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜. 


ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืจ 


ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืจืขืœืขืก 


ื“ืขื ื’ืขืจื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืงืฐืึธืจื™ื, 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ื™ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืจ. 


ืืœืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื™ื’ื˜. 
ื‘ื™ื– ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื ืงืจื™ื’, 


ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทื ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
(ืก'ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ืงืฒึทื˜ ืœืื ื’ื–ืื ืึธืคึฟ), 
ืก'ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 

ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืืกืงืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ. 


ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื›'ืฉื™ืก ื’ืขืจืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ื™ื ืข -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜, 

ื›'ืฉืขื ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ื•ื ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืœื™ื•ื˜. 


ื ืึธืจ ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ 


ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืืœืฅ 


ืคืืจืฉืœืขืคืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜, 


ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ 


ืคืืจื”ื™ืœื˜, 


ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื“ืœืขืš -- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ, 


ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 


ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ 


ืคืืจืœื™ืจื˜, 


ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืขืก ืฐื•ื™ื ืงื˜ 


ื ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืื ื˜, 


ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื ื›ืืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืขืก 
ืคืœื™ื ืง, 
ื ืึธืจ ืงื•ืจืฅ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜, 


ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืขืก ืงื™ืžืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ 
ื ืื›ื˜ 
ืฆืขื˜ืจืขื ืฆืœื˜ ืฉืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ืžืึธืก, 
ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก, 


ื‘ืจืึทื ื™ืข ืกื™ื ืขืœื ื™ืงืึทืฐื 


ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืจืขื’ืœืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืก 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืœ ืคืืจืฉืืจื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฐืึธืจื ื˜: ืื•ื ื“ื– ื˜ืขืœืขืจ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜, 
ืกืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, ืกืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ื– ื–ื™ืš, -- 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐื•ึผ ื ืฉืคึผื™ืœืงืข ืฆื• ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืš. 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืจืขืœื™ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื ืฉืœ, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 


ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืก, 
ื ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ื•ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ, 


ืขืœื™ืข ื‘ืฒื“ืขืจ 


ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืขื ื™ืข, ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื ื™ืง, -- 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืึธื ื™ืง. 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื ืฉืœ, ืขืจืฉื˜, ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืขืœืขืš ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืฉืœ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜, 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื ื“ืœ -- 
ื ืคืจื™ื™ื“, 
ืขืก ืคื™ื ืงืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืœืึธื™ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื’ืจื™ื™ื˜. 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข, ื–ื™ ืคึผืึธืจืงืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ื, 
ื ื ืขื ื˜ืึทืŸ, ื ืœืขืง ื˜ืึธืŸ -- ืื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืงื•ื™ื... 


ื ืžืึทืฉืœ 


ื ื›ืึธื›ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื ื ืืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื’ืœืฒึทืš, 
ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื‘ ืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื ื–ืืš, 


ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึธื›ืขื ื’ืœืฒึทืš. 


ืžืึธื˜ืœ ื’ืจื•ึผืฐืžืืŸ 


ื“ืขืจ ื ืืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื-ืึธ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“, 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ -- ืžืข 
ืคืืจื’ืขื˜ืขืจื˜. 


ืฉืฒื™ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ 


ืฉืฒื ื”ืฒึทื˜, ืฉืฒื ื”ืฒึทื˜, ืฉืฒื ื”ืฒึทื˜, 
ืฉืฒื™ื ื”ืฒึทื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ -- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜... 
ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 
ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืขื‘ืŸ... 


ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฉืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ? 
ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ืฉืฒื™ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื™ืึธืจืŸ? 


ืฉืฒื™ื ื”ืฒึทื˜, ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ื˜, ืฉืฒื ื”ืฒึทื˜, ืฉืฒื ื”ืฒึทื˜ - 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ -- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜. 
ืคึผืขืจืขืฅ ืžืืจืงื™ืฉ 


ืฉืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ? 
ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฉืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ 
ืื™ื ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’? 


ืฉืฒื ื”ืฒึทื˜, ืฉืฒื ื”ืฒึทื˜, ืฉืฒื ื”ืฒึทื˜, 


ืฉืฒื ื”ืฒึทื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ -- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
" ื’ื™ 
ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’, ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’, ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, 


ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜. 


2 ืจ 4 ื™ื 


140: 


ื”ืขืจืฉืœ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืื ืงืขืจ 


ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื ื’ืขืŸ 


(ืจืึธืžื )) 


ืฆื•ื•ืฒื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 


1 


ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ-ื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขืก... ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื™ืึธืžืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืกืืงืึธื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ืคื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ืขืŸ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึทื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืงื™ื™ื ืขืžืก ืขืจื“", ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจ, ืคืืจืขื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ื•ืžืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื ืืคึผืขืจ 
ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจืืงืขื˜ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคึผืฑื–ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืคึผืึท- 
ืจืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื“ืจืึธื˜-ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ืื ืžื™ื ืขืŸ-ืคืขืœื“, ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืžืื›ื˜ ื 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืื ื’. 


ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืกืฑื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืืœืฅ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฐืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืฒึทืœืขืก ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืงืœืึธื’ืŸ... ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื’. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืฉื˜ืื ื“-ื”ืืคืกืึทืงืข ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ 
ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื. 


ื“ืขืจ ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“ื ืข ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข 
ืคึผืขื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ. ืฆื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ื•ืืงืœ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉืœืขื’ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ? 

ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืขื’, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคื™ืฆืขืจืŸ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืข- 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื‘ืื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืึธืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื’ืข ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืงืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืœืข ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– 
ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืœื™ื™ื–ื˜, -- ื ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ืืฃ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ืึธ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ 
ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืจื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกืึธืฃ... 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื‘ืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืงื•ืจืฅ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฃ ื˜ืขืœืขืจืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื ืืคึผืข 
ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ: ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ื 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื–, ืฆืขืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื•ื™ื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืืจืึธืคึผืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜. 

ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ืืœืฅ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข 
ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข, ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธ ืคืึธืจ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืฆืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ืข, ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืฆื•ืฉืคึผืืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืžืื›ื˜, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ื– ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื, ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ... ืฐืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืคึผืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜... 

ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืšึฐ. ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืก ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ... 

ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉืคึผืจืึธืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืืœืฅ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืœืขืฐืึธื ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื - 
ื˜ืข. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขื“ืจืขืžืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืึธื ื˜ื•ืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืื ืฅ ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืœืขื›ืŸ ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜. 

ื ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฐืขืœื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืืฃ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื˜, 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืงื•ืกื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืงืข, ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ ืื™ื– โ€ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื•ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ืœืฐืขืจ... 


ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœืฉืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ืฃ. ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืงื•ืงืื•ื•ืข, ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืขืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืืจื’ื˜.. ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ-ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ ืงืื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ 
ื”ื™ืžืœ ื ื‘ืœื™ืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืงืึธืžืขื˜ืข, ืฆืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื”ื™ืžืœ-ื“ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื•ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืจื• ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืขืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธืฉืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ? 

ืืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื– 
ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ, ืžืขื›ืฒึทืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ-ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืื’ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืขืจืขื•ื• ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื. 

ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ื™ื ืขืก ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜: 
ืฐื•ื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืงืœืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืืฑืกืฉืคึผื™ืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜, ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืง ื’ืึธืจ ื ืงืœืืคึผ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืงืจืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืฉืึธืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ื ืึธืšืจ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ. 

ืืฒึทื ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื, ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื–ื™ืš ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืคืœื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ ื ืงื•ืง 


8 


ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฆื™ ืคืขืœื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืœืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื•ื™ื ืขืก ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืกื ื- 
ืจื™ืื“ืŸ? ืื•ืŸ ื ืฐื•ึผื ืง ื˜ื•ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื ืขื ืกื•ื™ื ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ: 

-- ื›" ื™ืึธืคื• ื ื™ืฉื• 

ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืืฃ ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ-ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืกืื ืจืึธื˜ืข, ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื ื™ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ืฑื›ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ืฐืขื˜ ืงืึธื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจื™ืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ. 

-- ืžืืฉืขื ืงืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ, -- ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ืงืืกืงืข? ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข, ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ? ืื™ืš 
ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ืš ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืกืงืข... ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ, ื“ืขื ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจ, ื’ื™ื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืคืขืœ. 

-- ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

ื“ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืืกืงืข. 

ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ ืฆื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืฆื™ ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืฆึดื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืขืก. ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืฐื•ืึธืจืคืŸ ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ , ืงื™ื™ื ืขืžืก ืขืจื“", ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขื ืข 
ื“ืจืึธื˜-ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ืขืŸ-ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืจื™ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืกืืคึผื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคึผืึธืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืœืขืจ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฉื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจืก, ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื ืขื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจืก. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜. 

,ืืฆื™ื ื“, ืคืจื™ืฅ, ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืœืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืงื•ื–ืžื 
ื“ืื ื™ืœืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, -- ืื•ื•ืขืง ื™ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ... ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืœ 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ืกืืงื™ืฉืข 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืืงืฉื ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜: ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืคืœื™ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืืขืจืึธืคึผืœืื ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ 
ืคืฒึทืขืจ, ืžืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ ืฐื•ึผืงืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืข. 

ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื’ื•ื˜, ืื– 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื ื”ืืจื˜ ื ื™ืกืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื ืขืจ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืืœืฅ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื™ืœ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืื ื’ืข ื›ืื“ืึท- 
ืฉื™ื ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืคืจืึธื ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง. ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, 
ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืฒึทืš. ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื•ืจืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื™ืœ ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืคืจื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืคืขืœืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื‘ ื“ืึธ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ื’ืจืื“, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืื™ืœ ืคืืจืคืืœืŸ. 

ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ื’ืจืื“. ืื™ืฆื˜, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ, ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ืื•ืŸ-ืคืขืจืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจ... 

ืคืืจื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ. ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจื˜ ืืœืฅ. ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืื•ืžืจื™, 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธื ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ืจื•ืฃ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ. ืื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืกื™ืืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื‘ืื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืึธ. 

-- ื ื•, ืฐื•ื™ ืคื™ืœืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืื ื™ืœื™ื˜ืฉ? ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืœื›ืึธื–? 

-- ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืึธืจืžืืœ, ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงืึธืœืฐื™ืจื˜ืœืขืจ ืคื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉืœืขื›ื˜... 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืขื ืข ื’ืขืกื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทืกืขื›ืฅ? ืื•ื™ื‘ 

ื“ื™ ื’ืขืกื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืจื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืกืขื ืข, ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืงืœืขืงืŸ ืœืขืงืขืš? ืขืค- 
ืฉืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ? ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ืคืฒึทื ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜... 

-- ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื’ืขืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืกืขื ืข... 

-- ื ื™ืฉืงืึธืฉืข, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืืจืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืฉืืœืขื•ื•ืขื˜ 


9 


ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ. ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš! ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื–ืืš ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ , ื”ืึธืคึผืืง", ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ? ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคื™ื™ื’ืขืœืขืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื ืืฐืขืงืœืึธื–ืŸ... ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ? 

--- ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ! ืืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ืงืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื’- 
ื˜ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก. ื›ืฒึท ื™ืึธืžื• ื‘ื™ืก!. 

ืื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืกื™ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜, ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธืก ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืœ. 

ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ื‘ืื ืงืึธืžื›ืื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ 
ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืขื ืข ื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื”ืึธืคึผืืง', ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืขืจื™ืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืจื™ืฃ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆืขืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ ืงืึธืจื˜ืŸ. 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜. 


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ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืงื ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืŸ-ื‘ืื˜ืืจื™ื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื, ืคึผืฒึทืคืขืจืฒึท, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื™ืœื“ืŸ ืจืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ 
ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ืขืก. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืืงืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ, 
ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื’ืจื™ืฃ. ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก ืจื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ-ืคืœืืžืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘- 
ืคืึธื ื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ื˜ืื ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืจืฑื˜. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข 
ืขืจื“ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืืจื•ื ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืŸ-ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืข ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืœืฅ ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ื‘ืื˜ืืจื™ื™ืขืก. ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ืš-ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ-ืคืœืืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ. ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื›ื•ื™ืฉืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืกื•ื™ื ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืึธื ืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืจืฑื™ื˜ืข ืคึผืฒึทืœืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื - 
ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข , ืงืื˜ื™ื•ืฉืขืก". ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ, ืืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. 

ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืขืกืงืื“ืจื™ืœื™ืขืก ื‘ืึธืž- 
ื‘ืืจื“ื™ืจืขืจ, ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืœืขืจ, ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืึธื•ื•ื™ืงืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ. ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจืข 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“. ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื‘ื•ืฉืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ืžื•ื™ืจืขื“ื™ืงืข 
ืกืจื™ื™ืคืข. 

-- ื–ืขื˜, ืฐื™ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ืขืŸ! ื›ืฒึท ื™ืึธืžื• ื‘ื™ืก! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืื“ืœืขืก ืื•ื™ืกื ืข- 
ืจื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ. -- ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืืจืื“... ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ.. 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ื™ื˜ืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜. ื ืึธืš ืื–ื ืงืœืืค ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒ ืื™ ื’ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื•-ื–ื™ืš... 

-- ืžืืžืขืœืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืข! ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒ ื’ืื ืฆ- 
ืคืจื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึทืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ืข ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง!.. -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ. -- ืขืžืขืก ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš, ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜? ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ ืืฃ ืœืื ื’ ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ. 

-- ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจืึธืฐ, -- ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื ืึธืš ืื–ื ืกืื‘ืื ื˜ื•ื™, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื™ื‘ืจืื’ื™ืžืึธื•ื•, --- 
ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืึธืคึผืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ืื ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ื“ืขื ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง ืฆื• ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืื”ืขืจ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ, ืฉืฒึทื˜ืืŸ! 

-- ื’ืื ืฅ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ ื ืึธื“ืืจ ื‘ื" 
ืฉื™ื“ื–ืข, ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืึธืฐื™ืงืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืืจื‘ืขื˜". -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืืขืจืึธืคึผืœืื ืขืŸ? 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, -- ืื– ื™ืขื“ืข ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜? 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื ืงื•ื™ืขืจ, -- 


10 


ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื, ืคึผืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจ-ืจืขื ืฆืœ. -- ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฆืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ืคืขืคืขืจ ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜. 

-- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ืŸ. ื’ืื ืฅ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืฅ 
ื”ืึธืจืขืฐืขื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜, 
ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจื˜. 

ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืืค ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ืฆืขืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืกื•ื™ื ืข 
ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจื˜ืŸ. ืื–ื ืืจื˜ื™ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜-ืึธื ืคืœื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜. 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื ืึธืš ืื–ื ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืคึผ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•-ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื– ืขืค- 
ืฉืขืจ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธื ื’ืจื™ืฃ... 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜, ืืคึผืึธื ืขื, ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœืืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื‘ืื ืงื•ืจืกืงืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืื”ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคืจืึธื ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข, ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืงืึธื ื˜. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืฉืืคื˜, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ 
ืงืœืืคึผ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ, -- ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืื–ื•ื™, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืืงืข 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื’ืจื™ืฃ. 

ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื–ื•ืŸ-ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืืœืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืืจื•ื. ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืขื“ื™ืงืข ืขืจื“-ืคืึธื ื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืกืจื™ื™ืคืขืก. ืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืขื ืข ืฐืึธืจืฆืœืขืŸ. ืึธื ืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผืœื™- 
ื˜ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืฉืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ืขืŸ. ืืœืฅ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืกืืžื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืš, ื’ืื–, ื˜ืฉืื“. ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืœืขื ื“ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืจืขื’ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื. 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืืจื“ื™ืจืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืจื™ืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืขืก, ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ ื›ืžืืจืขืก 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘, ืจื•ื™ืš, ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคืจืฒึทืกืŸ. 

ื™ื“ื™ 2 ื™ืึธืžื• ื‘ื™ืก! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ, ืืฒึทื ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื 
ืื•ืคื’ืขืืงืขืจื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ ืคืขืœื“. -- ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข! ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ืขืจ.. 
ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ื™ืขืจ!.. 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ, ืคึผืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ื‘ื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืขืก, ืคืœืขืฉืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ- 
ื’ืขืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. 

ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืข ืงืขืกื˜ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืื”ืขืจ, ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ. 

-- ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจืึธื•ื•ืก ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ื. -- ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ! 

-- ืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืข ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ. -- ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•- 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื™ื•ืงืขืก! ืึธืคึผื”ืืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ?! 

-- ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. 

ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธืก ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืขืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“-ื‘ืื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฉื•ื•ืื•ื•ืข ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ- 
ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜, ื“ื™ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืจื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ. ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืืคืขืœ -- ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืกืŸ. ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ. ื“ื™ 
ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจืก ื‘ืืคืขืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜. 
ืื™ื ืขื ืคืืจื•ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ-ืจื•ื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืคืืจืืงืฉื ื˜ืข ืœื•ืคื˜-ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืœืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืžืึธื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืขื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืจืขืฐืขื˜. ื“ื™ ืืขืจืึท- 
ืคึผืœืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืืจื•ืกืขืœ -- ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืฐื™- 
ื›ืขืจ, ืืจื•ืฃ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื›ืžืืจืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ, ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืืžืขืŸ, ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ , ืงื™ื™ื ืขืžืก ืขืจื“". 

ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื– ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ- 
ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ -- ื“ืขื ืกื•ื™ื ืขืก. 

-- ืงื•ื–ืžื ื“ืื ื™ืœืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ื ืก ืื•ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื, -- 
ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ! ืึธื˜ ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื–ื™ื• ื–ืขืกื˜?.. 

-- ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืืœืฅ, ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ! ืจื•ื™ึดืงืขืจ, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืงืข, ืจื•ื™ืงืขืจ... 


11 


ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื™ื“ืœื˜. 

ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–ื˜ืข ืงืขืคึผ, ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืงืื˜ืฉืข- 
ื˜ืข ืืจื‘ืœ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ, ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข ืงื•ืกื˜ืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึทืฉืงืึธ 
ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืœืขืจ ืฉื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ืืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ. ืืฒื ืฆืฒึท- 
ื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื ืคืฒึทืขืจ ื“ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืขืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธ- 
ืจืึทืฉืงืึธืก ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืฑื–ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืจืึธื ืงืขืก. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ืจื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื“ื˜ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ืข 
ื˜ื•ืจืขืžืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืขื“ื™ืงืข ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืื ืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ, 
ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืขื–ืึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜. 

-- ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜, ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืœ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข- 
ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜. 

ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ืื–ื ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืžื›ื™ืจื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก, ืฐื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืืจื“ื™ืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื’-ืฉื™ืคึผื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืขืก, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืืœืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื -- 
ืื–ื ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื“! ืคื™ืจ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜. ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืข- 
ื ืข ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื ื™ื. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืข ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืข. 

ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื•ื™ื ื‘ืืฐื™ื–ืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ-ืกื˜ืขื ื’ืขืก. ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ- 
ื‘ื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจืึธื•ื•. ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ื•ื•ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜. ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืืฉื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืงืข. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ. 

-- ืžื™ืฉืงืข, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ. 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืจื‘ืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜: 

-- ื ื™ืฉืงืึธืฉืข, ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื™ืขืŸ ื ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขืžืขืก 
ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื ืง. ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’. 

ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื ืคึผืืจืื“. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข ืฆืขืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืงืขืกื˜ืœืขืš, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืื”ืึธืœืคืขื ืข, ืฆืขืžื- 
ื–ื™ืงื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. ื™ืขื“ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืฅ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืืงืฉื ื˜ืขืจ. 


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ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึทืฉืงืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึท- 
ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืื˜ืืงืข. ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฑืกืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ, ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืขืก, ื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืื•ื– ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืœื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ -- 
ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ, ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ,. ืžืืฉืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ื’ืจืื“, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทื™ึดื ืงืข -- ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจืึธืฐื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆื•ื ื’. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืืœืขื ืขืจ ืื˜ืืงืข ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื ื•ื’ืขื ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท! 

ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืข ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืข. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื”ืขืจ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง 
ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™, ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจื“. ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืคืขืœ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ. ืคืืจ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืื ืก ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ 


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ื˜ืื ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืฆื•ืฉืคึผืืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื™ืกืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ื™ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. 

ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื”ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ -- ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื›ืืคึผื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™, 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืฑื™ืœืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื”ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ -- 
ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“.. 

ื ืงืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืื ืขืŸ. ื’ืึธืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื 
ื˜ืื ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ, ืžื™ืฉืงืข, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ื•ืขื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ , ืคึผืจืขืกืŸ" 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜... 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฑืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ, ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ืฅ. ื“ืึธืก 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื–ื ืคึผืื›ืขื“, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ... ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื ืจืขื’ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืึธืœ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืขื ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ-ื‘ืืง. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื ืง ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื–ืขืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืš-ืฐืึธืœืงืŸ. 

ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื“ื•ืœืข, ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ, ื–ื•ื›ื ื“ื™ืง ื ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’. ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืื ืง-ื˜ื•ืจืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื“ื™ ื˜ืื ืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื–ืฒื™- 
ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธืก ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจื™ืึธื’ื˜. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืคืขื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืื ืง ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืึธืจื˜, 
ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื, ื’ืึธืจืึทืฉืงืึธืŸ, ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืคึผืื›ืขื“. ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื›ืžืืจืข ืจื•ื™ืš. 

-- ืžืึธืœืึธื“ื™ืขืฅ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ, -- ืžืึทืœืึธื“ื™ืขืฅ! 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ, ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ื‘ื™ืงืกืŸ, ื’ืขืฉืœื™ื™- 
ื“ืขืจื˜ ื”ืื ื˜-ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืขืก. ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืคืœืืงืขืจื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคืฒึทืขืจ-ืœื™ื ื™ืข. ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข. 
ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืš, ืคืืจื›ื•ื™ืฉืขื›ื˜, ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆื˜. 

ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื 
ื’ืขื‘ืจื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืืœ, ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ, ืžืื ืขื•ื•ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืจืึทื ืงืขืก, ื–ื™ืš ื ืจื™ืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™. ืืคืกื ืฒึท 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื˜ืืจื™ื™ืข ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขื–-ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ื‘ื™ืงืกืŸ. ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก. ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื›ืืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉืข ื ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ- 
ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™, ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืื™ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืœืขืฉืขืจ 
ื‘ืจืขื ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ. ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื ืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืœืขืฉืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืื ืง. 

ื ื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ ืขืจื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจืฉืึธื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืืœืฅ... ื ืึธืจ ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ืื•ืคืจืฒึทืก. 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื™ื“ืœื˜: 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™? 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ืืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื›ืืคึผ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื ืง ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืจืขืก. 

ืจืขื›ื˜ืก, ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืฒึทืขืจื˜. 
ืฆื•ื ืืœื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื ื˜ืฉืื˜ืข ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ ืืจื•ืž- 
ืจื™ื ื’ืœืขืŸ. ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืื ื˜-ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืจืขื’ืขืก ืืจื•ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜-ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ื’ืขืคืืจ. 


13 


ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืืคึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ 
ื ืฒึทืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื›ืขื ื™ืฉ. 

ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ืœืฆืขืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืกืืžืข ื‘ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืข ืื˜ื- 
ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ื ืก ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ. ื’ืึธืจืึทืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืœืึธื– 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื”ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืœืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™, 
ื‘ืื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืข- 
ื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ืฃ. ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ื ื ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ, ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขื ื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขืคึฟืŸ... 

ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืื˜ืืงืข ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืจื‘ืœ ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆื˜ืข ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžืืฉืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืžืก ืคืืจืงืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื˜ื™ืง ืคืืจื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืขื ืคึผืึธื ืขื. ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ื ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ, ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืขื’, ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืœืื›ื˜, ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ. ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉ- 
ืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื“ืขืง ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ื–ืœื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืจืขืžืขืœืข ื‘ืœื•ื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜... 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื ืขืœ ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื ,ืฆื™ื’ืŸ-ืคื™ืกืœ", ืคืืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜. 

-- ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ื ืžืืฉืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืฉืฐื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืคืจืขื’ื˜. ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ืžืืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜, ืงื•ื™ื ืืฒึทื ื”ืืœื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ืงืึธืœ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ: 

--- ืื™ ืœืขื‘ ื ืึทืš, ื“ืื ื™ืœืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ... ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ืึธื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืื ืฅ? 

-- ื’ืื ืฅ.. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื• -- ื•ื•ื™? 

2 ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“ื’ืขืจ --. ืขืจ ื–ืฉืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงื•ื™ืœื - 
ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ? ื–ืขืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ.-- ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืืฒึทื ื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืขืคึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื˜ืืงื™ืจืŸ. 

-- ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ? ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืกืŸ? 

-- ืžืข ืžื•ื– ื“ืึธืš... ืึธื˜ ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื™ื•ืงืขืก.. -- ืื•ืŸ, ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื•ืžืขืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืžืืฉืขืŸ, ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจืงืข, ื ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืข *. 

ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืœื™ื ืง ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืขื ืฆืœ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงืœืื–ืฉืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฉืขื“ื ืข ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ืงืจืขื›ืฆื ื“ื™ืง, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื”ื™ื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜. 

ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ, ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจืึทืฉืงืึธ ืื•ื•ืขืง 
ืฆื• ืกื•ึผืฐืึทืจืึธืฐื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืงืขืŸ ื ื‘ืœืืกืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื˜ืืงื™ืจืŸ. 

ื‘ืืœื“ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึทืคืŸ ืžืืฉืข, ืงื•ื™ื ื›ืืคึผื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื: 

-- ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜! ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืคืขืœ. ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื™ื ืืจืฑื™ืกื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืื ืจืึธื˜ืขื™-. 

-- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจืงืข.. -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ, -- ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื™ื ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ? ื–ืขืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฆืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื•.-. 

ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืฒึทืคื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ื“ืึธืจื˜, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืึธื ื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืขืจื“. 

ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™-ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ื’ืŸ. ืึธื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืจืžืื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขืืงืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธืจื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, 


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ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ืžืืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ. ื ืจื•ืฃ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื‘ืขื˜ืœ, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืคืœื™ื ืง ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ, 
ืึธื ื‘ืฒื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข, 

ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข, ื ืจืขื’ืข 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืฆื™ ื–ืฉื™ืคึผืขื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืš, ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื™ืžื ืืกื˜ื™ืึธืจืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ 
ื ื‘ื™ื ื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ. ืืฃ ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืจืขื’ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืคืืจื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ืฆื• ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฐืึธืจืึธื ืงืข. ื ืึธืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจืึธื ืงืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืžื‘ื- 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืคืืจื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜.. 

ืึธ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืฐืฒื™ื ืขืŸ... ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืจื˜, 

ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื ืฒึทืข ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข. 

ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืžื•ืคื”ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธื™, ืคืฒึทืคืขืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืœื™ื˜ืขืจืก, ื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืšืš ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคึผืฑื–ืขื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจืŸ-ืจืขื ืฆืœ, 


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ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, 
ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืžื ืืกื˜ื™ืึธืจืงืข ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืืก, ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ 
ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงืจืขื›ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ืŸ- 
ื“ืขื˜ืข, ืฆื• ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข... 

ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ื ืฉื™ืงืขืจืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™, ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ, ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆื˜ืข ืคึผืขื ืขืžืขืจ. ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืง- 
ื˜ืึธืจ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจืึทืฐืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ื ืคืœืื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืืจ- 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ ืืฃ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜... ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืง. ื–ื™ ืื™ื–, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืืœืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื’ืจื™ืœืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ, 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื“ื•ื ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜: 

ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืฐืขืจ! ืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ! ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืขืก!.. 

ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืขื ืขื ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™- 
ื›ืขืก, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ, ื–ื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ, 

-- ืžืข ืงืจื™ื›ื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉืขืจื™ืงืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื™ื“ืœื˜, -- ื›ืฒึท ื™ืึธืžื•ึน ื‘ื™ืก... 

ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืขืœื“, ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข 
ืื˜ืืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ. 

ื”ื•ื™ืคื ืก ืขืจื“, ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘, ืจื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืžืœ, ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื˜ืืงืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ืคืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ื˜ึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ื• ืฐืฒึทื˜ืฆืช ื‘ืึธืจ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืจื•ืžืงื•ืงืŸ, ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืข ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืืจ- 
ืžืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ. ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื ืึธืขื ื˜. ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ, ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืข- 
ืจืข ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืœืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื–ืฐื•ืึธื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืฉื˜ืขืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืฒึทืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ, ื ืึธื“ืืจ ื‘ืืฉื™ื“- 
ื–ืข, ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ื‘ื™ืงืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืœืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก, ืžืื ืขื•ื•ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืจืึธื ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืึธื˜-ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืฉืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืขืก ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™, ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ: 

== ื™ื™ื˜ 

ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจืก ื‘ืืคืขืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืžื™ืฉืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ืœืฆืขืจื™, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ื›ืืคึผ ื˜ืึทืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 


15 


ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื“ืขืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฉืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืžื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, 
ืฐื™ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ื‘ืื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ... ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ื˜ืื ืง... ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืึธื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืฅ ืคืืจื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืึธื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฆื™ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืึทืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื ืง, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™, 
ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืืจืฒึทื ืคึผืจืขืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืœืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ื ืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจืฑืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ื ืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืคืœืืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ. ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื•ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืื ืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืœืืงืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืขื–ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื ืึทืจ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื•ื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืŸ. 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื ืง ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืจืึธืคึผืœืึธื–ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืžื•ื™ืจืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื•ื ืขืจ -- ื“ืขืจ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ืื ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืืฃ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ. 

ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืจืฒึทืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืึธื˜ืขืžื˜, ื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืื˜ืืงืข ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ. 

-- ื›ืฒึท ื™ืึธืžื• ื‘ื™ืก! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืฉืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืง- 
ื˜ืึธืจืŸ, -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืฉื™ื™ื“ื™ื, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืื ืง, ืžืึธืœืึธื“ืฆื™! ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธืจ!.. 

-- ื ืžืืคึผืึธืœืข ืืฃ ืื™ื! -- ื”ืึธื˜, ืฉืฐืขืจ ืึธื˜ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืž- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฆืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ืŸ ื˜ืื ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜, ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืขืจื™ืกืขื ืขื ื‘ืึธืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืขื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืจื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ืคืืจื’ืจืึธื‘ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. 

ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจืึธืฐ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืจื‘ืœ ืฆืขืฉืžื™ืจื˜ ืืคืŸ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืื ืฅ. ืื–ื ืžืื›ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื–ื™ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜.. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข, ืืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืื”ืึธืœืคืขื ืข... 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืืจื ืขืคึผืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืึทื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ: 

-- ื’ื™ื‘ ื ืงื•ืง, ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขืงืœ, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ? 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืืคึผืŸ. ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืง... 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืกืŸ ื•ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜.. -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ. -- ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื“ื™ืจ, ืžืืฉืข, ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืœื™ืื’ืข ื ืคึผืึทืจ ื˜ืจืึธืคึผื ืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ? 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึนืžื“... 

ืžืืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืขื ืฆืœ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ืื’ืข, ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ึนื’ืข- 
ืœืึธืคืŸ ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืงืœ, ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืึธื˜ื ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจื“. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืฒืกืœื˜, ืฆืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืืจื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข. 

-- ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ืกืืง ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื”ืขืจ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขืš 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“ื ืข, -- ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก... 

ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง ื’ืขืงืฒึทื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ืื’ืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืงืจืข-ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจืึธืฐื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฐื•ึผืจืฉื˜, ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื ืจืขื’ืข ื‘ืืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคึผืึธื ืขื. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ:-- 

ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืฉืข ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžืขื’ืกื˜ื• ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ืขืš, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืฉืงืขืŸ, -- ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืงืœืืคึผืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืจื™ื–? 

-- ืื– ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืฒึทืขืš! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืข. 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืจืขื’ืข ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข, ื ืงื•ืง 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: | 

-- ื›ืœืึธืคึผืฆืขืก ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฆืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื›ืื˜ืข? ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ืžื™ื“, ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืœืึธืคึผืขื˜ืงืขืœืขืš 


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ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื›ืื˜ืข... ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข-ืขืจื“ ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืก- 
ืœืขืš... 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืคืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ, ื ืึทืจ ื ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, 

ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ -- ืฐืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืึธืคึผืขื˜ืงืขืœืขืš, ืฐืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืงืืกืงืขืก. 

ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื– ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืง ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ 
ืืฃ ืื–ื ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืงืœืขืคึผ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ืึธ ืึทืคึผ- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื’ืจื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื -- ืœื™ื ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก, -- ืžื™ื™ื ืขื - 
ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื“. 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืงื•ืจืกืงืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืคืœืืงืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื. 
ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ื˜ืฉืื˜ืขืก ืืขืจืึธืคึผืœืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทืžื‘ืขืก, ืืคืกื ืฒึท 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ, ืžื™ื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืขืก. 

ื‘ืื ื•ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืง, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื•ื–ืžื 
ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืึธืงืึธืคึผืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืจื•ื™ึดืงืŸ, ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืืฑืกืคึผืจื•ื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจืฒื™ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื“. 


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ืืคืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืจื•ื™ึดืงืขืจ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืืคึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื, 
ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึทื˜ ืงื•ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืฒึทืคืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื˜ืืงืขืก, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ, ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ืจื™ื–ืŸ. ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ืื•ืคื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึทื“ืขืกื™ื˜ ืžื™ืฉ- 
ืงืข, ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจืึธื•ื•, ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืœืขืจ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืกืื ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืข- 
ื–ื™ื ื -- ืืœืข. ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืืœืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข. 
ืฐื™ืฒื ื™ืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง. ื ืึธืจ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ. 
ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ื’ืขื‘ืจื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื˜ืึธืจืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœื“- 
ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ -- ืืฐื˜ืึท- 
ืžืื˜ืœืขืจ, 

-- ืžืืžืขืœืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืข! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ืคืืจื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืืกืงืข, ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, -- ื–ืขื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ื–ื™ื™ ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ... ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข, ื ืึธืš 
ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืึธื ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜? 

ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืกื ื- 
ืจื™ืื“ืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืŸ, 

ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ืฐื•ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคืขืœื“. ืืฃ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืืฉืขืŸ. 

-- ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ, ืงื•ืจื ืึธืกืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื›ื™ื“ืขืฉื˜. -- ืื ื•, ืžืืจืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืŸ- 
ื“ืื–ืฉ! ื–ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš? ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืืจืคืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ืš ืจื•ืคืŸ, 

ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ. 

-- ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ืžืืฉืขื ืงืข! ื“ืืจืคืกื˜ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ... -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, --- ื’ื™ื™... 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ื ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜... ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืงืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืงืฉืึทื ืขืกื“ื™ืง ืคืึทืจื•ื™ืก. 
ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜-ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืงืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืื”ืขืจ 
ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื“ืืจืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืข ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื˜ืึธืžืื˜ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื– 


17 


ืื•ืŸ ื ื“ืจืึธื˜-ืงืื˜ื•ืฉืงืข ืืคืŸ ืืงืกืœ. ื“ื™ ืงืืกืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื™ื ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. 
ื ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืึธื˜ืŸ, ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืคืŸ ืจืื ื“ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ ื ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ-ืืคึผืืจืื˜. ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ, ืงื•ื™ื ื›ืืคึผืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜: 

-- ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ืฉืืœื ื“ื™ืง, ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜ 
ื’ืื–ืึธื ืึธืฐื•... ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืŸ-ื‘ืื˜ืืจื™ื™ืข... ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืงืึธืจืขื’ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืฒึทืขืจ... 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึทืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจืก ืฐื•ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืฒืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืœืขืจ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. 
ืขืจ, ื’ืึธืจืึทืฉืงืึท, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื’ืื–ืึธื ืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืœื™ื ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืืจืฒึทื ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืœ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืึทืจื“ื™ื ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืื”ืขืจ. 

-- ืงื•ื–ืžื ื“ืื ื™ืœืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ. -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ,ื’ืึธื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข", ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ื•ื˜ ืงืึธืจืขื’ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืกืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–... ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ... 

-- ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืจื•ื™ึทืง! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ืึธื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืœืขื–ืœืขืš. -- ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืจื•ื™ืง. ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืงืึทืจืขื’ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืืจื™ื™ืข... 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืฑื™ืจืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืขืจืฒึท ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืจืฒึทืคื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ. 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงื ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘, ืจื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜. ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืคื•ืกื ืก 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืืจื’-ืฉื™ืคึผื•ื™. 

-- ื ื•, ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™! ืžืึธืœืึธื“ืฆื™! 

-- ืื–ื•ื™! ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. 

ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ, ืืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ืš, ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข. ื ื™ืงื™- 
ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ืฉืงืข 
ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก, ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ. 

ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืข ืคืืจืœื•ืกื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ 
ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜. 

ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืื˜ืืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืข. ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื ืฒึทืข ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ืืฑืกืžืฒึทื“ื ื“ื™ืง ื™ืขื ืข, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึทืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฑืก, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื•ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ื‘ื™ืงืกืŸ. ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜-ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืขืก. 

ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึทื ื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉืึธ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืกื™ืืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื‘ืื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืึธืจืึทืฉืงืึธืŸ ื ื‘ืืคืขืœ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืคื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืจืึธื˜ืข, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธื˜ื ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื - 
ื“ื™ืจ. ื’ืื ืฆืคืจื™, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืžื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืคึผืึธื’ืœ-ื ืฒึทืขื ืžื•ื ื“ื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ- 
ืงื•ืจืกืŸ, -- ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืึธ -- ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ืื˜ืืงืขืก. 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึทืจืึทืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืคืขืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืžืื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืขืจ ืคืืจืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉืึธ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืจืึธื˜ืข... ื ืึธืจ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืžื‘ืื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืฒึทืขืš. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืึทื˜ืข ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื˜ืืงืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืกื•ื™ื ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืืš ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ืขืก ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธื˜ื ืขื. 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืจื•ืคืŸ ,ืจืึธื˜ื ืข", ื ืึธืจ ,ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“ื ืข", ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ื– 
ืื™ืฆื˜. ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืขืจ ื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืคึผืึธืกื˜ื ืก. ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. 


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ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธื˜ืข, ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืืจ- 
ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“. ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื™ืฆื˜, ื‘ืขืฉืืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื“ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื˜ืืงืข. 

ืืคืกื ืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื“ื•ื ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ื. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืืขืจืึธืคึผืœืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก, ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืึธืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืŸ. ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืื”ืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฆืฒึทื’ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืจืฒึทืกืŸ, ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ืคืจืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื–ืขื“ื™ืง ื’ืข- 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืงืื˜ืฉืขื˜ืข ืืจื‘ืœ, ืื ื˜ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–ื˜ืข ืงืขืคึผ, ืึธืŸ ืงืืกืงืขืก, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื ืคึผื- 
ืจืื“. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื ืคึผืื›ืขื“, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืœืื ื’, 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืฆื• ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื ืฐื•ึผื ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืจื•ืงืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜, -- ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ื•ื ื’, -- ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ. ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ืœืข- 
ื›ืข ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื–ืึธื ืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืืกืžืฒึทืกืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืึธืจ- 
ื“ื™ื ืื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ. 

ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืคื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืคืจืฒึทืกืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื– ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืจื‘ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœ-ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืคึผืืกืŸ, ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืืฃ ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจืก. ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ืึธืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืจื™ื–ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜, ืื– ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึทืจ ื˜ืขื’ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจืึธืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืคึผืึธืจืก, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืึธื ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ 
,ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ", ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื˜ืฒึทื•ืœ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ... 

ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ? 

ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืึทืงืึธืคึผืขืก, ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ื“ื™ ื”ืืจืžืื˜-ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืืจื™ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ืื–ืึธื ืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธืจืขื’ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ื’ืื ื’. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืขืžืก, ื ืึธืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืฐืฐืขืง ืฆื• 
ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจืึธื•ื•ืŸ. 

-- ืฉืœืขื›ื˜! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื•ื–ืžื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ ืืคืŸ ืืฑื™ืขืจ, -- ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืก- 
ื˜ื• ื ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื• ื˜ืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืก... ืฆื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฑืคึผืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืง ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ... 

-- ืžื™ืจืŸ ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ืŸ... ื ืึธืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื ืขืขื - 
ื˜ืขืจ, ืขืก ื–ืึทืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ื•ืขืžืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ,ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจืก" ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ. 

-- ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืขืก! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื - 
ื“ื™ืจ. -- ืฉื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฑืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ื‘ื™ืงืกืŸ! 

ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืœืขืจ ืืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื”ืขืœื˜ืข- 
ื ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืœืขืš. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ,ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ" ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื 
ืคึผืึธืจ ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืœืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืืจืžืื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ืฃ. ื“ื™ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ืš. ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืคืœืื-ืคืฒึทืขืจ. 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืขื ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืคึผืึธืจืึทืฉืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘. ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ืœืขืงืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ; 

-- ื–ืขื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ื›ืฒึท ื™ืึธืžื• ื‘ื™ืก! ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœ! ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื˜! 

-- ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืคึผืจืืฐืข ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ,ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจืก" ืื•ื™ืš, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ-ืกื˜ืขื ื’ืข ืื™ื ืขื ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ. 

-- ืืœืข ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ! ื ืึธืš ืคืจื™ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึท, 
ื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ,ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ, ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ื‘ื™ืงืกืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ --- ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืื›ื™ื ืข, ืฐืขื˜ 


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ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืื ืฆืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืข. ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืงืก, 
ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉืข ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืขืก, ืคืœืขืฉืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ 
ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคึผืฑื–ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืขืฉืืก ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืื˜ืืงืข. ืคืืจื˜ืฒึทืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜, ื“ืขืจ ,ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ" ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ. 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืขืจ ืจื™ื– ืฐืขื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืคึผืจืขืกืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ... ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื“ื•ืจื›ืจืฒึทืกืŸ. 

-- ืืœืข ื ืขืžื˜ ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขืฉืขืจ! ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืคืขืœ!.. 

ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื™ืœืฆืขืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฑืคึผืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืข ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืืฑืกืžืฒึทื“ื ื“ื™ืง ื ื˜ื™ืคืข 
ืฐืึทืจืึธื ืงืข ืืคืŸ ื•ืขื’, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื ืฉืœืฒึทื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืคืœืขืฉืœืขืš ื‘ืจืขื ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ. 

ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ,ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืคืจืฒึทืก. 
ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืฒึทืงืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืฐืึธืจืึธื ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื 
ืžื•ื™ืจืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง. 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื ืง ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืž- 
ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืœืขืš, ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืขืŸ? ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜, ืฉื ืขืœ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคึผืฑื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐื•ึผ ื‘ืื ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ืŸ 
ื˜ืื ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ. ืงื•ื–ืžื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ื˜ืึธืจืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜... ืงื•ื–ืžื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข. ืžื™ืฉืงืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื•ื™ื ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื -- ืฆืขื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงื˜, ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืžื ืืกื˜ื™ืึธืจืงืข -- ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ. 

-- ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ... ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืืžืœื˜. 

ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจืึธื ืงืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜. 

-- ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืื”ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื™... 

ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื•-ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืฉืข ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคึผืฑื–ืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑื™ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืฐืึธืจืึธื ืงืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ื“ืขืง ื ืคืืจื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจืึธื•ื•. 

ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืžืืฉืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ืŸ. 

-- ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืข, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจื™ื ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ? 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืจื™ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง. 

-- ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจื‘, ืžืืฉืข... ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจื‘... ื’ื™ ืื”ื™ืŸ... ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืข. ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืข ืื™ื... 

ื ืึธืš ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคึผืื•ื–ืข ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ"? 

-- ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜.. ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื˜.. -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจืŸ-ืจืขื ืฆืœ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืขืจืœ, ื ื‘ืื ื“ืื–ืฉ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆืขืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืœื•- 
ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืžื™ืจื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื’ื™ืžื ืืกื˜ื™ืึธืจืงืข. -- ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืœืขื ื˜... ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื– 
ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึทืฉืงืึธ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืืคึผืืฉืข... ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜... ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ... ืฐืขืกื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ.. 
ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ... 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงืจื™ืžื˜, ื“ืขืจื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐื•ื ื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื˜-ืคืœื•ืก, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืก ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงืœืื–ืฉืงืข, ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื ื–ื•ืคึผ ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 


6 


ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ, ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•-ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืž- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืึธื“ืืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื™ืฐื•ื•ึผืฉืงื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ื ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืข- 
ืงืœืืคึผื˜ืŸ ,ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ", ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึทื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ 
ื”ืขืจืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ. 


20 


-- ื”ืืœื˜ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš? ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ? 

-- ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืœืขื‘ ืื™ืš, ื‘ืื˜ื™ื... ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ -- ื’ืื ืฅ.. 

-- ื ื•, ืžืึธืœืึธื“ื™ืขืฅ! 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงืœืื–ืฉืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœืื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืขืŸ: 

-- ื ืขื ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืจืึธืคึผื ืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ. 

ืžื™ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ืคึผื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืจืึธืคึผื ืก, ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืงืึธืœ -- ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื 
ืืคืŸ ืจืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจืึธื ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ. 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจืึธื ืงืข ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ 
ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ืื–ืฉื™ืจื˜ืŸ, 

ืžืืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืขื ืฆืœ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื–ืขื ื˜, ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื“ืขื ืคืืจืฐื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืŸ. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ื’ืึธืจืึทืฉืงืึธ, ื ืึธืš ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืขื–ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืืฐืขืงื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืื–ืฉ ืื™ืŸ 
ืขืง ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™. 

ื“ืขื ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“ ืื™ื– ืœืื ื’ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ- 
ืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงืึธืžื‘ืื˜. ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืฉืืคื˜ ืฉืขืฆื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก -- ืคืืจ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ". ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ ื“ืึธืก ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื‘ืื ืึธืคึผืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืื˜ืืงืขืก. 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื•ื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืื˜ื- 
ืงืข, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ,ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ" ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ 
ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจืึธื•ื•. ืื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืกื™ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึทื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืœืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื - 
ื“ืขื˜ืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืื ื‘ืื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื ืื›ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ.. 


21 


ืื•ื™ืš ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš. ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืื–ืฉ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื‘ืขื˜ืœ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจ, ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ืžืืฉืขืก ื‘ืืคืขืœ. ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจ. ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™-ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ืืจืฑื™ืกื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ 
ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ. ื ื™ืฉืงืึธืฉืข, ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืงืœืขืงืŸ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก. 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™, ืืคืŸ ื’ืจืึธื– ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืืฉื˜ืฉ-ืคึผืืœืื˜ืงืข, ื 
ื•ื ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืฐื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืŸ, ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกืื ืจืึธื˜ืข. ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืึธื ื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืขืจื“, ืื”ื™ืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ 
ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืŸ. ืฆื•ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ? ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ 
ื›ื•ื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ. ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื›ืœ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื•, ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื•... 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืœืื˜ืงืข. 

-- ื•ื•ืืจื˜, ืžืืฉืข! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ. -- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข, ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ? 

-- ื™ืึธ... -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, -- ืื™ื™ื ืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ... ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื™ื™- 
ื ื™ืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 

ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ: 

--- ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ... 

-- ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืขื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ. 

-- ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜, -- ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง... 

-- ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ. 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืืฉืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืœืื˜ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื ืฉืœืขืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขื–ืฉืงืข. ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ. 


7 


ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืง ืฆื• ื‘ืจื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืฆื• 
ื”ืขืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ืžืืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื ื™: 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ, ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ... ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜? 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืืฉืขื ืงืข... -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ื ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื‘ืืžื™ื•ื ื’ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: -- ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ... ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ... ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืื–ืฉ... ืžืฒึทืŸ ืกืึธืœ- 
ื“ืื˜ื™ืฉ ื–ืขืงืœ... ื‘ืจืขื ื’ ืขืก... -- ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ... ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื–ืขืงืœ? ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื 
ื–ืขืงืœ ืงืึธืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ื“, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜... 

ืžืืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืืฃ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ: ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืก ื–ืขืงืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืœื‘ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืขืกืงื™ื–ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืฒึทืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื’ืขืžืขืœืŸ, ื”ืืœื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ.. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืืจื•ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืื–ืฉ, ื”ืืœื˜ื - 
ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืงืกืœ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืขื›ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืœื™- 
ื˜ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ื™ืฉ ื–ืขืงืœ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื‘ืื ืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืœืื˜ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืขื ืขื ื”ืึธื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ื ืฉืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ืง. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ื ื–ืขืงืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš, ืœืขืžืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืขืก ื‘ืืœื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขืงืœ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึทืก ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืกื˜ืข ืคืืจ ืื™ื -- ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืขืกืงื™ื–ืŸ, ื’ืขืžืขืœืŸ.. 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืืฉืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืœืื˜ืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ, ืึธื ื‘ืฒื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ืฉื ืขืœ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืงืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 


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ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ื•ื™ืœืข ืคืขืœื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ 
ื’ืจืึธื–, ื’ืขืคึผืฑื–ืขื˜, ืฉืœืขืคึผื ื“ื™ืง ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคึผืืœืื˜ืงืข. 

ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืฉืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื–ื•ืึธื“. ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื, ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืื™ื. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืžื•ื– ืื™ื ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืขืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืื ืจืึทื˜ืข, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืขืก ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ... ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ? ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ 
ืื™ื ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืื ืจืึธื˜ืข. ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืคืึธืจ ืืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ืึธืคึผืข- 
ืจืืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ, ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข. ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืŸ? ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืื–ืฉ, ืฐื•ึผ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ... ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš, ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจืึธื ื˜? ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ -- ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืขืจืžืื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš, 
ืคึผืฑื–ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืžืืกืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืฅ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ... 

-- ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื”ืขืจืกื˜, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš! ืคืืจื’ืขืก ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ื’ื•ื•ืืจ- 
ื“ื™ื™ืขืจ, -- ื”ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ. -- ื ืขื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜... ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜. ืžื™ืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื ืฆืŸ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจืก ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ... ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜. 

ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืฒึทืคื˜ ื ืžื™ื ืข. ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข --- ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ืžืืฉืข ืื™ื– ืฆื•- 
ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: 

-- ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ? ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจืฉื™ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื ืข. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข, ื“ื• ืคื™ืœืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืฒึทืคืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืคืœื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜? 

-- ื›ึธืฒึท ื™ืึธืžื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•,. -- ืฐืึธื˜ ืคื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืึท- 
ืจืึธืฉืงืึธ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืžืืฉืข. -- ืืŸ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขื! ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข, ืื™ื– 
ื ืึธืš ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ื•ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ... 

ืžืข ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ, ืžืืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื– ืึธื˜ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ... ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืžืึธืจื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืคืืจืŸ ื˜ืฑื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืžื•ื– 
ืึธื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืึธื–ืŸ, 

ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืœื“, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ืฒึทืขื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ื“ืขืž- 
ื‘ืขืก ื“ื™ ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจืข ืจืึธื˜ืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธืฉืŸ. ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื•ื•ืืœื“. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืงื•ืจืกืงืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ื•ื ืขืจืŸ ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืŸ, 
ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ืžื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ-ื’ืขืœืึธื“ืขื ืข ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืืจื“ื™ืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืœืขืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืšื“ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืคืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึท ื–ื™ื’ืŸ... 


8 


ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ื‘ืืœืงืข, 
ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ, ืฉืœืขืคึผื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืคึผืืœืื˜ืงืข 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจืึธื•ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืขืžืขืก, ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืืฉืึธืกืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคืขืœื“. ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืึธืจื’ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐื–ืฐื•ืึธื“ื ืขืจ. 

ืืฃ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ ื ืฐืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทื’ืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืขืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืข ืคืืจืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข, ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืืคืŸ ืงืึธ- 
ืžืื ื“ืข-ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฆืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื˜ืืงืขืก, ืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืงื•ื™- 
ื›ืขืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื’-ืฉื™ืคึผืฑ, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืืจืฑืกืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืฆื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 


23 


ืฉืœื™ืืš? ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืžื™ื ืขืก, ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ืขืจืฐื•-ืึธืงืึธืคึผืขืก ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืคืืœืขื ืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ... ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืื ืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข... 

ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ. ื ืึธืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜. ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’- 
ืจืืงืขื˜ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืืกื™ืจ-ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’... ื ืึธืจ ืžืขืจ ืคืืจ ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึทืฉืงืึธ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืกืื ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ืกื•ืจืข, ืื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืฑืจื™ื ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึธืคึผืจืื˜ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ. ื ืฐื•ื™ืœืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ, ื ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ. 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืื ืงื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™. ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื™ื ืขื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืงืœ, ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง, ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ืขื ื˜ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืขืจื™ืกืขื ืขื ืึธืคึผื’ืขืกืžืืœื™ืขื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืขื–ืึธืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ. ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ ื ืึธื“ืืจ ื‘ืืฉื™ื“ื–ืข. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข, ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, -- ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื–ืฒึทื˜, -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฐื•ื ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, -- ืื•ืŸ ื ืกืึธืฃ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื- 
ืœื™ืข ืžืื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–? 

-- ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ. -- 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ,ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ" ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื™ืกื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคึผืขืงืœืขืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืข-ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื ืื˜ืฉืืœืกื˜ื•ื•ืข ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ. ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ? ืื–ื•ื™ ืื– 
ื”ื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœ. ื ืื˜ืฉืืœืกื˜ื•ื•ืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ... ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ? 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื’ืขืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืกื˜ืืจื˜ืฉืขื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืื ืขืก. 
ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข 
ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืขืก ื”ืืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืกื™ืื ืขืŸ. 

-- ืฐืึธืก, ืงื•ื–ืžื ื“ืื ื™ืœืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืืจื‘ืขื˜? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ. 

-- ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ. -- ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขื˜ 
ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืขื.. ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ื ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ื˜ืฉื™ืจืขืง ืืฃ 
ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืึธืจื˜... ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืฐืึธื–ื™ืขืŸ... ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“. ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืข --- ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข. ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง , ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืก" ืื•ืŸ ,ืงืขืจืœืขืš" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืื™ื– ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืง. 

ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื‘ืื˜, -- ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืขื, ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืึธืคึผ- 
ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืกื™ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื ืื˜ืฉืืœืกื˜ื•ื•ืข ืฉืืฆื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืงื•ื–ืžืืก, 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื“ืื ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ,ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ" ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืขื. 

ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืกื™ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“ ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืžืข ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื˜ืึธื’-ืฆืฐืฒ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ืŸ 
ืคึผืœืืŸ... ื ืึธืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ... 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ, ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืก, ื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคืืจ 
ืคึผืื›ืขื“, ื ืึธืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืืจื•ืž- 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืงืœืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื ืฉื™ืกืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜. ืขืžืขืก, ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืืจืคืŸ 
ืฆืขื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคืืจื”ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก? ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืก- 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื‘ื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื•ืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ืืจื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืคืขืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืคืืจืŸ ืึธื ื’ืจื™ืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืคืืจ 
ื“ื™ ืกืึทืœื“ืื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ, ืื– ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืื–ื™ื’ื‘ืืจืข ืืจืžื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื ืฒึทืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืฆืขืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืฉืฐืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ื“ืึธ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ 
ืืฃ ืžืึทืกืงืฐืข... ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื•ืจืขืจ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ, ืื–ื ืงื•ื™ืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ,ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจืก", , ืคึผืื ื˜ืขืจืขืก", , ืคืขืจื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืŸ"... ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ? ืžืข 
ื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜. ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ, ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ, ืึธืคื™ืฆืขืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืืจืžื™ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜. ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกืŸ ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ 
ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื˜, ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื›ืขืก. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ... 


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ื ืึธื“ืืจ ื‘ืืฉื™ื“ื–ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืขื. ืื•ืŸ -- ื 
ืžืึธื“ื ืข ื–ืืš -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืจื•ื™ึดืงืขืจ. ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜, ื•ื™ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžื•ืจืžืœื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื: 

-- ืจื•ืก... ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจ ืงืืคึผื•ื˜... ืงืืคึผื•ื˜... 

-- ืกืึทืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ืึธื“ืืจ. -- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขืงืจืึทื›ืŸ 
ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ;ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ", ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜? ื”ื?.. 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืงืกืœืขืŸ. 

ื“ืึธ ื”ืึทื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืข ืงืืกืงืขืก. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ: 

-- ื”ื™ื™, ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืกืœืื•ื•ื™ืื ืขืก, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ื’ืึธืจืึทืฉืงืึธ? 

-- ืคืืจืืŸ ืื–ื! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. -- ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ? 

-- ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื‘ืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ,,ืคืจื™ืฅ", -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ- 
ืฐื•ึผืงืกื™ืงืขืจ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงืืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืžืึทื ื’ืึธืœื™ืฉ ืคึผืึทื ืขื, 

ืขืจ ื”ืึทื˜ ื ืฐื•ึผื ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ -- ื ืฐื•ึผืงืกื™ืงืŸ ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜, ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืžื•- 
ืจืขื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื•ื˜ืึธืžืื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜. 1 

-- ืึทึธ-ืึท, ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ื- 
ืžืขืจืงื˜. -- ื ืคึผืฒึทื ืข ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’ ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš... ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ! 

-- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ื ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ... -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉ- 
ืงืึธ, -- ื ืึธืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืข ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืื˜ืืœื™ืึธืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืื”ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ.. 

ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข 
ื“ืขื ืงื™ืกืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื ืฆื™ื’ืืจ, ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง ืคืืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื ืคืฒึทื ืขื ืคืจื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜? ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ืืฐืขืงืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• 
ื ืื˜ืฉืืœืกื˜ื•ื•ืข. 

-- ื ืขืžื˜ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื•, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ, -- ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืžืึธืจืึธ- 
ืงืข ืึธืŸ ืื™ื... 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงืึธืจื˜ืฉืขื˜, ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ืš 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื’ื•ื•ืงืกื™ืงืขืจ ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึทืœื™ืขื•ื•ืข ื ืคื™ื ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืฐื•ึผื ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืจืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑื™ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ืื•ึนืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื›ืึทืœื™ืขื•ื•ืข. ' 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ืกื˜ื•? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ืึธื“ืืจ ื‘ืืฉื™ื“ื–ืข. -- ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ... ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืื™ื ืฆืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ? 

-- ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜! -- ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื™ื ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืœืข ืงื ืขืคึผ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืก ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ... -- ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืขื: -- ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ! ืื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ! 
ืคืึธืจืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืก! 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื‘ื ืื™ื ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืืœืŸ, ื“ื™ 
ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื™ืœื›ื™ืง ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜. 

-- ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ, -- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜. 

ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ืฐืึธื™ึธืจืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืœื™ื’ืขืจ. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข, ื‘ืื˜ื™ื? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜. 

-- ืคืจืขื’ืกื˜ ื ืึธืš? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, -- ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜? ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืคึผืขืง- 
ืœืขืš ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ? ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืœืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ืึธืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•- 
ืจืข ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืึธ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืฐืึธืœืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™... 

-- ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ื‘ืื˜ื™ื! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜. -- ื ืึธืจ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžืงื•ืงืŸ. 

ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืงื™ืกืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื“ืœืึธื ื™ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“ื ืขื. 


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-- ื ื“ืื ืง, ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜, ืคืืจ ื“ืขื! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, -- ืื•ืŸ ื ืื˜ืฉืืœืกื˜ื•ื•ืข ื’ื™ื‘ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฒึทืœืŸ, ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ -- ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืขืก... ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ? 

-- ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื‘ืื˜ื™ื!.. 

ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืืงื•ืจืื˜ 
ืืฃ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ืงื•ืคึผืงืขืœืขืš -- ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง. ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ืขืฉ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื ืกืึธืœื™ื“ , ืฆื™ื’ืŸ-ืคื™ืกืœ". ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑืกืฉืคึผื™ืจืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ. 


9 


ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืืงืฉื ื˜ืข ืื˜ืืงืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืกื•ื™- 
ื ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืงืืคึผืขืœืข ืจื•. 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืงืขืกื˜ืœ, ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืืกืขืจ, ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ื™ืฆืข ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™, ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฆืฑื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื 
ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ-ืจื•ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืกืœืขืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžืจืŸ. 

ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืžืืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืขืจืžืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืคืขืœื“ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืฐื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืกืืš ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜. ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจืœืึธืคืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’? ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคืขืœื“ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ.. ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข-ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜. ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜. ืฆื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืฑื™ืจื™ื ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืจืื˜ืขืฐืขืŸ? ื ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ 
ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจ. ืคืืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ -- ื ืžืขื›ืฒึทืข ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืŸ. 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ื ืกืืš ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ... 

ื™ืึธ. ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ! ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื”ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข, ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ. ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืงืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš. ืžื™ื˜ 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื ื ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ ืคื™ืœื˜ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฐื•ืขืง 
ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืœืขื‘ืŸ... ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืก ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืึธืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ... 

ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืงืจื™ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืข- 
ืงืขืจื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ืื•ื™ืก, ืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื›ืข 
ืงืœืืคึผืขืจื’ืขืฆืฉื’. ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืก, ื›ืฒึท ื™ืึธืžื• ื‘ื™ืก! ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜! ืืœืขืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขืคืืœืขื ืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ-ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื›ืึธืจืึธื ืงืขืก, ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜... ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜ 
ื›ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืžืืžืขืก, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืงืืœืขืก... ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึทืจืึทืฉืงืึท ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืก, ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืฐืึธืจื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžื•ื– ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ; โ€ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜...". 
ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธืก, ืฉื•ืœื“, --- ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ื’ืขืคืืจ ืœื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืงืึธืคึผ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืขืคึผ, -- ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข -- 
ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืœืก ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื˜ืึทืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜... 

ืคืืจื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืžืื›ืฉืึธืฐืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื“ืืจ- 
ืงืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื™ื ืคืืจืงืœืขืžื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

ืกืืจื ื”ื™ืฅ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ื ืฉืจืขืง! ืืœืฅ ืืจื•ื ื‘ืจืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืฅ. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉื‘ื™ ื ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ! ืืœืฅ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืจื™ื™ืคืขืก, ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืฆื™- 
ื˜ืขืจื˜... ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืงืœืขืคึผ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜, ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืืจืœื•ืกื˜ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก, ื ืึธืจ 
ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑื™ื˜, ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืื”ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ื ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฒึทืก ืคืืจ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืื˜ื- 
ืงืข. ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื›ืืคึผืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื. 


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ืคืจื™ื“ื ืกืฆืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฉืึธ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ืืฉืŸ ื‘ืื ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื–-ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื•ืคื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ 
ื ืฉื™ืกืœ ืฐืฒึทื ืฉืœ-ื•ื•ืืจืขื ื™ืงืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ืกืžืขื˜ืขื ืข -- ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื“ืืจืงืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืฒึทืŸ ืงืœืขืคึผืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืจืขื ื™ืงืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืฆืขื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืืžืขืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ . 
ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื, ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื™ื•ืจืขื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืžืขืงื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ื™, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืคึผืึธืจืขืฅ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื”ืขื ืขืจ. ืขืš, ืกืืจื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข! ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจ, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜! 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ --- ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื ื- 
ืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ! ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก... ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืขืฉื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ื’ืืจ, ื ืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™. ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ื ื˜ื•ืžืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜. ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืืฉื˜ืฉ-ืคึผืืœืื˜ืงืข, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืงืขืกื˜ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ, 
ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืืจื’. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜! -- ื”ืึธื˜, ื ืฆืขืฉืฒึทื ื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ื–ืžื 
ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ. --- ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ. ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ, ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงืขืกื˜ืœืขืš, 
ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ืื ืง ืืฒึทืš!.. ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜... 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืืฉืขืก ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

-- ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจืงืข, ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜? 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, 

--- ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื? 

-- ืฉื•ืขืจ, ืงื•ื–ืžื ื“ืื ื™ืœืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ... -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืงื•ื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืข ืงืืกืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืึธื ืขื, -- ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข-ื˜ื™ืฉ... ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ... ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื ืกืืš ื‘ืœื•ื˜.. ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืงืกืœืขืŸ, ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, -- ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’... 

-- ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ืฆืขืจื˜ืœืขืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจื•ืžืขืจื˜ืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, -- ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš. ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ื™ื•ื ื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืืœืฅ ื’ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืื–ื, ืฐื•ื™ ืขืจ, ืžื•ื– ืœืขื‘ืŸ.. 

-- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืฉืข ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, -- ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื•ื•ืืงื•ื™ืจืŸ. 
ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ?! ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืž- 
ื‘ืขืก. ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื›ืึธื“ืึธืจืึธื... 

ื ืคืืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืฃ ื ืงืขืกื˜ืœ, ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืงืืกืงืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืคึผืื˜ืœื˜ืข ื”ืึธืจ. 

ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืžื•ืจืขื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ื™ึธืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ื“ืขื ืงืขื–, ืฐื•ึผืจืฉื˜. ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื ื˜ืขืจืžืึธืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ: 

--- ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื˜ืขืœืึธืงืœืขืš, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืืœื“ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืœ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื-ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ! -- ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืจืื ืง, 
ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“, 

ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ืฉืขื“ื ืข ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืŸ 
ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืง. 

ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื ืื™ื–, ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืคืŸ ืงืขืกื˜ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ, ืฐื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืจ-ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืก ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“. ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืฑื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื 
ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื ืขืฉืึธืžืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื ืขื, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจืœ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข-- 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืขื ืขื ื ืื›ืขืก-ื’ืขืคื™ืœ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืข, ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืฒึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืข ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืืงืึทื ืขืก. 

ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืืคื™ืœืข ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืคึผืฒึทืŸ, ืœื™ื™ื“, ื™ืขืกื•ืจื™ื ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืœืึธืฉืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข, 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ. 


--- ืžืื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจืงืข, ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ. ืึธื˜ ืฐืขืกื˜ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก. ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš! 

ืžืืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืคืืจืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืŸ, 
ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ. 


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ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ืขื ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ื‘ื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืืงืŸ ืงืืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธื˜ืขืœืึธืงืœ. 
ื‘ืื ืื ื“, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืขืก, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืืกืงืข. ืืฆื™ื ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืขืก. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, 
ื‘ืขืฉืืกืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืื˜ืืงืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืฆื•ื ื™ืฅ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ, 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜. ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข , ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ืœืขืจื™ืข". ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ื“ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืกืงืข ืงืืฉืข. ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืืฑื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื ืงืฐืขืจื˜ืœ 
ืงืืœื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืคืืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ื ืฆื™ื’ืืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืื™ื! 

ื™ืึธ, ื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ! ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ืœืข- 
ื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืœืื ื’ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ! ืื–ื 
ื˜ืึทื’ืขืœืข ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜. ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ื 
ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ื’ืจืื“ ืื™ื–, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื ื–ืืคึผืืจืงืข, ื•ื™ ื“ืึธ. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ! ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืžืึธืœืฆืŸ ืžืขื˜ืืœ, ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึทื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ,ื˜ื™- 
ื’ืขืจืก", ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื›ืœื™ื ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืš, 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื ื™ืข. ืึธื˜ ื˜ืึธืจื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืข, ืฆืขืžืื–ื™ืงื˜ืข, ื–ืขืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืจืฑื™ื–ืื.. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึท ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืŸ. ื™ืึธ, ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœ- 
ื›ืึธืžืข, ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš- 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ื•ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ืœ-ื˜ืึธื’ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืกืงืขืจ ืขืจื“, 
ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืจืกืงืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ? ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื™ืึธ, ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืึธ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื™ 
ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื˜ืืงืขืก, ืื– ืื•ื‘ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืž- 
ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืื˜ืืœื™ืขืŸ-ื‘ื™ืœื“, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ... ืฆื™ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ? ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขืฐื•ืขื˜? ืฐืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜... 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืืฃ ืžืืฉืขืŸ. ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš! ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื– ืืคืื ืขืžืขืกืŸ ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ... ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’.. 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜, ื ื™ื˜-ืฐื•ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง, ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ื™ืขื ืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ.. 

ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืืฉืข ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ืืคืŸ ืงืขืกื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื ื“ื™ืง 
ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืžืื›ืฉืึธืฐืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืค: 

-- ืžืืฉืขื ืงืข, ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก, ื‘ื™ื ื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืืงืกืœ, ืงืึธืœ- 
ื–ืžืืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฆืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ, ื ื›ืึธืœื™ืขืจืข ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™... 

ืžืืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืคืืจืคื•ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึท, ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืฆืขืคึผืื˜ืœื˜ืข ื”ืึธืจ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจ-ืจืขื ืฆืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ืžืืจืœื™ืข-ื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคืืจืฉืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืกื™ื˜. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื“ื™ืจ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆื˜ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื ื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืงืกืœ, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜... 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืืจืึธืคึผืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืžื ืืกื˜ื™ืึธืจืงืข. 

--- ื ืขื ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ, ื‘ืืจื•ื™ึดืง ื–ื™ืš, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืฆื• 
ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. -- ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ืฐื™ืœืกื˜, ืื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืึทืคึผืจืื˜ืขืฐืขืŸ. ืžืขื’ืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’... ื“ื• 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื“ืกืื ื‘ืื˜... ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง. 


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-- ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ื• ืขืก, ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจืข 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, --- ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ื•? 

-- ืžืืžืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืข! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืฒึทื ื˜. -- ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก? ืื–ื 
ืคืจืื’ืข? ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข, ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ? ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจืข ื‘ืฒึทื“ืœืข , ืฆื•ื ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข-ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืื–ืฉ, ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืืŸ ื ืฐื•ืง- 
ืกื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ืงืึธืœืคึผืขืง, ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ื›ืืœืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืงืื˜ืฉืขื˜ืข 
ืืจื‘ืœ? ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ! ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ? ื ื•, ื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืœืขืš, ื ืคื•ืœื‘ืœืขืš ืคึผืึทื ืขื.. 
ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืงื•ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜? 

--- ืฐืึธืก ืขืคึผืขืก ืื–ื•ื™? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

--- ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก? ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ื ื–ืขืžืœื™ืืง, ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ 
ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜-ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ. ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืก, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜? ืื•ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก, ืฐื™ ื“ื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ื– ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืืจื˜ืื˜ืฉ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’, ื ืึธืจ ื 
ืฐื™ืจื˜ื•ืึธื–, ื ืคื™ื“ืœืขืจ! ื“ืื•ื•ื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืืš, ืงืึธื’ืืŸ, ืขืžื™ืœ ื”ื™ืœืขืœืก! ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ืš ืคืืจืœืึธื– ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืกืขืžื™ืึธื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜? 
ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ื ืงืœืืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืงืข ืคึผื˜ื™ืฆึทื™- 
ื ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜, ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจืืŸ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜. ืืฃ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืกืขืžื™ืึธื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธื–ื™ืขื˜ ื ืฉืึธ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืขื‘ืœืขืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืขื ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜.. ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ ื ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ื“ืจืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืืคืŸ ืงืจืืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืืคึผืืจื ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืึธืงืก! ืื–ื 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก. ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜? ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืึธืคึผืื“ื™ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืขืŸ, ืฉืคึผื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’, ืฐื™ ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื“ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ ืื•ืŸ, ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืึทื ืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืกืœืขืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืจื•ื™ืงืขืจ, ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื ืื•ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื˜ืืงืข ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืงืŸ ืžืืฉืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธื˜ืขืœืึทืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืืฉืข. 

-- ื ืขื, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ืฐื™ื™ืก ื“ืึธืš ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื”ื•ื’- 
ื’ืขืจื™ืง. ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ. ื›ืืคึผ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ื ืึธืจ, ื“ืื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื– ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจื•ืง ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืขืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ.. 

ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืฉืข ื˜ืจืฒึทืฉืืคื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉืึธืงืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืฐื™ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜, ืึธื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš. ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผืขืกืŸ.. 

ืžืืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืกืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขืคืœ. 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืืจืึธืคึผ ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. ืื™ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง. ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืืจ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืืจืง, 
ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฐื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ.. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ืขืกื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง, ื•ื•ืืจื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ; 

-- ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืžืืฉืขื ืงืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ืืฃ ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฐืขืœื˜. ืื•ื‘ ื“ื• 
ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื“ืึธืš ื•ื™ืจืงืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข. ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคืึธืจ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื˜... ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืš? | 

-- ื™ืึธ, ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™... 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜.. ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ?.. ื™ืึธ, ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื–ืึธื’ืกื˜ -- ืึธื“ืขืก... ืึธื“ืขืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ืื•ืžื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืืฒึทื ืœืื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™, ืื– 
ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืขืก 
ืฐืฑื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜?! ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, 


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ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืื˜ืึธื•ื•? ืžืข ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืืฑืกืจืฒึทืกืขื ื™ืฉ ื ืงืจืื ืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืจื™ึดืข. ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื•? ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืœ, ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืึธืจืขืŸ 
ืืจื•ื ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ ืฉืึธ ืืจื•ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื–ืขืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง... ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึทืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื 
ืงื™ืฉืขืคืžืื›ืขืจ! ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, ืขืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข 
ืขืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื™ ืจื™ึดืข. ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข, ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ื• ืงื™ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœืื˜ืึธื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ืš 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืŸ ืืฑื’ืŸ-ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ. 
ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜, ื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื™ื™ื“ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืœ, ืื– ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืœืื›ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื•ืžืขืจื˜ืข, ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืขื ืข. ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืืฃ ื ื”ืึธืจ, ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืึธืจ ืœื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืืฃ 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืจื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ. ื ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš, ื’ื•ื˜ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืงืึทืŸ ื“ืึธ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืจืขืคื•ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ 
ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื™ืขื ืขื ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ, ืคื™ืœื˜ ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ. 
ืฆื• ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ. 
-- ืึธ, ืงื•ื–ืžื ื“ืื ื™ืœืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืžืึธืฉื™ึดืขื›! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืึทื“ืขืกื™ื˜. --- ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ -- 
ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืจื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึทืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฅ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ... ืื’ืขื•ื•, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืึธืคึผืขืกืŸ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืื™ื 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงืึทื˜ืขืœืึทืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืฉืข. 
-- ื ื“ืื ืง, ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ, ื–ืื˜... -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, -- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืขืจืก, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜... 
ืžื™ืฉืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉืึธืงืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ: 
--- ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจืŸ ืื–ื ืขืกืขื›ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ื›ืึธืœื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ!.. ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ื‘ืื˜ื™ื, ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจ-ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืึธืœื›ืึธื– ื”ืึธืจืขืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐื™ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜, -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืฐื•ื ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ, -- ืึธ-ืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžืึธื”ืึธืจื™ื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ! ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืข ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืืกื˜ืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืจืขืกื˜ืึธืจืืŸ, ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืจื•ื ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืคืœืขืฉืขืœืข 
, ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ื˜ืฉื ืข", ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืฉืืจืงืึทื™ืข, ืžืืจื™ื ื™ืจื˜ืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืžืœืขืš, ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืก, ืคึผืึธืžื™ื“ืึธืจืŸ, ืงืึธื˜- 
ืœืขื˜ืŸ, ื ื˜ื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ืจ, ืžืึธืจืึธื–ืฉืขื ืข, ืกื™ื˜ืจืึธ --- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜! ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื‘ืื˜ื™ื, ืคืืจ ืื–ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงืืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืข 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ... 
--- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืœืข ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืžืึธื”ืึธืจื™ื˜ืฉ. 
ื ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ื™ื™ึทืฉืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึท ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืœืื›ื˜... ื ืึธืš ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืขื’ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš --- ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืขื - 
ื˜ืขืจ ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. ืžื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื•ื™ืงืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืืจื–ื•ื›ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืžืข 
ืขืกื˜ ืขืก. ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืกื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืกื˜ืึธื•ื•ืขืจ ืจืขืกื˜ืึธืจืืŸ, ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ื•ืขืงืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ืข! ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•, ืงื•ืจื ืึธืกืข, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ! ื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืื ื˜ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ, ื ื˜ืฒึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืฉ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ -- 
ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื“ื• ืฐื™ืœืกื˜! ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ. ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ -- ื 
ืฉืฒื ื”ืฒึทื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืก'ื ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืกืคึผืขืงืข, ืฐื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจืงืœื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื ืฉืœื‘ืฒืžืขืจ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื“! ืžืขื›ืฒึทืข! ื ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ!?.. 
--- ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื‘ืื˜ื™ื, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืจ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจ- 
ืžืืŸ. -- ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืกืคึผืขืงืข, ื•ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืืžืฐื•ืฒึท ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืฒึทื“ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืงืื“ื™ึดืข! ื ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ืื–ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ื™ืื -- ื ื“ื™ืžืขื ื˜! 
ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก ื›ืืคึผืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš 
ืื•ื•ืขืง... ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ? ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึธื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืืžื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ืงืขืจืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืคืืจืคึผื•ืฆืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื ืฒึทืขื ืจืขืงืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืืคึผืขืœื™ื•ืฉ, ื‘ื™ื ื“ืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืฉื ื™ืคึผืก, ื ืขืžืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืืจื™ืฉื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืึทืคึผืขืจืข-ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ. ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก, ืื™ื– 
ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืข --- ืื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜! ืžืืžืขืœืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืข! ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืœ, ื–ืขืฆืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ื•ืฉืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื•ืœืŸ, ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ 


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ื–ื•ื ืขืŸ. ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจืขืก! ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข! ื–ื™ืฆื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ื•ืฉืขื ืข ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื•ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืื›ืขืก. ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืžืึธืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืคึผืจื™ืฆื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืงืฒืกืึธืจื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ, ื ื›ืึทืœื™ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขืจ! ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืข ืคืึธืœืง. ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื”ืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื”ืขืจืกื˜ ,ืจื™ื’ืึทืœืขื˜ืึท', ,ื˜ืจื- 
ื•ื™ืื˜ื', ,ื™ืขื•ื•ื’ืขื ื™ ืึธื ื™ืขื’ื™ืŸ"! ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ื• ืฐื•ื™ืœืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืข, ืคืืจืงืขืจืขืฐื•ืขืกื˜ื• ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืืกืึธื•ื•ืกืงืข. ืฐื™ืœืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืืกืึธื•ื•ืกืงืข, ืื™ื– ืืคืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื•ื•ืืจ ื‘ืื ื™ืื. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืฉืข, ืืฒึทืš ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ืคึผืจื™ืฐืึธื– ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜? ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื–ื•ืžืขืจืฆืฒึทื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืคึผืึธืžื™ื“ืึธืจืŸ, ืขืคึผืœ, ื‘ืืจืŸ, ืคืœื•ื™ืžืขืŸ, ืคืขืจืฉืงืขืก, ืื‘ืจื™- 
ืงืึธืกืŸ, ืฐืฒึทื ื˜ืจืฑื‘ืŸ, ืงืื•ื•ืขื ืขืก... ืคืืจืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคื™ืฉ-ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืขืจื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ืคื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกืงืึธื•ื•ืจืขื“ืข -- ืกืงื•ืžื‘ืจื™ืขืก, 
ื‘ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืก, ืงืืžื‘ืืœื, ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’, ืึทืกืขื˜ืจื™ื ืขืก -- ืฐืึธืก ื ืžื•ื™ืœ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืืฑื™ืก! ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“- 
ืกื˜ื•? ืึธื“ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื”ืืœืขืฐื•ืฒึท ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜!. 

ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜: 

-- ืื•ื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, -- ืื– ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทื“ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ื’ืื ืขื•ื•, ืžื™ืฉืงืข ื™ืืคึผืึทื ื˜ืฉื™ืง? ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ -- ื‘ืขื ื™ืข ืงืจื™ืง! 

--- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ืื•ื•ืื“ืข, ืžืืฉืขื ืงืข! ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฉืข ื ืึธืš? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, -- ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืื ืขื•ื•, ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื 
ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ื ืืœื™ืึธื˜ืฉื™ืง. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื›ื™ืœืขืง. ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’", ืึธื˜ ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืืกื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื•ืขืงืคื™ืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ืื ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื–ื–, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ. ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ืขืžืขืก, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ืืœื™ืึธื˜ืฉื‚ื™ืง, ื ืึธืจ ื ื‘ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื–ืฉื ื™ืง.. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืžื™ืฉืงืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึท, --- ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข? ืืœืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ -- , ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• 
ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ". ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืœื“ืŸ ื ื“ืขืžืึธื‘ื™- 
ืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืœืข ื›ืืคึผืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืจื•ืงื–ืขืงืœืขืš, ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื”ื™ื™ื! ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“ื ืข ืืฒึทืขืจืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื“ืจืขืก.. 

-- ืžืืžืขืœืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืข! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ. -- ืงื•ื–ืžื ื“ืื ื™ืœืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืคืืจ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–? ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืจืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ? ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ! 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ? ืืฒึทืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ? ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜? ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ! ืฐืขืจ 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ-ืึธ ,ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’", ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื˜ืืงืขืก, ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ, ,ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจืก", ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืึธืกืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฑื˜ -- ืฐืขืจ ื–ืฉืข ืฐืขื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ? ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืจ! 
ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืึทืงืึธืคึผืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืฃ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ืคืืจื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืœืฒึทื‘ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ! 

-- ื™ืึธ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืžืขืก... -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึทืฉืงืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ื•ื•ืขืจ, ืืฒึทื ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืฆื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื˜ืืงืข, ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’. ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืจืขื›ื˜ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืจืฒึทืกืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ --- ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคืœืืงืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜. ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืฒึทืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก. ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืง ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึธื ื˜-ืœื™ื ื™ืข ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื.. 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื•ื•ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื’ืขืก. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื“ืืจ ื‘ืืฉื™ื“ื–ืขืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืงื•ืกื˜ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืงืื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืืœืขื ืข. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืืฒื ืฆื™ืงืฐืฒึทื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืืจืึธืคึผ- 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืืกืงืขืก, ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืึธืกื˜ื ืก. ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื˜ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื‘ืื ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข, ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื: 

-- ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ื™ืขืจ, ื–ื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข! ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื’... ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ 


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ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื• -- ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืขืงืึธืžืข! ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืขืจื“! 

ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ื ื‘ืืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืขื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ, ืžืข 
ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืข ืื˜ืืงืข. 

-- ื›ืฒึท ื™ืึธืžื• ื‘ื™ืก! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื™ื“ืœื˜ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึทืฉืงืึธ. 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื”ื™ืœื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ื. ืื”ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื˜ืึธืจืŸ. ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื ื- 
ืจื™ืื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘, 


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ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ืžืขืกืœืขืก ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืื ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืกืงืขืจ ืขืจื“. 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืกื•ื™ื ืข ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึธื ื˜-ืœื™ื ื™ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ,ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจืก" ืื•ืŸ , ืคึผืื ื˜ืขืจืขืก", ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฃ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืคืืจืœื•ืกื˜ืŸ. 

ืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืฐืฒึทื– ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืืคืŸ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืจืึทื ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ, 
ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื™ืกื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข, ื ืึธืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื•ืจืขืจืก ื‘ืืคืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฆืขืฉื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืจื™ืฃ. 

ื‘ื ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืคืจื™ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื˜ืืงืขืก, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืฉืฑืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง, ืคืืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™-ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืฉืข 
ืืคื’ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขืจ- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืืฐื•ื•ื™ื“ืข: 

-- ื”ื™ื™, ื“ืื ื™ืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืœืขืจ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื 
ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ. --- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืื– ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืกืฉืขืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืกืึธืฃ? ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ.. 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฐื•ื•ืจืฃ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืืงืกืœืขืŸ: 

-- ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“ื ืข, -- ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ 


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ื–ืขืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 
ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก. 

-- ื™ืึธ, ื ืึธืจ ืกืืจื ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืกื˜ืจืึทื™... ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ 
ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ืคืืจื’ืึธืกืŸ?!.. 

-- ืื•ื•ืื“ืข, ืื•ื•ืื“ืข, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืงืข. ื ืกืืš ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืงืึธืกื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜. ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื˜ืืงืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ.. ื–ืขื˜ ืืฑืก, ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก 
ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ืขืœืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืขืŸ... 

-- ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ืึธืš, ืฐื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืขืŸ.. 

-- ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืงืข! ื ืึธืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคืขืจื“! ื˜ื• ื ืงื•ืง, 
ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ!.. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืืš... ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš 
ื“ื™ืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืกื˜? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืขืจ. ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ.. 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ืกืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ื’ 
ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืจืขื’ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื’ืืจืŸ, ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื–ืžื. 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ: 

-- ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืกืึทืœื“ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ? 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืืฃ ืฐืฒึทืก, ืื– ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ื›ืฒึทืข ืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืคืขื ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื˜. ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ! ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ, -- ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืื”ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืจ ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืขื ื™- 
ืงืขืก. ื ืึธืจ ืึธื˜ ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“... ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื˜ืขื’? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก? ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ! 

-- ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ? 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ,ืฐืึธืก'? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“ื ืข, --- ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ! ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•-ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืจื™ืฃ, ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืืฃ 
ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ, ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื™ื•ืงืขืก.. 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื™ืฃ ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืคึผืงืŸ ืจื•ื™ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ื’ืืจ, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื– ื ืœืื ื’ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืš-ืงื ื•ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืคืกื ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ: 

-- ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื›ืึทื˜ืฉ, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ืึทืŸ ื“ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืื›ื˜? ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข 
ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืงืขืคึผ! ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืข-ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืจืฉืืœ ื–ืฉื•- 
ืงืึธื•, ืจืึทืงืึธืกืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ืขื•ื•ืกืงื™... ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข, ื–ื™ ืฐืฒื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ? ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ืืœืฅ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทืŸ, 

ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ืฐื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืฆื™ ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื”ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื“ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขื 
ื•ื–ืฐืึธื“ื ืขื, ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ, ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ื“ื• ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜, ืงื•ื–ืžื ื“ืื ื™ืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืงื•ืง ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ 
ืžืขืงืื ืข ืืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ. ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื ื™ืงืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืฒึทืคืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจืฉื™ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืคืจื™ืฅ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื”ืืœื˜ืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืจื•ื™ึดืง ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื‘ืฑืกื˜ ื ืฒึทืข ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ, ื–ืึธื’ืกื˜ ื’ืขืฐื™ืขืก. ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ, ืžื™ืฉืงืข 
ืฉืขืจืžืื ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜. ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื™ืฆืœืขืŸ, ื›ืึธื›ืžืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืื›ืŸ 
ื”ืืจืฅ, -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ืžืื›ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš... 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ืึทืš ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ, ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜. -- ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืืœืขืจ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคืขืจื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคืขืจื“, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืขืฉืืกืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืงืจื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืื•ื•ื™ืœืขืก.. 

-- ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืจืื•ื•ื™ืœืขืก? 

-- ื’ืื ืฅ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืข. ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ื ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืฑื˜! ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ. ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืก! ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืฑื™ืจืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื“ื™ืจ ืื–ื. ื“ืึธืก 
ืžืึธืœ ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืœืฅ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ื•ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืฆืึธื›ืŸ. ืื•ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื ืึธืขื ื˜.. 

-- ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื“ื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื“ืื ื™ืœื™ื˜ืฉ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, 


33 


ื•ื™ ื–ืึธื’, ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ... 

--- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ื ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื’ืจืืžืึทื˜ืข. ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื’ืขืคึผืื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขื’. ื“ื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ื ืžืืจืฉืืœ.. ื“ื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงื–ืขืฆืŸ ื‘ืื ืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฉื•ืงืึธืฐื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธืงืึธืกืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืข- 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜... 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืœืื›ื˜: 

-- ืึธื”ืึธ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื• ืฐื™ืœืกื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ! ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขื ื•ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืขืฐืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ. ื“ื• ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ืื˜ืฉืืœืกื˜ื•ื•ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืึธ? ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืก? ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื›ื”ืื•ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื– ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืŸ 
ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ, ืฉื˜ืืœืŸ, ืžื™ืœืš-ืคืขืจืžืขืก... 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื ืขื‘ืึธื™ืงืข ื“ืึท ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืกื™ืข? ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืึธืคึผืจืŸ... 

ืคืืจ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืก: 

-- ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜? ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ื• ืขืก? 

-- ืžืืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืืœื“, -- ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืื”ื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. 

--- ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ? 

-- ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืžื‘ืื˜... ืื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืกื™ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฐื•ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืขืจื ืกื˜.. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืœืืคึผืœืกื˜ื•, ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜? ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ?! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื–ืฐื•ืึทื“ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ. 

ื™ืึธ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื‘ืื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜.. ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืง ืคืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ... ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ, ืื– ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ืื›ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืึธึท-ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืืจื•ื ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึธ- 
ืจืึทืฉืงืึธืก ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“ ืืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืฉืขืœืึธืŸ... ืืฃ ืึธืคึผืจืŸ..- 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึทืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืขื“ื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ, ืžืข 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื’ื•ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ืคืขืกื˜... 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคืก ืื•ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื: 

-- ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ! ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ ื–ืข ืื™ืš!.. 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฐืฒึทื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืงืก, ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ื•ื•ืขืจ. ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืœืึธื– 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. 

-- ืขืš, ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ื™ืฉ ืžืื–ืœ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื™ื“ืœื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืข 
ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ. 

-- ื ื›ืึทืœื™ืขืจืข ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™... ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ... --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืึธื“ืืจ. 

--- ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ. --- ื ืขื ืืคืŸ ืฆื™ืœ ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึท- 
ืžืื˜ืœืขืจ... ื–ืขืกื˜, ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ืขืจ, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ!.. ืงื™ื™ืŸ, ,ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจืก" 
ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜? 

-- ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ. 

--- ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ื™ืขืจ! ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜! 

ืืœืข, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœื˜ืข ืœืฑื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืึธืœ, ืื˜ืืงืข... 

ืขืžืขืก, ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืจืขืš, 
ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื ื‘ืฒื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึผืื ืฆืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฆืขื‘ืจืึทื›ืขื ืข, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ืข ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜. ื“ื™ ืฆืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ืข ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืึธื ืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืก 


4 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืกืึทืœื“ืื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ื 
ืžืขื”ื•ืžืข ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืจืฒึทืคื ื“ื™ืงืข. ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

-- ื›ืฒึท ื™ืึธืžื• ื‘ื™ืก! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื™ื“ืœื˜ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึทืฉืงืึธ. --- ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ! ื–ืขื˜ ืืฑื™ืก, ื ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทืกืขื›ืฅ ืคืืจืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื•, 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ื‘ื™ืงืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜, ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ 
ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ื•ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื 
ืฆื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืขืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืงืฒึทืงืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื•- 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ --- ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™. ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืึธื ื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘. 

ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืขืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ืฆื™ืœ ื“ื™ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ึนื™ืก. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืจืฑืš. 

ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืœืขืจ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื˜ืฐืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ. 

ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื–ื ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื“, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืขืจืขืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื’-ืฉื™ืคึผื•ื™, 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™. ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ --- ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™" 
ืฉืข ืึธืงืึธืคึผืขืก ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกืึทืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ืืคื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ. ืืฃ ื–ื™ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืื ื“ืขืจืข. 

-- ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉื‚ืงืึธ. --- ืฆื•ืจื™ืง! ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืขืจื˜ืขืจ! ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ!.. 

ื ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืš. 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ื”ืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ื ื˜ืื ืง, ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืก ื’ืขืฉืึธื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืึทื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืึทืงืึธืคึผืขืก. 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™, ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื, ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึทืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืœ. 
ื“ืขืžืœื˜... 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก! ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฆืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฐืึธื“ื ืข 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ, ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ื‘ื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ 
ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ืข ืึทืงืึธืคึผืขืก, ืฉื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื™ืœ. ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจืฑืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืข. 
ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืขืจืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜: 
ืœืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคืึธืจืฑืก, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืขื˜ื•ืžืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, -- ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจื”ืืจื’ืขื˜, 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกืขืจืฒึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืื˜ืืงืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึทื’ืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘. 

ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฆืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื™ื‘ืจืื’ื™ืžืึธื•ื• ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื 
ืฐืึธืจืึธื ืงืข ื ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืขืจ, 

-- ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ! ืžืืฉืข! ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื”ืขืจ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ -- ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜! 

ืึธื ื‘ืฒื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืŸ, 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืึธืคึผืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ -- 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื•ื ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื˜ืื ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืžื™ื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืฉื™ืกืŸ. 

ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื, ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคืก ืจื•ืฃ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื ืขืœ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื 
ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืขืจื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื•ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜. 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื ืคืืจื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ, ืึธืŸ ื ืงืืกืงืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืข 


9 


ื”ืึธืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื•ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ, ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืคึผืึธืจืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื, ืงื•ื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜: 

-- ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข... ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืฅ? ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื˜ืืงืข? 

-- ื™ืึธ, ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ. --- ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืื ืง... ืึธื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜.. -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืฐืฒึทื– 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜. 

ื’ืึทืจืึทืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื, ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืืจื”ื•ืกื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจื•ื™ืš, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืขื ืขื ื˜ืื ืง: 

-- ืžืึธืœืึธื“ืฆื™... ื ื“ืื ืง, ื›ืœืึธืคึผืฆืขืก... 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงืจื™ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืžืืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื ืขืœ ืฆืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืึธืœื™ืขืฐืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืืจื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงืœืื–ืฉืงืข ืฆื•ื ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“ื ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ืข, ืคืืจื‘ื™ืกืขื ืข ื‘ื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื˜ 
ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื–ื•ืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื•ืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืื ืื ื“, ื ืฉืึธืงืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ: 

-- ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื˜ืืงืข? ืžืึธืœืึธื“ืฆื™! ื›ืฒึท ื™ืึธืžื• ื‘ื™ืก... 

ื‘ื ืžืืฉืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื ืขืคึผืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. ืงื•ื–ืžื ื“ืื ื™ืœืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ... ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜, ื’ืขืฉืื ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ.. 

-- ืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืคึผืืคืืฉืข, ืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš... -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ, -- 
ื‘ืืœื“ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื“ืึธืงื˜ืฑืจื™ื. ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ ืื™ื–, ื“ืื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืข.. -- ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ. ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ืœืฒึทื’ื˜. ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข... 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜: 

-- ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจืงืข, ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืงืŸ.. ื ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข... ื–ื™ ืฉืื ืขืฐืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื 
ื ื™ื˜... ื“ืึธืก ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืื–ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜... 

ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ: 

-- ื“ื• ื”ืขืจืกื˜, ืžื™ืฉืงืข, ืกื™ื ืึธืง, ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜... ืฐืขืกื˜ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืึธืจื˜... ื ืึธืจ ื–ืข, ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš! ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื”ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืฅ... 

--- ืืœืฅ ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜.. 

-- ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš, ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข... ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš... --- ืื•ืŸ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืฉืงืขืก ื”ืื ื˜, 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ: --- ื–ืข, ืกื™ื ืึธืง, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก, ืฐืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜.. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึธืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธื“ืืจืงืขืŸ... ืฐืขืŸ 
ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืื ื˜ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ืงืขืจ... ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื–ืขืžืœื™ืืงืขืก.. 
ืื– ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึทืฉืงืึธ.. --- ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืคืืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื ืคื•ื ืขื ืจื•ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจืขื’ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœืขื‘ื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืกืึทืœื“ืื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ืข, ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆื˜ืข, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ืข ืงืขืคึผ, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ. 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื ื™, ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ. 

-- ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืงื•ื–ืžื ื“ืื ื™ืœืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ... ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืืš... ื ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜... ื ืึธืจ ืืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’. ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืงืึธืžืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฐื•ึผื ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื–, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื™ื ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ 
ืืฐืขืงื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ึนื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ื‘ืขื˜ืœ. ื ืึธืจ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธ- 
ืจืึทืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืกื™ื ืึธืง, ืžืืฉืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ... ื”ืขืœืฃ 
ืื™ืจ... ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ... ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืคืขืœ... 

-- ืคืืจืฐืึธืก -- ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ?! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืžืืฉืข. -- ืืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ื•ื˜! ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–... ืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš... 

ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืืงืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึท- 
ืจืึทืฉืงืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืœ. ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืืฉืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื•ืžืขืจ ื‘ืืœืงืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ. 

-- ืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš โ€ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ื ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–!. -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืข ืกืึธืœ- 
ื“ืื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฉืึธ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜ 


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ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจ-ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืฐื–ืฐื•ืึธื“ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืงืึธืคึผืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™. 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื ืจืขื’ืข ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึท, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืืจืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข: 

-- ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื›ืœืึทืคึผืฆืขืก! ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื”ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงืื˜ื™ื•ื’ืขืก, ื ืขืžื˜ ื ืขืงืึธืžืข ืคืืจ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“ื’ืข... ืื•ื™ื‘, ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ืฆื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜, ื˜ืึธ ืคืืจื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ... ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืŸ... ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืกื•ื™ื ืข, ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸืŸ.. ื›ืฒึท ื™ืึธืžื• ื‘ื™ืก!.. 


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ื ืขืœืขื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“ื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจ- 
ื’ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืงืึทืคึผืขืก, ืฐื•ึผ ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืึธึทื˜ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืขืž- 
ืงืฒึทื˜, ื’ื•ื˜ืกืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืขืš ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื, ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืขืก, ื–ืฒึทืŸ , ื›ืฒึท ื™ืึธืžื• ื‘ื™ืก!", 

ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืคืืจื™ืึธืกืขืžื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื ืฐืขื’ืฐืฒึทื–ืขืจ, ื 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื ืฉืจืขืงืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืกืืงืึธื ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืขืคืืจืŸ. 

ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื? 

ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“ื ืขื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฐื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืกืืงืึธื ืขืก. 

ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ืข ืงืขืคึผ, ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืื– ืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื–ื ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ! 

-- ืึธื˜, ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ืœืื ื’ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืขืจืข- 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืืจื•ืžืขืจื˜ืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, --- ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš-ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ืื˜ืืงืขืก, 
ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฃ ืึธืคึผืจื•... ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงืขืคึผ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืคื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ ืื–ื ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง... ืืฐื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงื•ื–ืžื ื“ืื ื™ืœืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜.. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืคืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืึทืงืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. 

-- ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ืขื ืข, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืึธื›ืŸ.. -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืจื•ื™- 
ืžืขืจื™ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ืึธื“ืืจ, 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื•ืžืขืจ ื‘ืืœืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ืžืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ื ืขืกื™ืข ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ. 
ื–ื– ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆื˜ืข, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ื ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

-- ื ื•, ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ, ื–ืึธื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื“ืื ื™ืœืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ? 

--- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืฑืจื™ื? ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš? ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜? 

-- ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืขืคืืจ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื“ืื ื™ืœืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, -- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžืืฉืข. 

ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึทื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืขืคึผ. 

ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืžืืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืืœืฅ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ -- ืจื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืจื™ื™ืคืขืก. 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืื–ืฉ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจืข 
ืžืขื“ื™ืงืืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ืคื’ืขืฆื™- 
ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืœ; 

-- ื“ืขืจ ืกืื ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจ ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื ื”ืขืจื˜ ืืฒึทืš.. 

-- ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœ ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืื ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื. --- ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืœืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜? ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ื’ืึธืจืึธืงืฉืึทืŸ. ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ? 

ื‘ื ืžืืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ. 


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ืื•ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจื“ืข ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: 

-- ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืืจืฐื•ื ื“ืขื˜.. ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ... 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืœ: 

-- ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ... ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื... 

--- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘.. -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, -- ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจืŸ, ื˜ืึธ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœ!.. 

--- ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ, ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื›ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžืืฉืข -- ืžืข ื”ืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜... --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืฐื•ื ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืœ, 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜! ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ.. -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื 
ื–ื•ืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฐื•ื ืง ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื: 

-- ื ืขื, ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, -- ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ื• ืงืขื ืกื˜ 
ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ... ืคืจืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืœ ืขืจ? 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืœ; 

-- ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜ ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืืฒึทืš... 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš? ืืŸ ืื ืืจื›ื™ืข? ืื™ืจ ื‘ืืœืขืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข? ื ืกืื ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืฆื™ ืฐืขืจ? 

ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ึธืง ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ื™ืึธ, ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ืžืขืกืœืขืก , ื‘ืืœืขื•ื•ืขืŸ" ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ... ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก... ืฐืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืขืก? ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืงืึธืžื‘ืื˜? ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ืื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืกื™ืื ืก ืึธืจื˜? ืฐืึธืก, 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜? ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉืึธื“... ื ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜. ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืขื ืขืŸ.. ืžื™ืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ืฆื• ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ... 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉืึธืงืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฉืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืืฉืขืŸ: 

-- ื™ืึธ, ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ื•ืขื˜ื™- 
ืกื™ืื ืขืŸ... ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืฉื˜ืื‘ื™ืกื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ืœืฐืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข... 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ. 

-- ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. 

-- ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื ื˜ืึธืฐื•ื™ืง ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื˜ ืืฃ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืื˜ืืงืขืก, --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ. 

-- ื ื™ืฉืงืึทืฉืข! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื™ื‘ืจืื’ื™ืžืึธื•ื•. -- ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืข... ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ, ืฐื™ 
ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ. -- ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืกืื ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืง- 
ื˜ืึธืจ: -- ืžืืฉืขื ืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจืึธืฐื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜? ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ... 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื–ื™ืคืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉืึธืงืœ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ; 

-- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืคืจืขื’ืกื˜ื•? ืฐื•ึผ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ? ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผืข- 
ืจื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจืขืจ ืœืขื˜ื•ื˜ืฉืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืœ.. -- ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื“ื™ืง ืฆืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜: -- ืฐืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื?.. ืฉื˜ืขืœืกื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ืข? ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจืข ืฆื•ื’ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื ื˜?.. 

-- ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืจื‘ืฒึทื“ื–ืฉื‚ืืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•! -- 
ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ. --- ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜... ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ 
ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ.. 

ืžืืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื“ื™ืง ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“ืกื˜ื•, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ? ืฐื•ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ืฐืขืงื’ืข- 
ืคื™ืจื˜? ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฃ ืคืœื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืฐืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜- 
ืœืขืš, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื’ ืื•ื•ืขืง, ืื– ื—ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืขืฉืขืœืึธ- 
ืœืึธื ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืขื›ืขืจ, ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืงืจื™ื™ืฆืŸ... 


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-- ื™ืึธ, ืžืืฉืขื ืงืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜... --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ืขืฉืึธืงืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, --- ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘, 
ืื– ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ. ืื•ืžื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื˜! ื“ื• ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื... ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ื•ื˜ืก ื ืกืืš ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ ืืœืข ืฆืึธืจืขืก... 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•-ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื ืฒึทืขื ืงืึธืžื‘ืื˜. ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื? 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืกื™ืืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ.. 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืื– ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืขืจื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ืœื™ื™ื“, ื™ืขืกื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜, ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืœืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืœืฒึทื‘ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ /ืคืจืึธื ื˜ ืจืึธืงืึธืกืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืขืจืขื•ื• ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืื˜ืืœื™ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื“ืจื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜, ืืคื™ืœืข ื ืฉืคึผืืก ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข 
ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ 
ืงืึธืžื‘ืื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืกื™ืื ืขืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“ ืึธืคึผืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืฉืขืœืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคืึธืจืžื™ืจื•ื ื’, ืื™ื– ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืึธ-ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืืจื•ื... 

ื ืฉืึท-ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™... ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฐืฒื ื™ืง, ืฆื™ ื ืกืืš? ืฐืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธ 
ืคืึธืจืงื•ืžืขืŸ? ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื˜ืืงืข, ืฐืขืœื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืจืฒึทืกืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ืฉืœื™ืืš? 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜-ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ. 
ื–ืึธืœ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืก ื ื ึดื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืึธืŸ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธืŸ. ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืึท 
ืื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืŸ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ? ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืขืคืืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืฉืขืœืึธืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจืŸ -- ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื ืฒึทืข, ื ื ืฒึทืขื ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ. ืฐืขืžืขืŸ -- ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื“ืกืื ื‘ืื˜, ื•ืขืžืขืŸ.. 

ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ? ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืขืš ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ, ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึทืจืึทืฉืงืึธืก 
ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื“ืจืขืก. ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข, ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœ- 
ื›ืึธืžืข ืืจื•ื ืคืืกื˜ืึธื•ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ืึธืจืฃ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืขืก ื–ื™ืš? 
ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืžืก ืงืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืึธืงื•ืคึผืื ื˜ืŸ? ืื’ืขื•ื•, ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืกื•ึผืฐืึทืจืึธืฐืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืื“ืจืขืก. ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ืฐืฒืกื˜ ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. 
ื ืึทืจ ืืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื’ืืก, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืจืื™ืึธืŸ? ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืืคื™ืœืข ืžืืฉืข 
ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื... 

ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืื–ืฉ, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ื™ืฉ ื–ืขืงืœ, ื’ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ืืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘. 


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ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื™- 
ื˜ืืจืข. ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš-ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ ืืŸ ืื ืฆื™ืงื˜ืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ืืจืข ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ! ืกืืจื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ 
ืงื•ื™ืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ! ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื™ืง, ืฉืจืขืงืœืึธื–. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ โ€ ืžืืžืขืœืข 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืข', ,ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก', ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข, ื–ืขื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงืืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื ืฒึทืขื ืฆื•ืคืœื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฑื‘ืŸ 

ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืง ื ืงืœืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžืืฉืข. -- ืฆื™ 
ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ืื–ื ืืœืฅ ืืจื•ืžื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืืจืฅ? ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืœืขืš ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, 


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ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื™ืขื ืขื ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึท, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ. ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ... ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘, ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื™ืจืข ืืฑื™ื’ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืืจืฑืกื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืœืื›ื˜- 
ืคืขืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข-ื˜ื™ืฉ. ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื? ืฐืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜... ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืจื• ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉื•ึนื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ 
ืฉืจืขืงืœืึธื–ืŸ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ. ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ... ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ืื™ืจ 
ืžืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก, ืฐืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜... 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึทืงืŸ. 

ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ? ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืจื™ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜. ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืฐื™ ืืฆื™ื ื“, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™, ืฉืžื•ืขืกื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธืŸ, ืื™ื ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืคืืจื˜ืฒึทืขื˜ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ. 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง, ื ืฆื•ืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ, ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ, ื“ืืœื™ ืึธื˜ืฉื™, ื“ืืœื™ ืกืขืจื“ืฆืข... ื‘ื 
ื“ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึธืŸ. ืืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื ืึธืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืกืืš ืฉื™ื™ื ืข, 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข. ื“ื™ ืื•ื’ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฆืขืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ. 
ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืœืื ื’. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ืืฑืกืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข. ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื•ื•ืืœ. ืื•ืŸ, ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, -- ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื™ืื˜ืŸ. ื’ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ. ืื–ื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ... 

ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืจืŸ. ื“ืื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืงืœ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื•ืœ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ื‘ืขืก, ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืื•ืŸ, ืฉืคึผืืกืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืง, ื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜, ืื–, ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื‘ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืฐืขื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš -- ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข 
ืฐืขื˜ ืืœืฅ ืึธืคึผืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ... ื ืึธืจ, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ!.. ืฐืขืŸ ืžืืฉืข 
ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื, ืคืืจื’ืขืกื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ืœ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืขืฅ: ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืฉืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’? ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ื 
ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ: ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืžื™ึดืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึธื“, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื... 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขืจืžืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืฐืฒื™ืขื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืฆื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืก-ืงืจืืคื˜! ืึธื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ืื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ืฆืืคึผืœ, ื–ื™ ืคืืจื•ื™ื˜ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืคืืจื˜ืฉืข- 
ืคึผืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื ืฉืืจืฃ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœ, ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืืจืขื ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ. ื–ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืงืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืขืš ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจืŸ 
ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืืจื•ื --- ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืฆืืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืžืึธื“ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื - 
ืงืขืŸ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ! ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืฉืงืขืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐื™ ืฆื• ืืœืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื™ืจ. ืขืžืขืก, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืงื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืฉืงืข -- ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืื›ืขื“, ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, 
ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืข, ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืข ื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืจื•ืžื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆืขืงื•ืฉืŸ. 

ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืื–ืฉ ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜, ืื– ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉืึธืงืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™. 
ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜. ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜, ื•ื•ืืจื˜ื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ-ื’ืจื™ืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืจื•ื™ื›ืŸ 


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ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ-ืคืœืืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื”ื•ื“ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก 
ื‘ื•ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก, 

ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื ื™ื˜-ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืืจื•ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข, ื”ื™ืœื›ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ื™ืœ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึทืฉืงืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“, ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
ื“ื™ ืจืขืฉื˜ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, 


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ื•ืขืŸ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืขืจื“, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจืŸ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ื‘ืขืœืžืข ืืคืŸ ืื•ื™ื’, ืฐื™ ื ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’, ืึธืคึผืฉืœืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœ- 
ืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืืงืฉื ื˜ืข ืื˜ืืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืœืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื– 
ืžืข ืžื•ื– ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืืฃ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ ืฉืึธ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืืคึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื, ืืฑืกื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืขืก, ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜. ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืก: ื“ืึธ ื˜ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืกืฑื ืข 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ. ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ืงืœื?ืœ: ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื–ื™ื’, ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜. 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื ืขื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข-ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื, ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ 2ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ, ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืืจื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื”ืฒึทืคืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ, -- ื˜ืจืฒึทืข, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืข. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืคืืจื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืืคืŸ 
ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ-ื‘ืขื˜ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืกื ืืจื™ืื“- 
ืฉืคึผืœื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื•ืก, ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ. 

ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ, ื‘ืื’ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื‘ืœื™ืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืขืš, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ, ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉึนืึธ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜... ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจืขื’ืขืก. 

ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงืœืืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืขืš. --- 
ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื ืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืื˜ืืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ... ืื•ืŸ ืืฆื™ื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืฆืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืึธืงื ื˜ -- ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœืื ื’ืขืŸ, -- ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ, ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืืจื™ืฉ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ? ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ! 

ืื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคื– ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคื˜ืœืขืš ืœื™ื‘ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ: 


ืคืึธื’ื™ื‘ืื˜ ื ืื ืจืื ืึธื•ื•ืื˜ืึธ, 
ื™ืขืกื˜ ืื• ื ืื ื™ึดึถืขืฉื˜ืฉืึธ ื“ืึธืžื ื“ืขืœื!.. 


ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืœื›ืืžืึธื•ื•ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ.. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืŸ ื’ืขื•ืึทื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืืจื“ื™ืจืขืจ-ืฉืคึผืœื™ื˜ืขืจืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข-ื˜ื™ืฉ. ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืฃ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ! ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ื ืึธืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ!" ืื•ืŸ, ืฆืข- 
ื‘ืฒึทืกื ื“ื™ืง ืื›ื–ืึธืจื™ืขืกื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ! 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืก ืฆื•ื ืกื•ื™ื ืข ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ึทืขืก ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืื ื’ืข ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืึธืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงื™ืฉืขืคื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ืŸ, ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง 


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ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืžืœื™ืื ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ืขืก, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืฑืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืคืข- 
ื ื•ื ื’. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข-ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืึธื˜ 
{ ื 3 ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืืจืงืึธื–, ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื•-ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ,ื›ืฒึท ื™ืึธืžื• ื‘ื™ืก!", 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืฑื™ืจื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜. ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, -- ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืื™ื ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืจ, ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืฑื™. ืœื™ื ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืจืขื›ืฆื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐื•ื™ ืขืจ, ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื ื™ืขื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืขืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืืœืขืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ืข ื”ืจื•ื“ืขืก ืขืจื“, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืจื™ื•ื•ื˜ืฉืืงืขืก, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื’ืขืงืจืขื›ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ื™ื“ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. 

-- ื–ื™ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื ืงืœืฒื ืฐื•ึผืงืกื™ืง ื“ืืจื™ื ืง ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ 
ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข, ื ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจ-ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ื‘ืื ืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ืข ืคืขืจื“ืœืขืš. -- ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ... 

ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืฉืœืืงืกืจืขื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืฆืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ืจืฑืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืจืขื“ืขืจ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืฆืขืฐื™ื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืืœืขืžืึธืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื”ืจื™ื–ื ืขื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืึทื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืื’ืื˜ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฑืกืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ืข ืคืขืจื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืืจืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ื™ืžื ืืกื˜ื™ืึธืจืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืœืึธื˜ืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจืข ืคืœืืงืกืขื ืข ืงื•ืจืฅ-ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ื”ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ืืจืึธืคึทึผ- 
ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง-ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ืืฑื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ 
ืคืขืจื“ืœืขืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“, ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“, ืฐื•ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืื˜- 
ืจื™ึทืขืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืงืืœื™ื•ื–ืฉืข, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื ืึธืš, ื›ืึธืœื™ 
ืœืข, ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจ-ืฆื•ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืœื‘-ืฆืขื‘ืึธืžื‘ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข. 

ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื“. ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจ- 
ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฐื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืงืจืขื›ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 

-- ื ืึธืš ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ, ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืึธืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข? 

--- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜... ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืึทืขื ื˜, ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจื™ื ืงืข, ืžืข ืžื•ื– ื ืึธืš ื ืงืืคึผืขื˜ืฉืงืข ืฆื•- 
' 
ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืคืึทืจืขื›ืฅ, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ โ€ ื’ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ. 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธืจื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธื’ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืœ: ืœืฒึทื“ืŸ. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืจืื›- 
ืžืึธื ืขืก. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ, ื“ื™ ื™ืขื–ื“ืึธืฐืข? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ื’ืข- 
ืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื™ืขื–ื“ืึธืฐืข?! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜. -- ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืกืืจื ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืคืœ ืคืืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ืข 
ืžืข ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜! ืืœืข ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข , ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืคึนึผืึธืจ ืงืืœื™ืงืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ืจื˜ืข... 

ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš, ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืฑืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ืคืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคื™ืก. ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื ื“ืจืขืžืœ, ื’ื™ืกืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ืจืŸ... 

ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ืคืืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 


42 


ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืขื‘ืจื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืืจื“ื™ืจืขืจ. ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืจื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืžืœ. 

-- ื ื•, ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขืกื˜ื• ื“ืึธืจื˜? ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข, ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืคึผืœื™ืขืŸ?. 

ื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืžืึธืœืข ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืงืจื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: 

-- ืฐืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ? ืื–ื ืฉืจืขืง ืืจื•ื.. 

-- ื™ืึธ, ื›ืฒึท ื™ืึธืžื• ื‘ื™ืก! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึทืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื™ื“ืœื˜. 

ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜: 

-- ืื•ื™, ืคึผืืคึผืืฉืข, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ? ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืฒืกื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™- 
ืจื•ืจื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึทื ื’ืขืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜... ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜: ,ื›ืฒึท ื™ืึธืžื• ื‘ื™ืก', ,ื›ืฒึท ื™ืึธืžื• ื‘ื™ืก!"... 

-- ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืขืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ืจ ืืจืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืืคึผืขืŸ ื ืคื•ืก.. 

-- ื ื™ืฉืงืึธืฉืข, ืคึผืืคึผืืฉืข, ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ! -- ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•-ื–ื™ืš, --- ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ืžืึธืœืึธื“ื™ืขืฅ... 

-- ื™ืึธ, ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืึทืœืึธื“ื™ืขืฅ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื‘ื•ืจื˜ืฉืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, -- ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ื ืคื•ืก.. 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื•ืฆืœืขืš ื ืžืื ืกืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืคื•ืก, ื ืงืืœื™ืงืข? ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื– 
ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ืœืึธื–ืŸ... 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืคึผืืคึผืืฉืข?! ืฐื™ ืฉืขืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ! ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื–ื 
ื”ืขืœื“! ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ืืœืŸ, ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงืึท- 
ื•ื•ืขื“... 

-- ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืื–ื ืงืึธืฐืขื“?! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ืคึผืื•ื–ืข ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืฅ- 
ื‘ืจืื›ื˜. -- ืื™ืš ื‘ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืฐืขื“ ืืฃ ื ืคื•ืก... ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืฑืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืึธืกืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ.. ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึนึผืฅ- 
ืจื™ืจืŸ... ื›ืฒึท ื™ืึธืžื• ื‘ื™ืก!.. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืกืืžืข ืขืจื’ืกื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ืจืš, ืคึผืืคืืฉืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื- 
ืจื•ื™ึทืงืŸ.. -- ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงืจื™ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจ- 
ืจืขื ืฆืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืœื™ืื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ: --- ื ืขืžื˜, ืคึผื- 
ืคึผืืฉืข, ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืงืŸ. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜: 

-- ืžื™ืš ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืงืŸ ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜.. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืจ! ืฐื™ ืฉืขืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ -- 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ืคืจืึธื ื˜ืึธืฐื™ืง, ื ื”ืขืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธืคืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜... ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื–ื ืฉืฐืขืจืข ืึทืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข.. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืœืŸ, ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™, 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ืœืขืš, ื–ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ื•ื™ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™, 

-- ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข, --- ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื ืึธืš ืœืื ื’ ืžืื˜ืขืจืŸ? ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข? ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ? 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ื ืึทืจ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื™ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ- 
ื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื•ืขืงืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืจื•ื™ึดืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื‘ืึธืž- 
ื‘ื™ืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืžืข ืฉื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜. -- ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข, ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ: -- ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– -- ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึทืคืขื ื•ื ื’, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ. ื ืึธืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜. 

-- ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•, ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ, ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–? 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกืœื•ื–ืฉื‘ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“- 
ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ? ืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคื˜, ืื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื“ืึทืงื˜ืฑืจื™ื ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืืจื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข, ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“.. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืขืจ, -- ืžืข ืžืขื’ 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืืฃ ื ืคื•ืจ, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ื™ืืคึผืขื˜ ื ืคื•ืก?.. 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืคืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: 


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--- ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜... ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื˜ืึธืŸ? ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื ื™ืข ืคืืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื–ืขืžืœื™ืื ืงืขืก? ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื™ืจืŸ..- 

--- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•, ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ, ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜? 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’... ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืกืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜... 

-- ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš? 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ --- ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš? ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš! ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืืœื™ื•ื–ืฉืข. ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื›ืืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืฉืงืขืก: 

-- ืื ื•, ืœืขื“ืืฉื˜ืฉืข, ื”ืฒึทื“ื! ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ! -- ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื™ื“ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื”ืืจื‘ืข ืงืœืึธืœืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฐื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง.. 


15 


ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืœืึทืงืึทืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•-ืคืฒึทืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฐืขืงื˜ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธืŸ. ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ-ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ. ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื•ืขืจืŸ 
ื ืขืคึผืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืื”ืขืจ. 

ืืฒื ื˜ืึธื ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจืขืœืกืŸ, ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืฑื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืืฃ-ืกืœื•ืคึผืขืก, ืฆืขืžืื–ื™ืงื˜ืข ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืขืก, ืฆืขื›ืึธืžื‘ื™ืจื˜ืข ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก. ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืึธืงืึธืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ืืจืžื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืคืฒึทืคื˜, ืคืึธื“ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืืœืข ืกืข- 
ืžืืคืึธืจืŸ. 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื“ืื ื™ืœืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืื ืื ื“ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืฐื•ึผืงืกื™ืงืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ื›ืืœืื˜. ืื™ืจืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืœื•ื™ืœืขื›ืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฒึทื“. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื ื˜ืขืจืžืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืฒึทืœืขืš ื“ื™ ืฆืขื›ืจืืกื˜ืขื˜ืข ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜... ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื–, ื“ืื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื ื ืึธืจืžืืœืข, ื ืึธืจ 
ืืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืืœ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ืึธืคึผืžืขืกื˜ืŸ. ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš ืจื•ืคืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜! -- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืœื“ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื. --- ืžื™ืš ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืื˜ื™ืื ืข ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื•ื•ื ื, ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš? 

-- ืงื•ื–ืžื... -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ. 

-- ืงื•ื–ืžื? ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื›ื™ื“ืขืฉื˜. -- ืื–ื ื”ืขืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื -- 
ืงื•ื–ืžื! ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจื ืึธืžืขืŸ? ืืš, ืงื•ื–ืžื ื“ืื ื™ืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ? ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืื - 
ื“ืขืจืฉ. ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜, ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื ื’. ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™. ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜! 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืจืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืข. ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืคื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขื 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื›ื˜ืข ืึธื“ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืื ื˜: 

--- ืจื•ื™ึทืงืขืจ, ืงื•ื–ืžื ื“ืื ื™ืœืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ... ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึธืคึผืžืขืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื˜-ื“ืจื•ืง. ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš. ื™ืขื“ื ืคืืœืก, ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืฐื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ.. 

ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื. 

ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืžืขืกื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื˜-ื“ืจื•ืง, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื- 
ืจืขืžื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืฑืžื˜ ืืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจ. 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื“ืื ื™ืœืึทืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ื ืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื™- 
ืžืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืฉืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื•ื•ืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืก, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืึธื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืกื˜ืึทืฐื•ืขืจ 
ืจืื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืงืœื™ื ื™ืง. ืœื•ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ื" 
ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ --- ืื•ื•ืื“ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš. 

ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ-ืื•ื™ื’ื™ืงืข ืฉืฐื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื ืฉืฐืขื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฅ, ืคึผื™ืœืŸ, ื ืงื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื ืขืœ ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ืจืขื ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืึธืงืึธืžืึธ- 
ื˜ื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 


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ืื™ื ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืงืืœื™ืขื˜ืฉืขื˜ืข, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืกืึธืœ- 
ื“ืื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืฉื ืข, ื”ื™ื™ืก. ืฐื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืกื- 
ื ื™ื˜ืืจืงืขืก, ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืคืืจื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืข ืคืขื ืฆืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืœืึธื–ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืฐืฒื ื™ืง-ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ. ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื”ื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื™ืœืŸ ืืœืฅ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืคึผื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื”ืข- ื“ื•ืจืš 
ืืœืข ืฉืคึผืืจื•ื ืขืก. 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ! ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืžืฑื™ืจืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ื ื“ืŸ, ืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘! ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ื•ึถืขื ึผื• 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื‘ืื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืœืึทืฃ, ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืคืขืœืŸ, ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืฉืขืจืžืื ืขืŸ, ืžืืฉืขืŸ, ืื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืกื™ืื ืขืŸ, ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืคืึทื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒื™. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื. ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฅ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืฆืขื›ื™ืกืขื ืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืข ืžืขื“ื™ืงืืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืื–ืืงื™ืฉืข ืฐืึธื - 
ืฆืขืก ืฐืฒื ื™ืง-ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขืžื“. 

ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืขื“ื™ืง ืœืื ื’ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืง. ืืฒื ื˜ืึธื ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืข- 
ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืื’ืึธื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืึทืจื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ื–ื™ ืคื™ืจืŸ โ€ ืฆืขืงืืœื™ืขื˜ืฉืขื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึทื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. 

ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐื™ืœื“ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืึธื˜ืขืžืขืŸ, ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ื™ื“ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืืœื›ืืžืึทืฐืขืก... ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœืขืš, ืฐื•ึผ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื– ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึทืš ืœืื ื’ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’? 

ื•ื™ ืืคืฆื•ืœืึธื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืžืข ืคืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื• 
ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืืฑืกืจืฒึทืกืขื ื™ืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืงื•ื–ืžื ื“ืื ื™- 
ืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื–ืึธืœ ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืขืžืœืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ, ื”ื•ื™ืคื ืก ืจื•ื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ, ืคืึทื ื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืขืจื“ ืืจื•ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™. ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ืก, ืื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืงื™ื ืžืึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืžืขืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืจื•ื™ึทืง ืฉืœืึทืคืŸ, 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืฒื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, 
ืืคื™ืœืข ืฉืคึผืืกืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืฃ ืื™ื ืึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืžืขืœืื ื›ืึทืœื™ืข, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื“ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ, ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจืคึผืงืข, ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข 
ืคึผื™ืœืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื›ืข. 

ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืกืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืงืืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืึทื ืฆืึทืœื™ืงืข ืื™ื ื™ืขืงืฆื™ืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืฅ ืฉื•ื•ืฅ- 
ืจืขืจ. 

ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื–ื ืื•ืžืขื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืฆื˜. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืืœื•ื™ืžืขืก. ืกืืจื ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืื–ืœ! ืฐื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืœื™ืงื˜! ืฐืขืŸ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืขื ื‘ืืจื’-ืฉื™ืคึผื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื›ืึทื“ืึธืจืึธื, ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื ืืจื™ืื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื‘ืข- 
ืขืžืขืก ื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืงื™ืฉืขืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืฑืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืœื™ื˜ืขืจืก. ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืืฒึทื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ -- 
ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžื•ื™ืจืขื“ื™ืงืข ืื˜ืืงืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืืจื“ื™ืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐื™ื ืงืœ 
ืคืืจืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืจื•ืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ! ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ืฆืฐืฒื™ ืฉืึธ, 
ื‘ื™ื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืฉืขืœืึทืŸ ืืฃ ืึธืคึผืจื•, ื”ืึทื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜! ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืื ืจืึทื˜ืข. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข? 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ? ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ ืืžืึธืœ ืขืคึผืขืก ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ? 

ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื–ืฉืžื•ืจืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืฉืงืข 
ืฉืขืจืžืืŸ, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื ืกืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืคืืจืฉืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืกื™ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขืžืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืข, ื‘ืืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืงื•ืจื ืึธืกืข ืžืืฉืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ื ื. ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื–ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜. ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื’ื˜ 


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ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง-ื‘ืืจื™ื™ื“ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืื ืงืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ- 
ืืฑื’ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื™ื‘ืจืื’ื™ืžืึธื•ื•, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืงื•ื•ืขืงื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ, ื ืึธื“ืืจ ื‘ืืฉื™ื“ื–ืข, ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืจ --- ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ -- ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืกื•ึผืฐืึธืจืึทืฐื• ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืึธืš, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš. ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ... 

ื ืึธืจ ื ืžืึธื“ื ืข ื–ืืš, ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื›ืึธืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืึธื“ืืจืงืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœืขืš, ื“ืขื ื–ื•ืŸ... ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืงืึทืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ืŸ? ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ? 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ืื˜ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜? ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ? ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ื ืงืืœื™ืงืข! ืฐืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ื ืื–ื, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื ื•ืฅ ืงืึทืŸ ืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ? ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืœืืกื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืงืจื•ื ืงื•ืงืŸ? 

ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืงืืœื™ืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืื– ืืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ืืจื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืืœืข 
ื ืืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ื ืื›ื˜, ื ืึธืš ื ื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ --- ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, 

ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืืœืฅ ื ืกืึธืฃ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืœืฑื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื–ืืžื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ-ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืคืœื™ื™ืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœืข ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืœืขืžืคึผ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืขืฉืขืœืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืืจ- 
ืงืขืจ ื˜ื•ืžืœ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื•ืคึผืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืก, ื ืœื•ื™ืคืขืจืฒึท. 

ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืื•ืจืืœืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืื’ืึธ- 
ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืืžื‘ื•ืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื ื˜ื•ืžืœ, ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืก- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืึทืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื - 
ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ. 

ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจื™ื™. ื“ื™ ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’- 
ื‘ืขื˜ืœ, ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืงื•ื–ืžื ื’ืึธืจืึธืฉืงืึธืŸ, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืืžื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืืจืขื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืืฃ 
ืื™ื ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื. 


(ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืงื•ืžื˜) 


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ื’ื’ื. ื•ืื˜ ืื™ ื™ื™ื˜ - = ื™ื™ ืขื™ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ืงืืจ 


ืžืึธื˜ืœ ื’ืึธืœื‘ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ 


ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื•ืŸ 


ืžื™ืจ, ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืจืฉืŸ! 
ื ืข ืค| 


ืžื™ืจ, ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืจืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื ื™ื’ื ืก, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจื ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื‘ืœื™ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ. 


ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืœืฐืึธื ืข-ื™ืึธื’ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืกืขืจ ืฉื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข 
ื“ื™ื ืข, ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ -- ืคืจืึธืกื˜ื™ืง-ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ. 


ืžื™ืจ, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืข ื”ืขืจื ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืืฃ ื”ืืจืคืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ืข, 
ืื™ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืื™ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืข ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื”ื™ืžื ืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ืข, --- 


ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื ื‘ืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ. 


ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืืžืขืŸ ืคื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ื–ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ื–ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธืคืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ, 


ื ื™ื™ืŸ! ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ ืงืืœื˜ืข, 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, --- 


ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ื–ืŸ-ืจื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื‘ืœื•ื™ ืคืืจืžื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืจืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ, 


ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืขืจ ืืงืฉืึธื ืขืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื•ื™ ื“ื•ื ืขืจืก-ื‘ืœื™ืฆืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื™ืง-ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืŸ. 


ืžื™ืจ, ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืคึผื™ื™ืจืขืก ื–ื•ื ื™ืง ืื™ืจืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืืฉื™ืจื™ื. 


ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื”ื™ืžื ืขืŸ ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ื–'ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืื ื™ื˜ื ืข ื”ืœื™ื‘ืขืก. 


ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืฉืืจืคืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืืจืคื˜, ื•ื™ ืคืฒึทืขืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื™ื– ื”ืืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืข ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ, 


ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืื•ื™ื’ ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–, ื•ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื–ืขื•ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, --- 


ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื ื˜ืจืขืจ ื ืจื™ื™ื ืข, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ืžืื‘ืœ-ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขื ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืข... 


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ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆืืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ืžืงื•ื, 


ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืกืจื™ื™ืคืขืก, 
ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื’ื™ื™ืคืข, -- 


ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื›ืื™ืœ, 
ืื– ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ืก ืขืจื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ! 


ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ื–ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื ืกืืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืขื ืขืจ, 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื ืขืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจืึธื– ืคืืจืกืืจืคืขื˜, ื’ืขืœ ืื™ื–, 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืื’ืขื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืกื˜ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืœืขืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืื–ืงืึธืจืข. 


ื•ื™ ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืงืึธืคึผืขืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืืจ ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžืื›ืึธืจืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืกืขื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืข ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ, 


ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืกืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงืข ืฉืึธืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื”ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืข, -- 


ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ื ืขื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข, 
ืก'ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื‘ืœืฒึท --- ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืื˜ืจืึธื ื˜ืืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืข -- ืื™ื ืขื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. 


ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื™ืขื“ืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ืื ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธืŸ ื ืฉืจืขืง, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ. 


ืฐืฒึทืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืœืฒึทื‘ืœืขื›ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคืœืืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ; 


ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจื ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–'ืจืข ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืข ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืžื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข, 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืจืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ... ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื”ื™ืจืฉืŸ! 


ืก'ืื™ื– ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืง ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข 


ืขืก ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“, 
ืขืก ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ, ืฐื•ื™ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื ื’. 
ื“ื™ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฆืขืจื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืกืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื™ืขื“ืข ื•ืขืœ, 
ื ื”ื™ืžืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืจ ื›ืึธืœืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’. 


ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืจืฒึท ืขืก ืขื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืขืœื“ื–ืŸ ื‘ืื ื™ืื, 

ื“ืขืจ ื™ืื ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื”ื™ืžืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ึทืฉืขืจ ืฉืฒื™ื ืงืฒึทื˜, 

ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจืคื•ืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ ืจืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืŸ ืคืึธืจืฐื•ึผืจืฃ, ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืœืื. 


ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืžืจื• ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข --- ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืขืœ ื–ื™ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜, 
ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื™ื“. 
ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ ืึธืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ. 


ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืื›ื˜, 
ืื™ื– ื”ืฒืœื™ืง ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืื ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ืฉืฒื™ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ-ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜... 


3--169 


ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื’ 


ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืื™ื– ืืฃ ืื•ื™ืกื™ึดืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜, 

ืื™ื– ื’ืึทืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ื•ื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืœืฒึท, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืงื•ื™ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ื™ื ืข, ืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืื-ื˜ื™ืฃ 

ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืงื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ. 

ืื–ื ืื™ื– ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืืฆื™ื ื“: 

ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืึธืกืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื“ืก ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงื™ื ื“, 
ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืจืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึท ืื™ื– -- ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื™ื– -- ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื•ื•ืืจืขื ืื™ื– ืฐื•ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ ื‘ืœืฒึท, 

ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขื–ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื˜ืข ืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ืคืœื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ืฒึท, 


ื—ึด ืกึด * 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฉืึธืก 

ื“ืขื ืžื™ื“ืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 

ื ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืงืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ืข 
ืฉืœืื›ื˜, 


ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ 

ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ 
ืืฃ ื’ืจืึธื–ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืขืœื“, 

ืืฃ ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš. 


ืขืก ื–ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื: 
ืื ืฉื˜ื•ืžื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœืฒึท ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึธืœ! -- 


ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ืžื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืœ.. 


ื ืฆึทืข ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 


ื™ืขื›ื™ึทืขืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืžืืŸ 


ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืกืœ 


ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืŸ? 

ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. 

ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื”ื™ื™ื‘, ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ? ืฐื•ึผ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืขื ื“ื–ืœ? 

ื ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคึผืืกื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื’, ื ืงื™ืจืฆืขืจืก -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ืงืจื™ื™ืฆื˜ืข ืคึผืืกื™ืงืœืขืš ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜: ื ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ. ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืข ืœืึธื“, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื ื˜. ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื”ืืฉื›ื™ื˜ืข -- ื“ืึธืก ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ. ื›'ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืจืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื›ืœืขืš. ื“ื™ ืงืืคึผืึธืจืข-ืื•ื™ืคืขืก ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืš ื’ื•ื˜, ืื™ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ ืคึผืœื•- 
ืฆืขื ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ืŸ, ืื™ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ื™ืก-ื›ืืœื™ืคืึธืกื™:. ื›'ื“ืขืจื–ืข ื‘ืืœื“ ื–ื•ืกื™ืข ืฉื•ื™ื›ืขื˜ืก 
ืคืึธืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืœื™ื™ืฆืข, ื“ืึธืก ื›ืืœืขืคืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืก ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ืฉืขื›ื˜ ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜-ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ืกื˜ืข. 
ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืฉืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ื“ื™ ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ื™ืœืขื˜ืข ืงืืคึผืึทืจืขืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืงืŸ ื›ืึธืจื›ืœืขืŸ. ืืœื˜ืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฉืขืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜. 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืึธื‘ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืœืื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืก. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžืขื’ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’. ื ืึธืš ืงืืคึผืึธืจืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืžืขื›ืืคึผืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ.? 

ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืงืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืขื ื“ื–ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจื• ืขืง 
ื’ืขืกืœ? ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ืฃ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ? ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก? ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก! 

ื“ืจืฒึท ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจ ื˜ืจืขืคึผืœืขืš, ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื’ืขืฉื ื™ืฆื˜ืข ื˜ื™ืจ, ื ื•ื•ืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ื•ืฅ ืคืืจืงืฒึทืœืข- 
ื›ื™ืงื˜ืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ -- ื“ืึธืก ,ืืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืข" ืงืœืฒึทื–ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ. ื“ืึธืก ืงืœืฒึทื–ืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœืข- 
ื›ืขื ืขื, ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืฉ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืืจื‘ื˜ืŸ ื“ืืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐื™ 
ื ืื›ื˜ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื ื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืก, ืฐื™, ืœืข- 
ื”ืื•ื•ื“ืœ, ืืฃ ื ื˜ืฐื•ืข-ืฉืคึผืฒึทื›ืœืขืจ. ื›'ืฉืคึผืืจ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื•ื™ื‘, ืคืืจืคึผืœืขื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื–ื• 
ื•ื™ ืืžืึธืœ, ืงื™ื ื“ืฐืฒึทื–, ื“ืึธืก ื ืขื–ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืข ืงื•ื™ื ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืข ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืึธืžืขื“, ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืงืœืขื ื“ื™ืง-ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืืงื™ืจื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื›ืขื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื‘ืืœืขืžืขืจ. ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืกืœ ืื™ื– ืงืืคึผืึธืจืขืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื”ื™ืคึผืขืจ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืขื’, ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืœืฒึทื–ืœ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื ืฆื™ื ื“ ืึธืŸ. ื›'ื“ืขืจื–ืข ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทื“ืขื ืข ื™ื•ื - 
ื’ืขืœืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืžืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ. ื‘ืื ืงืœืฒึทื–ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืจืขืงื™ืงืข ื™ืืจืžืขืœืงืขืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืขืคึผ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžืึทืœืข ื‘ืœื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืืœื™ื™ืกื™ืžืœืขืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืืงืกืœ. ,ืืจื™ืกื˜ืึทืงืจืื˜ืŸ" ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ืžืฒึทืกืขืก, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืื•ื•ื ืขืŸ-ืฉืžืื•ื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืงืขื“ื•ื™ืžืข, ื”ืืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง- 
ืฐืึธืก. ื ืึธืจ ืืŸ ,ืืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืœืฒึทื–ืœ" ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ื–ืื›ืŸ. ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก -- ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก ---ื ื›ืื–ืึธื ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืจืื“ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืคืฒึทื ื˜, ื“ืจื™ื˜ื ืก -- ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืฆื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ืจืึธืฉื”ื- 
ืฉืึธื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืžืงื™ืคึผืขืจ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืก ืงืึธืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ. ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ื˜ืืงืข ื™ืึธ ื“ืึธ, ื”ื? 


: ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืคื™ืœืข ื‘ืื ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืงืืคึผืึธืจืขืก. 
? ืคืืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. 


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ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ --- ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก? ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก. 

ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืงืœืฒึทื–ืœ, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืขืง ื’ืขืกืœ, ื“ืขืจื–ืข ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ืœืขื“ืึทืฐื ื™ืข. 
ืึธื˜ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ, ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžืึธื›ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™-ื“ืืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืžืข ืขืจื“, ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ืึธื ืžืึธืœืŸ, ืคืืจ ื ื–ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืคึผืœืฑื˜ืœ ืฆื• ืคึผืœืฑื˜ืœ, 
ื’ืื ืขืงืœ ืฆื• ื’ืื ืขืงืœ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืกืœ. ืืฃ ืœืฒึทืฐื ื˜, ืฆื™ ืืฃ ืคึนึผืืคึผื™ืจ --- ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืกืœ. ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ื’ืื ืขืงืœ ืฆื• ื’ืื ืขืงืœ -- ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, 

ื“ื™ ืขื–ืจืขืก-ื›ื•ื™ืœื™ื-ืœืขื“ืึธืฐื•ื ื™ืข. ื ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื“ืืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืœืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืœื- 
ื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื•ื, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืงืขืœืขืจ. ื“ืืคืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืืœื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืขืฉื•ื ืขื“ื™ืง ืฉืจืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ, ื•ื™ ื‘ืขืงื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืคืจืฒื™ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ 
ื‘ื™ื˜ืึธื›ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืื ืงืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜, ืึธืกื™ืขื ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ืœืขื“ืึธืฐื•ื ื™ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืืฒึทื– ืคืืจื ื•ืฆื˜. 

ื›'ืขืคืŸ ืื•ืฃ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืœื™ื™ื’ ื–ื™ ืืฐืฐืขืง ืืคืŸ ื“ืืš, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืืงืžืขืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืง ืืจืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืจืขื ืขืฆืข. ื›'ืœื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืืฒึทื–, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื ืžืึธืœ ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขืจืฆืœ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ: 
ืฐืึธืก ื ืžืึธืœ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขื“ืึธืฐื•ื ื™ืข ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ. ืืœืข ืžืืžืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืื ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ? ืืœืข ืžืืžืขืก ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืœืขื–ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ื›ื™ืจืŸ ืืฒึทื– 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจื ืก? ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืฉืึธืงืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืงืžืขืกืขืจ ื”ืืงื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืง- 
ืœืขืš ืืฒึทื– ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืงืึธืœ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืขืกื•ืงืขื ืขืจ ื›ืึธืœืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืงืฒึทื˜. ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ- 
ืœืึทืš ืงื•ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืืจืึธืคึผ ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ ืžื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื“ืจืืคึผืข ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืขืžืขืจ ืืฒึทื– ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืจื•ืฃ ืืคืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืคึผืœ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืืคึผืœ ืื•ืŸ ืจื• ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืคึผืœ ืึธืคึผ. 
ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืงืืคึผืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื“ืึธืฐื ื™ืข-ืฐืขื ื˜ ืืฒึทื–-ื˜ืจืึธืคึผื ืก. ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื ื“ืื›ื˜, 
ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืข ื˜ืจืึธืคึผื ืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืงืืคึผืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜. ืืœืข ืงืจืื ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜-ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ. ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ืจ ื ื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืœืขื“ืึธื•ื•ื ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ื ืœืขื“ืึธื•ื•ื ื™ืข. ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ ืืฃ ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ืฒืœื™ืง ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ ืืœืข ืคืืจื’ืึธืกืขื ืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืข. 
ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืืฑื™ืก ื’ืึธืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืง 
ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื˜. ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืืจืึธืคึผ: , ื”ื™ื™, ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข, ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก 
ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•? ื–ืึธื’, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื“ืฒึทื ืข!" ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื ื“ืขืจืก: ,ื”ื™ื™, 
ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ืกื˜ื•? ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื– ื ื™ื˜!" 

ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืืคืื ืขืžืขืกืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืึทื›ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื, ื”ืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืกื•ืงืขืก-ื˜ืขื’. ื›'ื–ืข, ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ืขืœืขืš, ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ืงืœืขืš. ื›'ืคื™ืœ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืืงืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืจืข. ื›'ื”ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื 
ืฉื•ื•ืืš ืงืึธืœ; ,ื–ื•ื ืขื ื™ื•, ืื•ื•ืื“ืข, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜, ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขื“ืึธื•ื•ื ื™ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทื– ื“ืฒึทื ืขื, ืฐืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฆื™ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ?" ื ื•? ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฉืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื“ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ, ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืขื ืขื ื“ืืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืœืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืŸ 
ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ-ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืื ืกืืžืข ืขืง, ื‘ืื ืกืืžืข ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ื’ืขืกืœ? 

ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื“ืึธื•ื•ื ื™ืข, ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืคืึธืจื ื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆื˜ ื ื™- 
ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื›ืœ. ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑื™ืœืขืจ ืขืจื“ -- ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™- 
ืกื˜ืจืขืฉืขื ืข ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืœ, ื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืจืœ. ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืขืฉืขื ืข ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื• ืงืึธืกืข ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืฐืขื ื˜ืœ. ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขื‘ืจืฑื’ืขื–ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืืฉืขืง ืืฃ ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืžื•ืจืขื˜ 
ืคึผืึธื ืขื. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™-ื“ืขื›ืœืขืš ืืก ืฐื™ ื ืฆื•ื™ืœื™ื ื’. ื’ื™ 
ื˜ืจืขืฃ, ืฐื•ึผ ืกืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœืขื“ืึธืฐื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืกืื™ื– ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“-ื™ืึธืกืขืœืขืก ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ. ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ 
ืื–ื•ื™, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืขืงืก ื™ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข ืงืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืขื˜, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“-ื™ืึธืกืขืœืขืก ืงืœื™ืืžืงืข. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข ืึธืŸ ื ื‘ื- 
ื”ืขืœืคืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ-ื˜ืขื’ -- ืงืื™ืึธืจ-ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืกื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืœืึธื•ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ. 

ืืจื•ื ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“-ื™ืึธืกืขืœืขืก ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™-ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืฆืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงืื‘ืืง- 
ืœืืžื˜ืขืจื ื“ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืืฑืกืžืฒึทืกื˜ืจืขืฐืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืงืื‘ื- 
ืงืขื ืข ืงืขืจืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ื ืืกืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื›ืจืึธืžื˜ืฉืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื ื™ืฆื˜ืข ืคื™ืจืขืงื™ืงืข 
ืฉืฒึทื‘ืœืขืš" ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ื•ื™ืœื˜ืข ืงืื‘ืืงืขืก, ื“ืึธ ื ืฉื•ืจืขืœืข ืฉืฒึทื‘ืœืขืš, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืฉื•ืจืขืœืข 
ืฉืฒึทื‘ืœืขืš, ื–ืขืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืฐื™ ืฉื•ืจืขืก ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฆื™ ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื˜ืคื™ืกืข. ืคืืจืŸ ืึธืคึผืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื”ื™ื™ื, ื ืฉืึธ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ- 
ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืืžื˜ืขืจื ื“ืœืขืš, ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืคืจื™ื™ืš- 


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ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ --- ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื“ื™ ืœืืžื˜ืขืจื ื“ืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืœืึทืคืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื“- 
ืœืขืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข, ืฆืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืœื™ืฆืœืขืš ืฉืฒึทืŸ, ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืฉืฒึทืŸ-ื‘ืœื™ืฆืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆ- 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ. 

ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืืžื˜ืขืจื ื“ืœืขืš-ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฉื ื™ืจืœืขืš ืงืจืขืœืŸ, ืืจื•ื ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“-ื™ืึธ- 
ืกืขืœืขืก ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืขื ืขื ื“ืขื›ืœ, ื‘ืืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื›ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“-ื™ืึธืกืขืœืขืก ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™-ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ. 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“-ื™ืึธืกืขืœืขืก ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืžืึทื’ื˜ ื–ืขืงืก ื˜ืืคืœื™ืขืก. 
ืคื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจืึธืกื˜, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ --- ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜, ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ืฉืขืœืขืš. ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“-ื™ืึธืกืขืœืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ, 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืขืจ -- ื“ืึธืก ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืข ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื. ื›/ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง 
ื ื™ื˜, ื›'ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืขืกืŸ. ื›'ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื ื™ื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทื‘, 
ื ืงื™ื ื“. ื›'ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื ื™ื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืืฃ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื ืฉืจืฒึท ื˜ืึทืŸ, ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื ืงื ืฒึทืคึผ 
ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ืึธืŸ ืืœืข ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ-ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืขืš ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ืึธืคึผื˜ืึทืŸ 
ืžืขืœืืžื“ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“-ื™ืึทืกืขืœืขืก, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜- 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš-ืึธืคึผื˜ื•ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืื ืึทืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. ื ืึทืš 
ืฉืขื ืขืจืก: ื›'ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“-ื™ืึธืกืขืœืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืืœืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื™ืึธืจ, ืฆื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ. ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ, 
ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืœืื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื•ืžืคึผืขื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐื™ ื ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืจื•ื™ื›ืœ, ื ืฆื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ืคึผืข- 
ื˜ืฉืขืง ืืจื•ืฃ-ืืจื•ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™-ื“ืขื›ืœ, ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืขื›ืœ ืฆืข- 
ืฉืคึผืจืฒื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืึธืœืงื ื“ืœืขืš, ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ-ืงืจื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื–ื•ืŸ-ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ ื”ืขื˜-ื”ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืกืืžืข ื”ื™ืžืœ. 

ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืœืืžื˜ืขืจื ื“ืœืขืš-ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฉื ื™ืจืœืขืš ืงืจืขืœืŸ, ืืจื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืกืœ. 

ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืš ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืคืืจื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืœื™ืงืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ืื˜ืงืข-ื’ืืก, 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ-ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™-ื“ืขื›ืœืขืš ื–ืขื˜ 
ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ: ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืš, ืื– ืก'ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื–ืฉ ืึธืŸ ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืœื“ื–- 
ืื•ืŸ-ื ืืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ืงื•ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืืจื•ืฃ. ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™-ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœืขืš ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฉืœื™ืžืข 
ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ-ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืฐื•ื™ ื ืคึผืืœืืฅ. ื ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืข ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ-ื˜ื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืขืฆืืฆืงืขื˜ 
ื“ืขื›ืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ. ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืœืขืš ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข , ื’ืจืืžืึธืคืึธื ื“ืœืขืš" 
ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืขื˜ ืืจื•ืฃ ืฆื•ื ื“ืืš. ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื - 
ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ-ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ, 
ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืืงื•ืจืื˜, ืฐื™ ืคื™ื™ื’ืข-ืœื™ื™ืข ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ืฆื™ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืืงื•ืจืื˜, ืฐื™ ื‘ืืกื™ืข ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ, ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, 
ืืคื™ืœืข ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜. ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืืคึผืึธื ืขื, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื™ืืจืฉื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืื˜ืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจื–ื™ื™ื“ืขืก. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ-ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, 

ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ-ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืขื ืœื™ืงืœ (ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ืคืืจื•ื•ืืงืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืงืขืก) ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืœ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืคืืจืงืจืขืžืคึผืขืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงืืœืš-ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืฉื ื•ืจืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™, ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื”ื™ื˜, ื ืžืขืกืœ, ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ- 
ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: ืคึผืขืจืขืœืข. 
ืคืขืจืขืœืข ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืคึผืก. ืคึผืขืจืขืœืข, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืคึผื™ืฆืขืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืคืืœืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื ื”ืขืจื‘ืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข. ื 
ื”ืขืจื‘ืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ื™ืฆืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืขืœืข ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื ืงื•ื™ืขื“, ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ 
ืฆื• ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืœ, ืคืืจืงืจืขืžืคึผืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื™ืคึผืกืขื ืข ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืฉื ื•ืจืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื˜, ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื’ื™ืคึผืก, ืื‘ื™ ืืจืึธืคึผืฆื•ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื”ืขืจื‘ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืข. 

ื›'ืฉื˜ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขื ื‘ืขื˜ืœ. ืื™ ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืขืจืขืœืขืก ื”ืขืจื‘ืœ, ืื™ 
ืขืก ืจื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคึผืขืจืขืœืขืก ืงื•ื™ืขืš. ื›'ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ. 

-- ืื™ืึธ ื“ื• ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคึผืขืจืขืœืข, ื ื™ื™ืŸ? 

-- ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืื™ื™ืกืขืง ืื™ื–, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืก!.. --- ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื ื‘ืœื™ืฉื˜ืฉืข ืคึผืขืจืขืœืขืก 
ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขืœืขืš. 

--- ื›'ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืคึผืขืจืขืœืข! 


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-- ื’ื™ื™, ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืืœื›ืืžืึธื•ื•ืขืก!.. 

ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื–ื ื’ืึธื‘? ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื–ื ืคึผืขืจืขืœืข ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜? ื›'ืฉื˜ื™ื™, ืฐื™ 
ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ. ืคืืจ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื–ืฉ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืคึผืขืจืขืœืข ืงื•ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ืคึผืกืขื ืขืจ ืคืืจืคึผืขื ื˜ืขื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ืืจื˜ ืฐืขื•ื•ืจื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ืœ; 

-- ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืจืื›ืžืึทื ืขืก, ื›'ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ื›'ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก! 

-- ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜, ืคึผืขืจืขืœืข. ื›'ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื‘ื™ื“ืขืฉืŸ! 

-- ื’ื™ื™, ื’ื™ื™, ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ืœึดื™ื’ื ืขืจ!. 

ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืฆืฐืฒื™ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ, 
ื“ืึทื“ื™ืข ื‘ืึธืจืขืš-ืžืึทืจื“ื›ืขืก, ืื™ื– ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืืงืกืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืจืงืื ื˜ื™ืง 
ืคึผืึทื ืขื, ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ื•ื™ืš ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืงืึธืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืขืจืŸ. 
ืืœืข ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ ืžืขืจืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธื“ื™ืข ื‘ืึทืจืขืš-ืžืึทืจื“ื›ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ -- ื“ืึธื“ื™ืข ื‘ืึทืจืขืš-ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืขืก ืฉืจืฒึทื˜. ื ื™ื˜, ื›ืึทืœื™ืœืข, ืืคืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐื™ื™ 
ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ืืฃ ื ื™ื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ืืคืŸ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ, ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื ืฒึท- 
ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืกืœืขืš ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜. ืขืจ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืคึผืึท- 
ืฉืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ืึธืŸ ืื–ื ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืงืึธืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ. ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ 
ืขืจ, ื“ืึธื“ื™ืข ื‘ืึทืจืขืš-ืžืึทืจื“ื›ืขืก, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜: ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข, 

ื“ืึธื“ื™ืข ื‘ืึธืจืขืš-ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ ื ื˜ืื ื“ืขื˜ื ื™ืง, ื ื“ืึธืจืคืก-ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงืœื™ื™ื“ื˜ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ ืืจื•ื ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•. ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืขื ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื’ืขืจ 
ื‘ืื ืง ื‘ื ื“ืึธื“ื™ืข ื‘ืึธืจืขืš-ืžืึทืจื“ื›ืขืก ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืขืงืœ, ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืฉืึทืขื ืฐืฒึทื– ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ืื ืขืจ, ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืžืึธืœ ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธ-ืึธ, ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืขืงืœ, ืื‘ื™ ืขืจ, ื“ืึธื“ื™ืข ื‘ืึทืจืขื“-ืžืึทืจื“ื›ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืืคืงืข ืขืจ, ื“ืึธื“ื™ืข ื‘ืึธืจืขืš-ืžืึทืจื“ื›ืขืก, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ -- ื“ืขื ืกื•ืงืžืืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืœืฒึทื‘-ืฆื•ื“ืขืงืœ, ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ืœืฒึทื•ื•ื ื˜ืขื ืข ืคึผืึทืจ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ. 

ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื ืœืืš ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ. ืืคื– ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืžืืœื‘ืขืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ืึทืคึผ ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ ื›ืขืกืจื•ื™ื ืขืก: ื“ืึท 
ืฆึดื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืœืข, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœื“ื™ืง ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ื“ืึธ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืœืืฆืŸ 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜-ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืŸ. ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ื˜ืื ื“ืขื˜ื ื™ืง, ื•ื™ ื“ืึธื“ื™ืข ื‘ืึธืจืขืš-ืžืึทืจื“ื›ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืฐื™ ืืคืฆื•ืœืึทื›ืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึนืœ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืืฃ ื ื”ื•ื™ืš ื˜ืืงื™ืคื“ื™ืง ืงืึธืœ. ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืจืขืกืœ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืืฒึทื ืฆื•ืคึผืจืขืกืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื ืฒึท- 
ื“ืขืจืก ื’ืขื›ื•ื™ื–ืขืงื˜. ืื™ื™ื ืก, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ื˜ื•ืง-ื˜ื•ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืคึผื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ืคึผืึธืจ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคึผืึทืจ ืืฑืกื’ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจืึธืง 
ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืฆื•ึนืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื”ืฑื™ื–ืŸ ื ืงืจืึธืง? ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ืฉืฑื™ืŸ ื™ืึธ ื ืงืจืึธืง, 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืง ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื ื˜ --- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก ื’ืขื›ื•ื™ื–ืขืงื˜. 

ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื›ื•ื™ื–ืขืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธื“ื™ืข ื‘ืึธืจืขืš-ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ืžืขืก, ืื™ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื˜ืŸ: 

-- ืืฒึท, ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš-ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืก ื ืขื‘ืขืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขื’. ืื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื™ืก 
ืื™ืš ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืฉื˜ืขื›ืขืœืขืš ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ? ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื (ื ืฐืฒึทื– ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜. ืฆื•ื ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜), ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื•ื™ืกืขืงืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื™ืืงื‘ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. ืืฒึท, ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš-ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืœืื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ? ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ? 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืœืข ื’ื•ื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื“ืœื˜. ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ. ืื™ืจ 
ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืึธืš ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจืง 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืื ื•ืคืืงื˜ื•ืจื ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืœ. ืฐื•ึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ? ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืื‘ืขืฐืขื˜? ืืฒึท, ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš-ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืฒื ืขืจ! ื•ืืจืคื˜ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื•ื•ืฆืขืจ. ื‘ืืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ ื˜ืืงืข ื ืฉื•ื™ืกืขืง, ื 
ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจืงืœืขืžื˜ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืขื ื™ืฉ -- ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจื™ืฉ ืฉืžืึธืœ ื‘ืขืจื“ืœ ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงืŸ, ื•ื™ ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ 
ืจืขืžืœ. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข ื ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื ืœื•ื™ืคืขืจ, ื 
ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืจ, ื ื ืขืจื•ื•ืขื–ืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืœืก, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธื“ื™ืข ื‘ืึธืจืขืš-ืžืึทืจื“ื›ืขืก ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืคืจื™ืฉ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืืœื›ื˜, ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ -- ืคืจื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืจื‘ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื ื“ืœ-ื“ืืš --- ื ืฒึท, ืฐืฒึทืก, ืคืจื™ืฉ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜. ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืจื”ืขื ื’ืœืขืš, ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ -- ื 
ื’ืขืจื˜ื ื“ืœ, ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืฆื•ื™ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื›ืขื˜ืœืขืš. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™-ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื - 
ืฐืฒื ื™ืง, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืœ ื ื™ื˜ -- ืฉื-ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืึธืจืš ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ 


03 


ื ื™ื˜. ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืงืข ื‘ืื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื™ืจื”ืขื ื’ืœ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืงืขืก ืขืœื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทืฉื˜ื™ื“ืœ, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืฆื• ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื˜ื ื“ืœ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืื ืึธืข ืฆื• ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ 
ืคืขื˜ืจืขืฉืงืข ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ. 

ื•ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืœ, ื ืคึผืืœื’ืข, ืื™ื– ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืงืจืขืžืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืื ื•- 
ืคืืงื˜ื•ืจื ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจืง, --- ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืกืึธื“. ื ืกืึธื“ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืืœืข ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก. 
ืฉื™ืžืขืœืข ืกืึธืจืึทืงืขืจืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึท ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืฒึทืขืš, ืคึผืืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ืื”ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืืจืฉืขื ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขืก, ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืก, ืคืขื˜ืขืจืก, 
ืžื•ืžืขืก, ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืงื™ื ื“ืœืขืš, ื’ืœืื˜ ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื --- ืงืืคึผืฆืึธื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ ืงืืคึผืฆืึธื ื™ื. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื“ืขืŸ? 
ืขืคืขืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื™ืึธ, ืื– ืื–ื•ื™-ืึธ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืœ ื‘ื- 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฐืึทื™ืื–ืฉืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืืœืข ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ื’ืจืึธืฉื– ื’ืขืœื˜, 
ืคืืจ ื”ื•ื™ืœืข ื•ื•ืขืงืกืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืŸ, ื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืœืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืงืกืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึธื ื–ืขืฆืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืึธืฉืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ื ืขืคึผืขืก, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืงืื ืข! ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ืจื™ื™ื“. ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืฐื•ืฆืขืจ ืฆื• 
ืฐืึทื™ืื–ืฉืึธืจืŸ? ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธื™ืื–ืฉืึธืจืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืึธืคึผื›ืฑืžืœืขืŸ? ื”ืืงื™ืฆืขืจ ---ื ืกืึธื“ 
ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืืœืข ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ืข, ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜. 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื ื˜ื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืจ --- ืกืึธื ื™ื. ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื“ื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืงื•ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ื™ืึธืžืงื™ืคึผืขืจ, 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ,ื ื’ื•ื˜-ื™ืึธืžื˜ืข, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ ื™ืึธืจ!', ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืึทืฆื™-ื™ืึธืžืงื™ืคึผืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืขืœืŸ, ื 
ื‘ื•ืจื˜ืฉืข ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ: ,ืกืข ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ!" 

ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืึธื“ื™ืข ื‘ืึธืจืขืš-ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืขืก ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœื™ืคึผืขื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ืœืขื›ืขืจื™ืงืŸ 
ื“ืืš, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื•ื•ืฆืขืจืก ืคืจื™ืฉ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืืœื›ื˜ืข, ืคืจื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืจื‘ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืึทื’ืœ-ื ืฒึทืขื ืฉื™ื ื“ืœื ืขื ื“ืืš, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืกืืง, ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืึธืคึผ- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืฃ ื’ืœืฒึทืš, ืžืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ. 

ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื™ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ืึธื›ืžืข --- ืื•ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ 
ืฆื• ื›ืึธื›ืžืขื ืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ืื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, -- ืื– ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื™ื•ืœ- 
ื˜ืขื’ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืืจื•ื™ื’ืขื–ืข ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืข ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจืœืขืš, ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื‘ืื 
ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคึผืจืืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ื ื™ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื•ื–ืฉืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืœื“, ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ื–ื™ ื ืืงืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื ืืŸ ืึทืคึผืขื ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื‘. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืœืึธื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืงืกืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธื“ื™ืข ื‘ืึธืจืขืš-ืžืึทืจื“ื›ืขืก ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื•ื•ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืฆื• ืื™ื ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืงืึธืœ; 

-- ืžืข ื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื”ื? 

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืฐื•ึผืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: 

--- ืกืข ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ!.. 

ื•ื™ ื›ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืงื ืึธืคึผืงืข, ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื ืจื•ืง ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ื™ืฃ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ื‘ืื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืฉืขืจืขื˜, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืกื˜ืจืึธืกื˜ืขื ืขืก, ื•ื™ ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืก ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืึธืจ-ื’ืึธืจ ืืœื˜ืข, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื•ื™ืœื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื - 
ื˜ืข, ืื–ืฉ ื˜ืจืขืฉื˜ืฉืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืกื˜ืจืึธืกื˜ืขื ืขืก; ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื ื“ืืจ ื“ืขื›ืœ, --- ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึทืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก, --- ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜? ืžืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– 
ืคืืจืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื™ื™ึทื“ ื ืฆืื“ื™ืง ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธ ืงืฒื ืžืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืกืจื™ื™ืคืข ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื›ืื›ืึธืžื™ื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืœื™ื’ืœืขืŸ: ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜? ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืึธืœื˜ืŸ? 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืœืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืืคื™ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืžื™ืจื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืœืข 
ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืข ื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืฉืื ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืคึผืจื™ืคึผืขื˜ืฉืขืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐื™ื ืงืœ, ืฐืฑื ื˜ ื 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ืข ืืœืžืึทื ืข -- ืœืึธื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืขืจ, ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง, 
ืฉืืคึผืกืข ืœืึทื ืขืก. ืœืึทื ืข ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ื ืคืืจืงืจื™ืžื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคึผืึธื ืขื. ืฉืืคึผืกืข ืœืึธื ืขืก 
ืื™ื–, ืืคืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืœืึธืฉืŸ, ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืฉืื“ืขื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ืžืืจืฉื™ืจื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ ื ื‘ืึทืจืฐืขืกืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงื™ืจืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงื ื™, ืžืื›ื˜ ืžืืจืฉื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ื’ื™ืž- 
ื ืืกื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆืขืคืึทื›ืขื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜. ืื™ื™ื ืก, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™! ืื™ื™ื ืก, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™! ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ 
ืฆืขื”ืืงื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืฉืื ื“ืœืขืš, ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉืฒึทื‘ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ 
ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก. ืœืึธื ืข ืฆืขื“ืจืืคึผืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ: ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜! 


4 


ื ื”ืืœื‘ ื’ืขืกืœ, ืืœืข ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ-ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืขืš ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ืŸ 
ืกื˜ืจืึธืกื˜ืขื ืข-ื“ืขื›ืœ. ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš. ื›'ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืข ืฉืฒึทื‘ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื ื™ืง ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืฉืืคึผืกืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืืœื™ื•ื–ืฉืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืื ื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง, ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงืืจื‘ื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืฆื•ืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ 
ืคื™ืก ื‘ื™ื– ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื ื”ืืœื“ื–. ืขืจ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื™ ื ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืœืขื˜ืขืจ: ื›ื›ืจื-ื-ื... ื›ื›ืจื-ืื“ื... 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืฃ ืฆื• ืจืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฉืคึผืฒึทืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข ืืจื•ืฃ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื ืจืขื’ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืœื“ื– ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืืจืฑืกื›ืึธืจื›ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจื™ื™ื“: ,ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ. ืงืœืึธ-ืึธื™ื“. ืื™ืจ ืืœืข ื–ืขื ื˜ ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืข!" 

ื ื”ืืœื‘ ื’ืขืกืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคื•ืจืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฉืืคึผืกืข ืœืึธื ืขืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืกื˜ื•- 
ื–ืฉืขืŸ. ืื™ืš --- ืื•ื™ืš. ืฉืืคึผืกืข ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธืจื›ืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ืืจื•ื™ืก, 
ืึธืŸ ืงื•ื™ืขืš, ืงื•ื™ื ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ึนื™ืŸ: ,ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ. ืงืœืึธ-ืึทื™ืจ. ืื™ืจ ืืœืข ื–ืขื ื˜ ืžืขืฉื™ื’ืข!" 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš, ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืืจื•ื, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืกื˜ื•ื–ืฉืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืฑืจืขื ืขืจ, 
ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืขื, ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ืขืจ. ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ืื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ 
ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืื˜ืขื˜ืฉื ืข, ืคืืจื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืžืืžื–ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ืฐืฒึทืกืขื›ืขืฐืจืขื ื™ืงืขืก, ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ืืžืึธืœ ืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื 
ืจื™ื™ืฅ: ,ื–ืึธื’, ืฉืืคึผืกืข, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืข, ื”ื?" -- ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜- 
ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข, ื’ื™ืš, ื•ื™ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืงื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉ: 

-- ืื™ืš!.. ืื™ืš!.. 

ื ื’ืื ืขืงืœ ื”ื•ื™ื“ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืขืงืœ ืึธืŸ ืฉื˜ืื›ืขื˜ืŸ -- ื ืคืึธืจ ืœืฒึทืกื˜ืœืขืš ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ -- ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืกืœื•ืคึผื™ืงืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ -- ืืฃ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืกืœื•ืคื™ืงืœ, 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืขืงืœ ื”ื•ื™ื“ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื”ื•ื“ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืžืืฉื™ืŸ. 
ื“ืจืฒึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ. ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ื ืงื™ื™ืœืขืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื’ืจืึธื•ื• ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืคึผ. ื“ื™ 
ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืข, ื›ืฒึทืงืขืœืข, ืื™ื– ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš, ืœืื›ื˜ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ืœืกื“ื™ืงืข --- ืจื™ื•ื•ืงืข. 

ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ, ืืจื•ื ืจื™ื•ื•ืงืขืก ื’ื™ืš-ื’ื™ืš ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืก, ื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืœ- 
ื˜ืข ืฉืžืื˜ืงืขืœืขืš: ื’ืขืœืข, ื‘ืœืึธืฐื•ืข, ืจืฑื˜ืข, ื’ืจื™ื ืข, ืืœืข ืคืืจื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืขื’ื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืื ื˜ ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ื ืคืืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜. ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜. ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืข, ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ 
ื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืกืึทืœื“ืื˜ืกืงืข ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ืึธืŸ ื ื“ืืฉืขืง, ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืฐืึทื ืฆืขืก, ื ืฉื•ืจืข ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืข ืงื ืขืคึผ, 
ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืฉืืฉืงืข --- ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืขืœื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ื‘ื™ื– ืืจืึธืคึผ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืœืขืš. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื”ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืžืขืงืื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜, ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข, ืื”ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืžืขื ืขืจ, ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ื“ื’ื™ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข, -- ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ื ื™ืขืกื˜ืขืจ. ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืื”ื™ื ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืงืฐื•ึผืจืข? ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืœืขื‘ื˜, ืจืืฉื˜, ืงืขืจื˜ ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ? 

ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืคืขืจืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืœ ื›ืืจื™ื˜ืึธืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื•ื•ืงืขืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืข. ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืื˜ ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ -- ืงืจืื ืง ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ืื•ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื•ื•ืงืข ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก. ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืœ 
ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš, ืžืข ืงืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ. ืจื™ื•ื•ืงืข ืื™ื– ื ืฐืฑืœืข, ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข, ื 
ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืข. ื›'ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉืึธืขื ืฐืฒึทื– ืจืขื“ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜. ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื“ืืจืฃ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืจื™ื•ื•ืงืขืŸ. ื›'ื–ื™ืฅ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืื‘ื•ืจืขื˜ืœ, ื“ื™ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข 
ืฉื˜ืขืคึผื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื›'ืžื•ื– ืจืขื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืงืึธืœ. ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ืœืข, ืคึผืึธืจืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื™ื›ืœ ื ืฉืจืฒึท ืืจื•ื™ืก: 

-- ืื– ืžื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ!.. 

ืจื™ื•ื•ืงืข ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืฉื˜ืขืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื ืงื•ืง ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข 
ืื•ึนื™ื’ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืžืฒึทื ืข: 

-- ืจืขื“, ืจืขื“. ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ื›'ื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš! 

ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืจืขืจ ื ืคืืœ ืืคืŸ ืงืขืคึผืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืืงืกืœืขืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืขืก ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ -- ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ื›ืœื™ืคึผืขื˜. 

ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื•ื•ืงืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื›ืœื™ืคึผืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืืš 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืืจื•ื, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ ืืžืึธืœ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื• ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ื’ืจืึธืฐืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืขื ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืืœืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืคืจืขื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ: ,ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜ 


ืคืค 


ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆืขืฐื™ื™ื ื˜?" ื ืึธืจ ื’ื™ื™ ืคืจืขื’ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืืจื•ื, ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืข 
ื’ืจืึธืฐืข ื™ื™ึทื“ืขื ืข ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื ืืจื™ืฉืข ืงืืฉืขืก. 

ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืกืœ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ื“ืขื ื“ืฒึทืขื ืก ื’ืขืกืœ. ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืื ืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืงื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทืœืขื›ืœืขืš, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜, ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจ ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืข 
ื˜ืจืขืคึผืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก. ื’ืึธืจ-ื’ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื’ืื ืขืง, ื ืงืจืขื›ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืงืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ืง ื™ืื“ืขืฉืœื™ื•ื•ืข ื”ื•ืกื˜ืœ; ืงื•ื™ื ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื–ื™ืคืขื˜ ื ืึธืš, ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ื‘ืœืึธื– ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืœ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ื, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆืขืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื– ืืฐืขืงื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ. 
ื ืึธืš ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืืœืงืึธืœืคึผืึธื ืขื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจืึธื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื-ืงื•ื™ื ืงืจืขื›ืฆื ื“ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ื•ื™ ื ืคืขื“ืขืจืœ, ืื™ื– ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทืขืŸ -- ื™ืื ืงืœ ื“ืฒึทืขืŸ. 

ื ื™ื™ึดึธื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืึธืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืœ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ืฃ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขืคึผืœืขืจ 
ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืื ื“ืฒึทืขืŸ ื ืฉืฒึทืœืข. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืขืง ืคืœืขื’ ืืžืึธืœ ืึธืคื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื“- 
ืœืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ืขืก ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœืข 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข-ืœืึธื“ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื ืึธืกืข-ืžืื›ืœื•ื™- 
ืงืขืกืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืกื™ื™ื›ืœื“ื™ืง-ืึทื ื’ืข- 
ื›ืžื•ืจืขื˜ืข ื‘ืจืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืืจืžืขื˜ืขื ืขื ื˜ื™ืฃ-ืกื™ื™ื›ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืืจืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึธ- 
ื“ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืคืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžืื›ืœื•ื™ืงืขืกืŸ ืืฒึทื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ, ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ืจื™- 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ื ื‘ืืจื•ื™ื’ืขื– ืคึผืึธืจืคืึธืœืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืืจื•ืค- 
ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื™ืื ืงืœ ื“ืฒึทืขืŸ ื ืึทืš ื ื’ืขื˜. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื›'ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•, ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืŸ. 

ื›'ื–ืข ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ื“ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ืื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑืงืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ. 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืืœืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจื™ืกืขื ืขื ืฉืขืœืจืึทืฉ ืืคืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืื– ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ืงืืคึผืึธื˜ืข, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ืขืœืข ืืคืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืืœืขืก-ื–ืขืงืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืึธืจืขื, ื–ืข ืื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืขืก 
ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก, ืฉืคึผืืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฉืคึผืืŸ, ื ืœืื ื’ืข, ืฐืฒึทืกืข, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฆืฑื’ืขื ืข, ืึทืจืขืžืื ืกืงืข 
ื‘ืึธืจื“, ืื•ืŸ ื›'ื–ืข, ืฐื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืกื™ื™ื›ืœื“ื™ืง-ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืžื•ืจืขื˜ืข ื‘ืจืขืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืžืื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข- 
ืžืึธืœ ืืฃ ื ืจืขื’ืข ื“ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืขื ืก ืืฑื™ื’ืŸ. ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื›ืื›ืึธืžื™ื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืœื™ื’ืœืขืŸ, ืื– 
ื™ืื ืงืœ ื“ืฒึทืขืŸ ืžืื›ื˜ ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืžืื›ืžืขืก ืืคืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืžืขื“ืจืขืฉ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืŸ 
ืื™ื ื ืึธืš, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ืฉืข. ื ืึธืจ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื›ืื›ืึธืžื™ื ืงืœื™ื’- 
ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืืคึผืึธื ืขื, ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืงืœื•ื’. ืฐืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ? 

ืžืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืจืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ืœ-ื˜ืึธื’ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง. ืงื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืฐื•ืขืง 
ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื“ื ื™ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืขืจ ืืฃ ืคื•ืจืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืฆื•ืคื•ืก. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื–ืงื™ื™- 
ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ืงื™ื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ ืืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืขื ืขืฆืข, ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืขื ืขืฆืข ืคืืจืงืœืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืขืก. ื“ืขื 
ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืจืก ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืืœืขืก-ืื™ืŸ-ื˜ืคื™ืœืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข 
ืœืื ื’ืข ื‘ืึธืจื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื™ืกืŸ ืืจื•ืฃ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขื ืฉืขืœืจืึธืฉ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. 
ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืขื ืขืฆืข ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืฃ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง. 

ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืขื ืก ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืื ื’ืŸ ื’ืื ืขืง ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ: ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื•ื•ืœ ืงืืฆืขื•ื•. ืฐืขืœื•ื•ืœ ืงืืฆืขื•ื• ืื™ื– ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฐืึธืš ืคืืจืืฉื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ, ืืฃ ื™ืืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืื˜ืงืข ื‘ืื ื™ืื˜ืงืข-ืงืœืึธืฅ. 

ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืง ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื”ืืฉื›ื™ื˜ืข, ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืขืง ื’ืขืกืœ, ื 
ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ืคึผืœืฑื˜ืœ, ืืฑืกื’ืขืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืก-ืงืœืขืคึผืงืขืก, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืขืคึผืงืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืฆื•- 
ื’ืขื’ืืจื˜ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืกืขืจ. ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ืคึผืœืฑื˜ืœ ---ื ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื™- 
ื•ื•ืขืกืงืข, ืื– ื“ืึธ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืขืจืœ ื‘ืึธื“ื ืขืจ, ื ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึธื›ืข ื ืคืขืกืœืžืื›ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, 
ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืขื ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืฉืŸ ืืœืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ. 

ื‘ืขืจืœ ื‘ืึธื“ื ืขืจืก ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœ- 
ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืื”ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื”ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืงืขืจ -- ื‘ืขืจืœ 
ื‘ืึธื“ื ืขืจืก ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืจืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ. ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ -- ื‘ืขืจืœืก ืฉืžืึธืœืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจื•ื™ืค- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื ื˜, ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜ ืืฐื•ืขืงื–ืขืฆืŸ ืจืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื ื”ืึธื ืึธืจื™ืกื˜ืข 
ืคืขืจื“ืœ. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื”ืืฉื›ื™ื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืจืœ ื‘ืึธื“ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ื ืฉืืคืงืขืœืข (ืื•ื™ืš ืืฑืกื’ืขืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืขืคึผืงืขืก) ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจืœืก ืงืึทืœืขืจืœืฒ 
ื’ืขืฆืฒึทื’: ื“ืึธืœืขื˜ืขืก, ืฉืจื•ื™ืคื ืฆื™ืขืจืก, ืึธืคืฆื•ื•ืขื ื’ืขืก, ื ื”ื•ื‘ืœ, ื ื–ืขื’ืœ, ื”ืขืžืขืจืœืขืš, ืงืึธื•ื•ืื“ืœืขืก, 


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ืคึผื•ืฉืงืขืœืขืš, ืกืœืึธื™ืงืœืขืš, ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืืงืœื™ืข, ืื•ืงืขื“ื•ื™ืžืข. ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ 
ื’ืขืงืจืฒึทื–ืœื˜ืข ืกื˜ืจื•ื–ืฉืงืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืืคืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉ-ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื“ื•ื‘ืขื˜ืข ืงืœืขืคึผืงืขืก, ืคื•ื ืง-ื ืฒึทืข ืจื™ื™ืคืœืขืš. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•- 
ืจืขืก, ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืคืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืกืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืœื™- 
ืฉื˜ืฉืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืืจื˜ืœืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื›ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœ ื‘ืึธื“ื ืขืจืก ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืจืฒึทืš ื ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘- 
ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข. 

ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืคืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืกืœืขืš? ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ื™ื–ืฉืงืขืœืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืก 
ืคืืจ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขื›ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืึธืจืฉื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš, ื ืฉืึธืง ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจื‘ืึธื‘ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื, ืžืขืคึผืฒื™ืกืขืš ืœืขืคึทึผื™ื™- 
ืกืขืš, ื ืฉืึธืง ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืกืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืจื™ื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืฆื• ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืกืœืขืš, 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขืœื˜ืœืขืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ืคืœืืงืก, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ. 

ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœ ื‘ืึธื“ื ืขืจืก ืคึผืœืฑื˜ืœ. ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ืฃ. ื‘ืขืจืœ ื‘ืึธื“ื ืขืจ, ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจื˜ืขืš, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืœืื ื’ืข ืืจืึธืคึผ- 
ื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขื ืข ืฐืึทื ืฆืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ, ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ 
ืืจื•ื ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืืก, ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ืื–ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืคืืก? ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืืžืขืจ ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืืจื•ืฃ ื ืจื™ื™ืฃ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืืก ืขื ื˜- 
ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ื“ืขื ื”ืืžืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืงืึธืœ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืืžืขืจืก ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืก' ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืงืึธืœ. 

ื‘ืขืจืœ ื‘ืึธื“ื ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคึผืœืฑื˜ืœ, ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก ื ืฐื•ื ืง 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื’ืึธืจ ืืฃ ื ื”ื•ื™ืš ืงืึธืœ, ื ืึธืš ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืืžืขืจืก ืงืœื•ื ื’, ืื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืก ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืคืŸ ืงืœื•ื ื’: 


ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืึธื“ื ืขืจืก ื”ืขื ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ืฃ, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื ืœื™ื‘ืข ืืคืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื– ื ืฉืœื™ื™ืฃ. 
ืื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™... 


ื‘ืขืจืœ ื‘ืึธื“ื ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜, ืืคึผืึทื ืขื, ืฉื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืœืข ืคืขืกืœืขืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ืงืขืจ- 
ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืก, ื“ืขื ื”ืืžืขืจืก ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืงืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืก ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื 
ื ื˜ืจืึธื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื›ืœืขืš, ืฆืขื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืกืœ. 

ื ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื–ืึธื’ืŸ; 

--- ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฉืขื ืขืจ. 

ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜. ืืœืข ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืืœืขืš-ื”ืื“ื™ืžื™ืขืŸ (ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืื–ื ืžืืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืš) ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืœื™ื’ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ื ื–ืืง ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืกืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืง ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืจืืฉ- 
ืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืืจื’, ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฅ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•. 
ื ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ, ืฆืขื”ื•ื™ื“ืขื˜ืข 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก, ื•ื™ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืขื ืข ืฉื™ืคืœืขืš, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’-ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื“ืึท ื ืคึผืึทืจ, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืคึผืึทืจ. ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ. 

-- ื”ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ, -- ืฐืขื˜ ื ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, --- ืฐืึธืก-ืฐืขืจ-ืฐืขืŸ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื’ ืขืก 
ื“ื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืŸ? 

ืืฃ ืื–ื ืกืึทืจื˜ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืจืขื“ ืื™ืš 
ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“, ื•ื™ ื ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ: 

-- ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืื ืขืŸ? -- ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึทืคืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš, 

-- ืื™ื– ืขืก, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื˜ืืงืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™. 

--- ื“ืขื”ืฒึทื ืข? 

-- ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ. ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืขื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜. ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืืง ืžืฒึทืกืขืก. 

-- ืื™ื™ืกืขืš, ืฉืœืขืคึผืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื• ืืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืืจื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื“ืึธ, ื“ื™ ืงื•, ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื? 

-- ื“ื• ืืจืกื˜ ืžื™ืš. ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ืืจื˜ ืžื™ืš, 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ, ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจ ืกื›ืืจ ืคืืจืŸ ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ --- ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ? 


57 


ืžื™ื˜ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืฉืคึผืืจืŸ ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ืื›ื˜. ื ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืจ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ. ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ื“ื• ื’ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ืคึผ. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ืคึผ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืก: 

-- ื ื•, ื”ืืงืœืืœ. ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ื“ื™ืš ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืŸ. ืžื™ื™ืœืข. 


ืื™ืฆื˜, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ื–ืฒึท ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืกืœ. ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืกืœ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ. 

ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืื ืขืง; ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“; ื ืคืจืฒื™ืœืขื›ืขืจ; ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืื–ืึทื ืขืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘; ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ืžืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ 
ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืขืง ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก. ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืœืฑื™ืžืข-ืึธืจืขืฉืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืฉืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืœืฑื™ืžืข-ืึธืจืขืฉืขืก. ื ืึธืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืืŸ (ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืœืขืึธ 
ืคืจื™ื“ืžืืŸ), ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ื ืึธืš ืฉืขื ืขืจ: ,ื“ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ", ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ื ืื™ื ื ืึธืจ ืื“ื•ื™ื ื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืœืฒึทื˜, ืงืจืขืžืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจืง, 
ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ืข ื›ืืกืื ื™ืžืœืขืš ื›ืืกืขื ืข-ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ. ื ืžืื–ืœ ืื–ื. ื ื’ืฑืจืœ ืื–ื. ืื–ื ืงืืคึผืฑืจ 
ืžืื–ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืงืืคึผื•ื™ืจืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข-ืึธืจืขืฉืขืก ืืฐื•ืขืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืคึผ, ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ื ื”ื•ื™ืœืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืขืจ, ืฆื• ืจืขืงืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื ืขืคึผืœืขืš, ื‘ืขืฉื•ื-ืื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืืึธืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืจื•ืค- 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืืฒึทื ืฐืึทืจืฆืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ื’ืขืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ืฆื™ืจื™ืง 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืื”ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืœืข ืคึผืึธืคึผืฆื™ืขืก, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื™ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืข- 
ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข. ื‘ืืœื“ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข-ืึธืจืขืฉืขืก 
ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืฒึท, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื ืฉืจื•ื™ืฃ ื ืžืื ืขืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ืฐื™ืœ, ืื™ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ, ืื™ 
ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืžืื ืขืงืขืŸ ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืกื˜ืจื™ื’ืขืฐืขื˜ ืจืขืงืœ, ืึธืŸ ืืจื‘ืœ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืงื˜, ืื– ืกืข ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื–ืฉ. ืืจื•ื ื ืœืื ื’ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืœืฑื™ืžืข-ืึธืจืขืฉืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื™ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ืฉื™ืœืขื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื–, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืœืื˜ืฉื™ืง ืงืจืฒึทื“ืœ ืืฃ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืคึผืืกื™ืงืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ 
ืจืขื“ืขืœืขืš, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ืื–ืฉ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก. ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืคึผืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ืฆื™ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืื ืฆืข ื“ืจืฒึท ื ื™ื™ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข, ืงืœืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืขื ืข, ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืœืฑืžืข-ืึธืจืขืฉืขืก ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœืขื›ืก ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžืืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืืœื™ืŸ, 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืืŸ, ืื™ืจืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืขืš. ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™-ืึธ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื”ืึธืจืข, ืื™ื– 
ื˜ืืงืข ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข-ืึธืจืขืฉืขืก ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืฒึท ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ืข ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืฒึท, ื ืึธืจ ืžืืžืขืฉ ื ื’ืื - 
ืฆืขืจ ืฉืืคึผ. ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข-ืึธืจืขืฉืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื‘ืืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืจื•ืคืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ, --- ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืืงืข --- ืœืขืึธ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืืŸ. ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ื ืืžืึธืœ, 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืก. ื ื”ืืจื˜ ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืง ืงืืคึผืขืœื™ื•ืฉืœ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืฉื ื™ืคึผืก ื‘ืื ื”ืืœื“ื–, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืืœื˜ืึธื›ืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœื™ื•ืฉืขื ืขื ืงืขืœื ืขืจืœ ืื™ื– ืืฃ ืื™ื ืื–ื™ 
ืื•ืกื’ืขื˜ืึธืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืงื˜, ืื– ืกืข ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื–ืฉ. ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื ืขืงืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื 
ืฉืจื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜, ืœืขืฉืขื ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืจืขืงืœืืžืข, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื ืฉืคึผืืฆึดื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ. 

ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžืืžืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื™ึดื“ืขื ืข ื ื‘ืขืจื™ืข, ื ื™ื™ึทื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข 
ื”ืขื ื˜. ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืžืœืขืš: ืงืืจืฉื ื‘ื™ื™ืžืœืขืš, 
ืฐืฒึทื ืฉืœื‘ืฒืžืœืขืš, ืคืœื•ื™ืžืขื ื‘ื™ื™ืžืœืขืš. ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆืขื•ืืงืกืŸ. ื“ื™ 
ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ ื ืคึผืœืฑื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข- 
ืึธืจืขืฉืขืก ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืฒึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืกืขื“ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืœื™ื™ื‘ 
ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข-ืึธืจืขืฉืขืก ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื•ื™ืš. 

ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืœืฑื™ืžืข-ืึธืจืขืฉืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืœืกื“ื™ืง 
ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืœืฑื™ืžืข-ืึธืจืขืฉืขืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข ืคืจื™ื“ืžืืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื ืงืข. ืฉืื‘ืขืก ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื•ืงืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื’ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืกืœืขืŸ ื‘ื ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข ืคืจื™ื“ืžืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืขื“ืœ. ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืฐืฒึทื ืฉืœื‘ืฑื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืœืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื•ืงืข. ื ื™ื•ืงืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ืฆืขืงืœื•ื™ืฆืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•: ื ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืง. ืึทื‘ื™ืืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื ื ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืง! ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข, ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืœืขื‘ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื–ืฉ ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ื ื–ื™ืคืฅ, ื ืงืจืขื›ืฅ: 


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-- ืื•ื™, ื“ืืจืฃ ื’ืจืื“ืข ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข! 

-- ื ื•, ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก? --- ื”ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื•ืงืข. --- ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืึธืŸ ื ื˜ืื˜ืข, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืื˜ืข? ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืขืคึผืขืก ื”ืขื›ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ!.. 

ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืก, ืฆื™ ื’ืœืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ืึธืŸ ื 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก, ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ืงืึธื˜ืฉืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข, ื’ืขื–ื™ื“ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื ืฆื™ืงืฐืฒึทื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื˜ืฉืขืจืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืขื“ืœ, ื•ื™ ืึธื“ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜, ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืงืกืœืขืŸ: ื ืฉื˜ื™ืค- 
ืžืืžืข! ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื’ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื’ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™- 
ื›ืขืœืข ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: 

-- ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžืืžืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง. ืืœืข ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ืฃ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžืืžืขืก! 

ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื-ืึธ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืฐื™ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื•ื•ืœ ื“ืขื ืงืืฆืขื•ื•ืก 
ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ. ื“ืึธ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื–ืจื™ืœื™ืงืœ ืžืืœื™ืขืจ. 

ืื–ืจื™ืœื™ืงืœ ืžืืœื™ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืง-ื”ืืจื˜ืข, ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืงื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืœื˜-ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื˜ืข, ืคืืจืœืื˜ืขื˜ืข ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ. ืืฃ ืืŸ ืืงืกืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ื ืฆืฐื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ -- ืขืžืขืจืก ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืœืึธืคึผืขื˜ืงืขืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขืœืขืš ืคืืจื‘, ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงืื˜ืฉืขื˜ืข ื˜ืจืืคืืจืขื˜ืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜. ืื–ื•ื™ื ืขื ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื–ืจื™ืœื™ืงืœ ืžืืœื™ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ , ืžืึธืจื˜-ืกืขื–ืึธืŸ" -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ื–ื•ืžืขืจืฆืฒึทื˜, ืขืจืขื•ื• ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืฑื™ื•ื•ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื™ืึธ ื“ืึธ, ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ื ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืก, ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ 
ืขืจ ื’ืจืึธื“ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืจื™ื™ื ืข ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืจื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก. ื ืึธืจ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื– ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืœื˜. 

ืื–ืจื™ืœื™ืงืœ ืžืืœื™ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ื ืงืขืจ. ื“ืืคืงืข ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ืื– ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ืจื™ึดืขืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืคืืจ- 
ืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ -- ืื–ืจื™ืœื™ืงืœ, ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข: ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื”ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฐืขืœื˜, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืฅ ืื–ืจื™ืœื™ืงืœ. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืจืื“ืข ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข. ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืื–ื ืื–ืจื™ืœื™ืงืœ ืžืืœื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ? ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืก ื ื™ื˜. ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืึธืจ, ืืคืŸ 
ืงืึธืคึผ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ืึธืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืคืขื“ืขื, ืืคืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืคึผืึธืจ 
ืคืืœื“ืŸ, ื ืึธืš ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืงืืจื‘ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืœ ืืคืŸ ืืงืกืœ, ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืขืžืขืจืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื ื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื ืงืจื™ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืขืก ื’ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ 
ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืก ื’ืœื•ืกื˜. ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืึทืœืขื›ืฅ, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜? -- 
ื ืื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืึธืœืขื›ืฅ! ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืžื™ืจืŸ? -- ื˜'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข ืืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืžื™ืจื˜ืข! ืื‘ื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืึธืœืขื ืืฐื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื ืขื›ื˜ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉืึธืœืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ... 

ืฐื™ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืœืึธื›ืขืก-ื–ืืš ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื–ืจื™ืœื™ืงืœ ืžืืœื™ืขืจืก ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื ืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš, ืื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜, ื ื”ื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืกืืžืข ืฆื™ื’ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืื ื“ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืฆืขืฆืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืกื ื‘ื•ื™ื ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืื ื“ืข. ื“ืึธืก ื’ืœืึทื– 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืื ื“ืข ืฆืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืื ืื ื™ืข ืžืฒื™ืขืจืกืึธืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขืจ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคืขื ืขืจ ืจืื ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื™ื™ืŸ-ืฆืขืงืขืžื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขืœ-ื’ืจืึทืฐืœืขื›ืขืจ, 
ืคื™ืจืขืงื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจื“, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืืžืขื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจืžืขืœืงืขืœืข ืืคืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืœืึธื ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ. ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืื ืื ื™ืข ืžืฒื™ืขืจืกืึธืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื•ืข, ืึทืคึผื’ืข- 
ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืคึผืจื™ืฆื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœื“, ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ืึธืคึผืขืจ ื‘ืจืื ืคืŸ-ื’ื•ืจืืœ- 
ื ื™ืข. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืงืืคึผืฑื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš: ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ื ืึธืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ื ื›ืื ืื ื™ืข 
ืžืฒืขืจืกืึธื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืืงืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื– ื“ื™ ืขืจื“, 
ืึธื ืœืฒึทื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื›ืืจืคึผืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฉืขืก, ื‘ื™ื– ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจืึทืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื ืžืฑื“ ื ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืขืคึผืืกื ื™ืฆืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืกืงื•ื˜ืฉื ืขืงืฒึทื˜. 

ืขืžืขืก. ื›ืื ืื ื™ืข ืžืฒืขืจืกืึทื ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ, ื™ืืฉืข ืžืฒื™ืขืจืกืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืข ืžืฒืขืจืกืึธืŸ, ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืืฃ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืื–ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’; ื“ืึธ, ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื, ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜; ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’ ืึธืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื–ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ืึธ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื– 
ื™ืืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืื ืจื•ืžืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืฆืฐื™ 


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ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื. ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื•ื•ืืœืขืจื™ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืคืขืจื“. ื ืึธืš ืฆืฐืฒ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืžืขื ื˜, ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืจืฒึทืข ืคื™ื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’ 
ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ. ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื™ืจื™ืง: 
ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื“ืœ ื›ืื ืื ื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™-ืก'ืื™ื–-ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜. 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ื›ืื ืื ื™ืข ืžืฒื™ืขืจืกืึธื ืขืŸ. ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ืžื™ื–ื™ื ืงืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ืคื™ื™ื’ืขืœืข ืžืฒืขืจืกืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืึธืจ ื™ืึธืจ -- ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืจืึธืงืขืจ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื›ืŸ ืึธืคึผื“ืจืฒืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขื ื”ื™ื ืงืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฆืฒื™ื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืกืข ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. ืกืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืžืขืกื•ืงืŸ ืกืงื•ื˜ืฉื ืข, ืคื™ื™ื’ืขืœืข ืžืฒืขืจืกืึธืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืœื•ืกื˜. ื–ื™ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืขื–ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื‘ืื›ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคืึธื ืคืขืœืข, ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืกืงื•ื˜ืฉื ืขืงืฒึทื˜ -- 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืงืึธื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืฆื™ืžืขืจืŸ ื‘ื ื›ืื ืื ื™ืข ืžืฒื™ืขืจืกืึธืŸ. 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืฅ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื›ืื ืื ื™ืขืก ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืื˜ืข ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืš, ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืืจื•ื ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ืœื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืืฒึทืŸ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืžืึธื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ 
ื ื›ืกื™ืžืข. ืืฒึท, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื ืึธื’ื™ื“ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขืจ, ื ื ืึธื’ื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. 

ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ืื™ื– ื›ืื ืื ื™ืข ืžืฒื™ืขืจืกืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธื ืก ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื ืขื 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ืื™ื– ืคื™ื™ื’ืขืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจืขืœืข. 
ื“ื™ื ืข ืคืขื“ืขื ืฆื™ึถืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืฉืข ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ, ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ? ืขืจื’ืขืจ -- ื˜ืึทืจ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ื‘ืขืกืขืจ --- ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. 

ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื›ืื ืื ื™ืข ืžืฒื™ืขืจืกืึธื ืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ื•ื™ื– ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆืฐืฒื™ื–ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื–ื•ืกื™ืข ืฉื•ื™ื›ืขื˜. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ืฉื•ื™ื›ืขื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืขื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืื ืึธืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืจืึธื–ืขืฐืข ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืขื ืข ื‘ืขืงืขืœืขืš, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืง ื‘ืฒึทื›ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื˜ืข-ืงืึธืคื˜ืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ืฉื•ื™ื›ืขื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืฑืขืœื˜ 
ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš: ืžื™ื™ืœืข, ืืŸ ืึธืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื 
ื”ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ื ื”ืึธืŸ ืฆืขืงืืจื“ืืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืืง ืฆื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื•ืžืคึผื™ืง ืžืขืกืขืจ, ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื•ื•ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืืจืฃ ื›ืืœืขืคืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ืื–ืฉ ื“ื™ ืฉืืจืคืงืฒึทื˜ ืงื•ื™ื ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืŸ ืฆึดื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืŸ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืงื•ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืกืข ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืจืึธื›ืข. ื–ื•ืกื™ืข ืฉื•ื™ื›ืขื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื ืฉื•ื™ื›ืขื˜, ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง ืื•ืžื’ืขื’ืืŸ 
ื ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง-ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืง ืงืขื’ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. 
ื›'ืงืึธืŸ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืŸ, ืื– ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจืœืขืš-ืฆืขืฉื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืข ื’ืจืึธืฐืข ื‘ืึธืจื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ืงื™ืฉืขืœืข ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื• 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืึทืฃ ื‘ื™ื– 
ื”ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืึธื•ื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ื ื”ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืื ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืฐื™ ื ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ื’ื™ืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขืคืขื›ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืขืง. ื ืจืื‘ืข ื”ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ืงื•ื“ืืงืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืืŸ 
ืื™ื™. ื ืงืฐืึธื˜ืฉืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ืข ืคืœื™ื’ืœ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืคึผื™ืฆื™ื ืงืข, ื’ืขืœื™ื ืงืข 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš. 

ื–ื•ืกื™ืข ืฉื•ื™ื›ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื˜ืขื•ื•ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ื’ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ, ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ --ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืœืขืงืขืš. ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก. ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜. ื ืึธืจ 
ื›'ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืืœืข ื’ื•ื˜ืกืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื– ื ืžื™ืŸ 
ืœืฒึทื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืžื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง 
ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ื•ืŸ, ื ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื˜ืขืจ ืงืื˜ืฉืงืข, ืฆื™ ืืžืึธืœ-ืืžืึธืœ, ื‘ื ื ื’ืึธืจ-ื’ืึธืจ 
ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืกื™ืžื›ืข ืื™ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• --- ื ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืง. 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืกืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ืกื™ืข ืฉื•ื™ื›ืขื˜ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš. ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืื™ื– ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืขื•ื• ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ืคื•ืœืข ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ -- ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš. 
ื–ื•ืกื™ืข ืฉื•ื™ื›ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืืฃ ื ืคื•ืจืœ, ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืขืกื•ื™- 
ืžืขืก ืื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• 
ื ื˜ืื›ืœืขืก. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืคื™ื™ื’ืข ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ืฅ, ื“ื™ 


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ืจื™ื™ื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืคื™ื™ื’ืข ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืืŸ 
,ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ...". 

ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœืขืš ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืืจืขืฉื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื•ืกื™ืข ืฉื•ื™ื›ืขื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืžืฒึทื ืขื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ, ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืื– ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ, ื–ื™ืฆืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื•ืกื™ืข ืฉื•ื™ื›ืขื˜ ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคืจืขื’ืŸ: 

--- ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืกื• ืฉื•ื™ืŸ? ืื•ื™ืก? ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืฆื˜, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืžืขืจืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ? ื”ื, ืจืขื‘ ืื™ืฆื™ืง? ืื™ืจ ืงืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ... 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืืฉื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืกืœ ืื™ื– ื ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื“ืฐืฑื™- 
ืจืข. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื•ื•ื•ื™ืจืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืกืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ื ืคึผืึทืจ ื˜ืขื’, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ -- 
ื ืฐืึธืš. ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, 

ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื“ื•ื•ื•ื™ืจืขืก, ืžืขื ื™ืข ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืฉืขืจืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื›ืขื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื•ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜. ื ื“ืืš ืงืึธืกืข ืืจืึธืคึผ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜, 
ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ ื“ืืš. ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข -- ืืŸ ืึธืคืขื ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื, ืืคื™ืœืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืข ื‘ืจืขื˜ืœืขืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืงืœืืคึผื˜, ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ -- ืึธืคึผื ืข- 
ืฉืžื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืœืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื;: ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืœืขืš ื’ืึธืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืžืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืคื™ื ืงืœืขืŸ 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ -- ืžืืžืขืฉ ื‘ืืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ื’ืึธืœื“ ืžืขื ื™ืข ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืฉืขืจื ืก ืคึผืืœืืฅ, 

ืžืขื ื™ืข ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืฉืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืฉืžืึธืœ ื“ืืจ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœ, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ ืžืื›ืŸ ื 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืฉ, ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆืึธืจืขื˜, ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืžื•ืจืขื˜ ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืš, ื“ื™ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื–ื™ ืฐื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ืึทื“ 
ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ืžืขื’ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจืข 
ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื, ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ. 

ืก'ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืขืกืœ, ืก'ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืจืืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื•ื•ื™ืจืขืŸ. ื”ืขืจ! ื”ืขืจ! ืฐืึธืก ื ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืงืขืŸ! ืžื™ื™ืœืข, ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืžืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื–ืืš. ื ืึธืจ ืžืื›ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™. ืื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืก ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืึธืœืงืŸ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืื–ื 
ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ื•ื•ื•ื™ืจืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืขืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ืืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข ืืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ, ื”ืขืจ, ื”ืขืจ! 
,ื’ืขื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื˜ ืคื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื˜ืขื’? ืก'ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ื™ืกืขืš. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืžืฒึทืกืข!".-- 
,ืจืขื“ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืืœืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ื’ืื ืฅ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืฉื•ืžืขื˜". ---,ืคื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื˜ืขื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขืงืœ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ? ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืื–ื ืงื•ื™ืขืš? 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜, ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืขื›ืฅ. ืกืื™ื– ื ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืขื›ืฅ!" 

ืก'ืื™ื–, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืขื›ืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜, 
ื”ืื›ื ืึธืขื“ื™ืง, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืœ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจืฑืกืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืกืื™ื– ื’ืจืื“ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐื™ ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ 
ื’ืขืจืืฉื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ื•ื•ื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ื–ื™, ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ื˜ืคื™ืกืข, ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืฒึทืข ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืง, ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืง ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื˜ืขื’, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืกืึธืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ื’ืข- 
ืฐื•ึผื ืขืŸ. ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืง ื’ืขื–ืฉื•- 
ืžืขื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจืขืจ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืืš ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ึนืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืงืŸ. ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ืื™ื– ื›ืฒึทืข ืœื™ื- 
ืฉื™ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืง ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜, ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ. ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื™- 
ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•-ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืง, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ 
ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ื˜ืคื™ืกืข ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ. ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฉืื ื“ืืจืŸ ืฆื•- 
ืคื•ืก, ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืฆื• ื“ืึธืจืฃ, ื™ืขื“ืข ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืžืข ืฉื˜ืืžื˜. ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื•ื•ื•ื™ืจืข ืืฃ ื ืฐืึธืš ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื. ื ืฐืึธืš ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืฐืึธืœืขื ืข ืคื™ืก ืื™ืจืข ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ, ื‘ื ืžืขื ื™ืข ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืฉืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ , ืคึผืืœืืฅ". 

ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ื•ื•ื™ืจืข ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืกืœืขืš ืงืึธืจืึธื‘ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก 
ื”ืืจืฅ ื“ื•ื•ื•ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื–ื™ื ื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืืฉื™ืจื™ื. 


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ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื’ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืกืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื 
ืžืขื ื™ืข ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืฉืขืจื ืก ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืงื•ื™ืขืš ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆื•ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ื™ืจ, ื ืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ืืžืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืกืึธืคึผืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ื™ืึธ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื‘ืขื ืงืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข 
ืคื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง. ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ, ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื™ืงื˜ 
ืืฃ ื“ื•ื•ื•ื™ืจืขืŸ. ื“ื•ื•ื•ื™ืจืขืก ื”ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืฆืขืœืึธื–ื˜ืข ืืฃ ืื™ืจืข ืืงืกืœืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคืืจืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงื˜ืข 
ืคื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืกืœ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ื“ื•ื•ื•ื™ืจืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ -- ื 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืง ื›ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ. ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ืกืืžืข ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืฉืขื ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืขืจืก ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืึทืคึผื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ -- ื“ื™ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืคื™ืกืขืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื ืืจืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืืจืฆืขืจืก, ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ-ืฐืึทื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ื’ืข- 
ืžืื›ื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืŸ. 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืคื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืืคื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืฒื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข-ื”ืืžืขืœืขืš ืฆื• ืฉื•ืœืืžื™ืกืŸ. 

ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื›ืื›ืึธืžื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉืฒึทื– ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื›ืึธื›ืžืขืœืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ื•ื™ืจืขืŸ: 

-- ื–ืึธื’ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ, ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืœืข, ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื˜ืขื’ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ืŸ 
ื ืฒึทืก, ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš, ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืื•ื™ืš. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืก ืคืืจืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ืกื˜ื• ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ื• ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืฑืขืœืŸ? 

ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื“ื•ื•ื•ื™ืจืข ืžืขื ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื‘ืขืœืข: 

--ื™ื™ืื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืžืืžืข, ืื– ืืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืื˜. ืืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. 
ืืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. ืืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข. ืืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืœื•ื’. ืืœืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ... 

ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขื ื™ืข ื“ื•ื•ื•ื™ืจืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืžืืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ื–ื™ืคืฆืœ: 

--- ืืฒึท, ืงื™ื ื“ ืžืฒึทื ืก, ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ ื ืขื‘ืขืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ-ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ื•.. 

ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื›ืื›ืึธืžื™ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืงืœื™ื’ืœืขืŸ, ืื•ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืึธืข. 
ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืก. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืกืœ. ืคืึธืจื ื˜, ืืฃ 
ืžืขื ื™ืข ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืฉืขืจื ืก ืœื™ื™ืžืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืœื“ืขื ืข ื‘ืœื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืœืขืš, ืงืœืืคึผืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืฃ ืื–ื-ืึธ ื ืฒึท ืœืขื ื’ืขื›ื™ืง ื‘ืœืขื›ืœ: ,ื“ื•ื•ื•ื™ืจืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืœ". 

ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง ื ืœื™ืงืœ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืฉื™ืฉืžืื ืก ืงืจืขื ืขืฆืข. ืฉื™ืฉืžืืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืงืืจืื™ืžืขืจ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืงืจืขื ืขืฆืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื“" 
ื”ืฒึทืขื ืฉื™ืฉืžืื ืก ืงืจืขื ืขืฆืข. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื’ืื ืฆืคืจื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืจืขื ืขืฆืข ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืขืžืขืจืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืฉืฒึทื ื™ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื’ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืข ืงืึทืจื‘ืข ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืขื ืงืœืขืฆืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืขื ืขืฆืข ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืžืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืขืกื•ืงืขื ืขื ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก ื™ืึธืžืขืจืœืขืš: ืื•-ื•-ื•-ื!.. ืื•-ื•-ื•-ืื•.. ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืงื•ื™ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืขื ืขืฆืข ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘- 
ืœืขืš. ื ืึธืจ ืกืื™ื– ืื–ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืขื ื“ื–ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืžืึธืœืŸ --- ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš, ื‘ืืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ืขืง ื’ืขืกืœ, ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืืจื™ืกื˜ืึทืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืœืฒึทื–ืœ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื ืข ื ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข, ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข, ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืื ื’ืŸ ื’ืื ืขืง. ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ -- ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœ ื‘ืึธื“ื™ 
ืงืขืก, ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ื“ืึธื“ื™ืข ื‘ืึธืจืขืš-ืžืึทืจื“ื›ืขืก. ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ -- 
ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธื“ื™ืข ื‘ืึธืจืขืš-ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืขืก ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคึผืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืงืึธืœ. ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜: ื ื‘ืื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ืจืฅ ื’ืจืึธื•ื• ื‘ืขืจื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื™ืง ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืงืขืœื›ืœ, ืงื•ื™ื ืฐืึธืก ืžืข 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ืขืก. ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœ ื‘ืึธื“ืงืขืก ืขืคึผืขืก ืื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึธื“ื™ืข ื‘ืึธืจืขืš-ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืขืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื™ื–, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก. ืื•ื™ืš ืืฒื‘ื™ืง 
ืคืืจื”ืึทืจืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑืงืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื“ืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ 


62 ื 


ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงื ื™; ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืืจ ื’ื™ื“ืœ ื‘ืึธื ื™ื!; ืื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ื ืึธืš ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ื™ืึธืจ -- ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜-ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืจืขื›ืฆื˜ืขืจ ,ืื‘ื™ ืžืข ืœืขื‘ื˜!". 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื™ืขื›ื™ึดืขืœ ืคื•ืจืžืืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื-- 
ื™ืขื›ื™ืขืœ ืงื™ืจืข. ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื’ืึธืจ , ืงื™ืจืข", ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืึธืฐืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืกื˜ืจืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ื•ืงืึธืฐื™ื ืข. ืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืžืึธืœ, ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•, ืื– ืฆื• ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ื ืฆื•ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืคืืจื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื˜ืงืฒึทื˜. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื›ื™ืขืœ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื‘ืืจืขื›ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื’ืขืœืืกืŸ, ืคึผืืžืข- 
ืœืขืš, ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืืžืขืŸ-ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– 
ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ,ื“ืืžืขืŸ-ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ" ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ืฉืœืขืš, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืžืขืจื™ืฉ, 
ื ืฉืžืขืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ , ืงื™ืจืข". ืฐืึธืก ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ืงืึทืŸ! 

ื‘ื ื™ืขื›ื™ึดืขืœ ืคื•ืจืžืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง. 
ื’ืื ืฅ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•-ื–ื™ืš. ื 
ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข ื™ืขื›ื™ืขืœืก ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืขืœื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืจืžืืŸ, ื ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ ื“ืจืฒึทืฆืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ ืืจื•ืฃ ืืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜ 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืขืœื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื’ืขื›ืื•ื•ืขืจื˜. ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืื™ืš 
ืคืœืขื’ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืคึผืขืก ื™ืึธ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืขืœื™ืงืœ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: ,ืกืฒึทืฐื™ืกืฒึท. ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ!" ื ืึธืจ ื’ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื– 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ื’ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืึธืŸ ืื–ื ื–ืืš. 

ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืืคื™ืœืข ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš. ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื–ื ืคืืจ- 
ืฐืึธืก, ืื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืžื˜ ืขืก ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืืคื™ืœืข ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืœื™ืงืœ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ืืคึผื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ืคืขืจื“, ืืจื•ืคื’ืฅ- 
ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ืจืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง, ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฆืขืคึผืึธืœืึธืฉืขื˜, ืขืœื™ืงืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืฅ- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื“ืงืึธืฐื•ืขืก ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš 
ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜. ืžืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืขืœื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธืจืึธืงืข, ื“ืขื ืจื™ืก ืคืืจื ื™ื™ื˜, ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืขืœื™ืงืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืจืึธืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ, ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ืขืจ, 
ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ, ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœืขืš, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ืฉืงืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืœื™ืงืœ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธื›ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธื›ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜. ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ, ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื•ืฉืงืขื˜. 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืœื™ืงืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขื’ืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื ื”ืฑืš ืงืึธืœ: ,ื“ื•, ื˜ื•ืžื˜ืขื! 
;ื”ืึธืกื˜ืขืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜. ืฐืขืกื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื‘ืœืขืŸ 
ื’ืจืึธื‘ืœืกื˜ื• ืฐื•ื™ ื ืงืึธื˜ืขืจ!" ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืื™ื– ืขืœื™ืงืœ ืื•ืžื’ืขื’ืืŸ ื ืคืืจื›ืžื•ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
:ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ื’ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื– ื ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึทืฆื ื™ืึธืจื™ืง ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืงื•ื™ืขืš ืคืืจ ืื–ื ื–ืืš ืืจื•ืคืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ื ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืœืข ืงืึทืŸ! 

ืขืœื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืจืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ, ื‘ืืกื™ืขืœืข, ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ืึธืจ ื“ืจืฒึท, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืœืึธืงืŸ ืืคืŸ ืงืขืคึผืœ, ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืžืืœืขื›ืœ. ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื• ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืŸ 
:ืื™ืš ื–ื™ ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื•ื™ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ื’ืจืึธืฐ-ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขื ืข 
ื”ืึธืจ ืื™ืจืข ืคืืจืžืึทื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข ื›ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ ืขืœื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ื•ื˜. ืื™ืš -- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ -- ื“ืขืจื–ืข ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืขืœื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ื’ืŸ. 

ื‘ืืกื™ืข ืคื•ืจืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ืœ, ืื™ื– ืืœืข ืคื™ืจ ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ื™ืคืจืึธื ื˜, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ื‘ื™ื– ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ (ืื ื•, ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ, ืกืข ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜, 
ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื’ืŸ: ืคื•ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ื‘ื™ื– ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ!). ื‘ืืกื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืœื™ื‘ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืคื˜ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืฉื•ืจืขืœืขืš ืงืึทืœืึธื“ืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจืข ืคืจืึธื ื˜-ืึธืจื“ืขื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜-ืžืขื“ืืœืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™, ืงื•ืง ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท 
ื™ืคืืจื‘ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืจืขืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืงืฒึทื˜: ืฐืึธืก ื ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืงืึธืŸ! 

ืกืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืกืœ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ. ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื™ืึธ ื“ืึธ. ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื ื•ืžืœื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข --- ืก'ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜. 


: ืฆืืจ ื’ื™ื“ืœ ื‘ืึธื ื™ื -- ืฆืึธืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 


03 


ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืœืื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื“ืจื™ื‘ื ืขื ืคึผืขืจืœื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืงืกืื•ื•, ื•ื™ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• (ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ืคืจืขื’ ื˜ืึธืŸ: ,, ืฆื•- 
ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ืขืก ื“ื™ืจ?"). 

ื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื’ืจืื“ืข ื“ืึธ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ืข 
ืฉื•ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•: 

,..ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืื ื˜ืฉื™ืง. ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ, ื“ืขื ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืŸ ืืคึผืจืขืœ, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืœื˜ 
ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ. ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืขืžืขืกืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืœืขืจืŸ-ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจืฒึท, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืงืข ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžืื›ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืงืืคึผืขืœืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืื–ื ื’ื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทืกืงืฐืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืืœืก ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ- 
ืงืึทื ืกื•ืœื˜ืื ื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืึธืคึผืžืขืจืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ-ืื•ืŸ-ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืงื™ืึธืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืœืฑื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืจืืฉ- 
ืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืงืข -- ื ืงืืคึผืขืœืข ืคืจื™ืขืจ". 

,...ื›ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืš ืคืืจ- 
ืžืึธื’ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ -- ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธื ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก, ื‘ื ื“ื™ 
ื—ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ-ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ืคึผืื˜ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“ (ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืึธ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืคึผืื˜ืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื–ืื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜). ื ืึธืจ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ืืœืข ื–ืื›ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ. ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืื™ืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ: ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืึธืŸ, ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงื•ืžื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ". 

,..ื›'ืคื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš, ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ืจืืฉ- 
ืงืขื•ื•, ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ืืœื›ื•ื™ื•ื•, ื› ื”ืึธื‘, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’ 
ืืจื•ื ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืคืขืœื“ื–ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื’, ืืงื•ืจืื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ืžืื™ืืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ --- 
ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื’ื“ืื“ื™..." 

ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ืืฐื•ืขืงืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื•ืœืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข- 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืขืŸ-ืื™ืจ: ื“ืื•ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืขื ื™ืืžื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืกื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉืืจื ื™ืง. 

ืื•ื‘ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื“ืจืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขืŸ-ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืžืื˜ืขืก ื‘ืจืึทื›ืขืก ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ. ืžืื˜ืขืก ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืŸ ื 
ืคึผืึธืจ ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ,ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืกืขืก". 


ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื ื™ื˜-ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืก-ื’ืจืฑืœืขื›ืข ื–ืืžื“-ืฆื™ื’ืœ. ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ -- ืคืืจืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜. ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืงืขื˜ืข ืฆื™ื’ืœ-ืฐื•ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืึธืง- 
ื•ื•ืขืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืืš ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื–ื˜ ืคืœืขื“ืขืจืžืฒึทื–. 

ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง" ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ 
ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืžืขืกืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื 
ื‘ืื ืง. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ, ืื–ืฉ ื“ื•ืจืš ื‘ืขื ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ืจืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืกืืจืื‘ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึธืจ-ืงืืกืขืœืข, ืฐื•ึผ ื ื ื•ื™ื˜ื‘ื- 
ื“ืขืจืคื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื ื”ืืœืฐืึธืขืœืข ืืฃ ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ืฆืขื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื’. 

ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ืืžืึธืœ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื˜ืจื•ืคึผืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ื‘ืื ืง". ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืœืขืš, ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืค- 
ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ื™ื ืข, ื“ื™ ื“ืขืงืึธืจืืฆื™ืขืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืืงืœืขืŸ -- ืฆื™ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืฆื™ ื ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฆื™ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ืœืขื, ื‘ืื ,ื™ืขืฉื™ืฐืขื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ", 
ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ --- ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืึธืจื’ื˜ืข ืงื™ืœื™ืžืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืงืึธืœื™ืจืŸ. ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ. ืืฃ 
ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื’ืœ-ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืขืจืึธืกื™ืŸ-ืœืขืžืคึผืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืœืขืžืคึผืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขืžืก ืงืขืคึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคืœืข- 
ื“ืขืจืžืฒึทื–, ื’ืขืงืจืฒึทื–ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืข ื“ื™ื ืข ืคืœื™ื’ืœ, ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืœืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืœืขื“ืขืจืžืฒึทื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงืขืคึผ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคึผื™- 
ืฉื˜ืฉืขื˜. 


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ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทืจ ืื™ื– ืืฃ ื“ืขื ,ื‘ืื ืง" ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืขืฉื•ืข. ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ. ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืœ. ื‘ื ื ื•ื•ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืกื˜ืึทืœื™ืขืจื˜ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื•ื‘ืœื™ืขืฐืขื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื ืข. ืื™ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœืขืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฆืฑืžื˜ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ื‘ื- 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆื™ืžืขืจืœืขืš, ื“ื™ ื ืืงืขื˜ืข ืฆื™ื’ืœ-ืฐื•ืขื ื˜ -- ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืงืื˜ื•ืจืขื˜, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืืœื›ื˜. ืืœืข 
ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืœืขืจืœืฒ , ืงืจืฒึทื–ืœืขืš" ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“- 
ืœืขืš. ื“ืขืจ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ,ื‘ืื ืง" ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื•ื‘", ,ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื”ื•ื™ื–". 

ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืื“ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื–ื•ืžืขืจ-ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื•ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื˜ ืืœืข ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ. ื ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืื™ืึทืŸ-ืึทืคึผื˜ืฒืœ ืคืืจ ืคืึทืœืงืก- 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข ืฆื• ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ืขืคื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ ื ืฉื•ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ ืงืœืืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืงืึธืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข-ืžืืžืขืก ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉืœ -- ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืงื™ื ื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืคืืจืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ. 

ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ื ืฐืึธืš ืขืจืขื•ื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืขืง- 
ื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ, ืคึผื™ื ื™ืข ืจืขื–ื ื™ืฆืงื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืืก 
ืฆื• ืงืœืืก. ื“ื™ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข ืงืœืืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข 
ืงืœืืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืข ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ืจืขื–ื ื™ืฆืงื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ,ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ". ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืืœืข ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืคึผืกืึทืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืข- 
ืœืขืš, ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืฉื•ืœ-ื—ื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืŸ 
ืจืืฉ, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ืคืจื™ื™ื“. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ืืฒ, ืืฒึท. ืกืจืฒึทืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืงื ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื–. ืฐืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข! ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ! ื’ืื ืฅ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื•ื•ืืงื•ื™ืจื˜. ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืจืฒึท ืคืขืจื˜ืœ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื• ืื™ื– ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื’ืŸ, ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืขืกืฐืฒึทื– ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ, ื™ืขื“ืข ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข 
ื™ึดื ื’ืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฐืึทืš ืขืจืขื•ื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืจืืฉื˜, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ-ื”ื•ื™ืฃ? 

ื›'ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ. ืก'ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืœืึธืœืข: 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ,ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข' ืื•ืŸ ,ืคืืฉื™ื–ื" ืคืืจืฉืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ืืœืข ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ! 


ื›ืื™ึดื ื’ื•ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืืจืึธื‘ื™ื ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืœ 


ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืขืกื™ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜-ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข ืกื˜ืืจืึธ- 
ื‘ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืืฑื™ืกืคืึธืจืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข, ืืฒึทื• 
ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข! -- ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึธื˜ ืื–ื ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืืš, ืฐื™ ืžืึธืœืข ื›ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜! ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืื–ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ืง ื ืฉื™ืžืขืจื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืœื™ืืกืง ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื˜-ื’ืขืคืืจื‘ื˜ืขืจ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ 
ืฆืืคึผืœื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“. ื‘ื™ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจื˜ื•ื ืงืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื- 
ืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ื’ื™ื ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ืงื•ืคึผืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื˜ืืž- 
ื‘ื•ืœืขืจ ืงืื˜ืขื“ืจืืœ ืืฒึทื™ื-ืกืึธืคื™ึฐื. 

ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ืกื˜ืืจืึธื‘ื™ืŸ, ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ืึธืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืฉื ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก, ืึธื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก, ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื™ื ื’ ื’ืึธืจ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืืจื•ื ืžืื™ืขืกื˜ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึธืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™- 
ืงืฒึทื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื ื‘ืืœืขื’ืึทืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืื˜ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืฐืฒึทืกืขืจ ืคึผืืคึผืื›ืข, ืืฃ ื ืคืœืืžืคืฒึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืขืจื“ 
ืคืœื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื- 
ื ืขื–ืฉ. 

ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ื, ืฐื™ ืคึผืœืื ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืœืขืจืšืคึผืึธืœื™ื’ืึธืŸ, 
ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื‘ื•ืฉืœืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืข ืคืœื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš-ื”ื•ื™ืš, 
ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืคึผืื˜ืจื•ืœื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœืื ื“- 
ืฉืืคื˜. ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข, ื’ืจืืฆื™ืขื– ื‘ืืœืื ืกื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง, 
ืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ , ื‘ืื–ืข", ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื‘ื•ืฉืขืœืฉืŸ ื˜ืื‘ืึธืจ ืกื˜ืฒึทืขื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื’- 
ืคึผืœืืฅ. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ื ืงืข ื‘ื•ืฉืขืœืขืš, 
ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกื˜ืืจืึธื‘ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ื ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ... ื ืึธืš ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืข- 
ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆืขืจื˜ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืจ- 
ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืคื’ืขืคืœืืžื˜ืข ืจืขื’ื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก, ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืข 
ืฆืืจื˜ืข, ืคื™ืœืคืืจื‘ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขืคึผื™ื›ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืข 
ืคึผืึธืœืขืกื™ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืขืจื ืก. 


06 


ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืœื™ื’ืœ- 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฆืขืฆืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ืข 
ืฉื˜ืึธืงืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื˜, ืื– ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืœืฒึทืกื™ืง ืืœืข ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืข ืจื™ื™ืคืœ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคื™ืœืคืืจื‘ื™ืงืข, ืคื™ืœืฉื˜ื™- 
ืžื™ืงืข, ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึทืงืข ืคื™ื™ื’ืœืฉืข ืžืื›ื ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื ืึทืฐื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื•ื™, ืงืจืขื›ืฆื˜, 
ืฐืึธืจืงืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜. ืื’ืขื•ื•, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ืจื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืขืงืข- 
ืœืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืœืื ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ืื, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื˜ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืก ืฆืฐืฒึท- 
ื’ืขืœืข, ืฐื•ื™ ื ืคื™ืœื‘ืืจืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœืข ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืข, ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืงืœืื ื’. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ืคืจื™ืฉ ืื™ืกื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคึผืึธืœืขืกื™ืขืจ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜: ืฐืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืจื•ืžืคื•ืœืข ื›ืื™ืึธืœืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืœืื’ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืขืœืขืฐ 
ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืื ื™-ืงืืœื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ื- 
ืจืึธื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืคึผื™ืฆื™ื ืงืขืจ, ื“ืืจื™ื ืงืขืจ, ืœืื ื’- 
ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืขื ืขื ืงืืคึผืขืœื™ื•ืฉืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜ืข ืœืฒึทืฐื ื˜ืขื ืข ื”ื™ื™- 
ื–ืขืœืขืš -- ืฆื™ืžื‘ืืœื™ืกื˜. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืžืึธืœื™ื - 
ืงืข ืคึผืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก ื“ืขื ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืขืฉืขื ืข ื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจืŸ ื”ืขืžืขืจืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืืœืข ื–ืื›ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื, ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฒื‘ื™ืง 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ื˜ืฒึทื›ืขืœืข ืกืœื•ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. 

ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงื™ืฉืขืฃ-ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืืœื˜. ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืคื•ืœืขืจ ืื•ื™ืจืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืœื™ื‘ืœืขืš ื‘ืื‘ืœื™ืงื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึธืจืข 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืขื ื’- 
ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืขื ืขื ืžืืจืง-ืคึผืœืืฅ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื”ื™ืœื›ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืฐื“ื™ืง ืงืขืœื›ืœ: 

-- ืื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืก ืืฒึทืš, ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข 
ืกื˜ืืจืึธื‘ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืขืžืœื™ืืงืขืก... ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜, 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื’-ื’ืขื’ืืจื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึธืž- 
ื˜ืขื•ื•. ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ื–ื™ื’ืจืฒึทื›ืข 
ืžืืจืฉืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึธื“ืœืขืจืก ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื ืขืกื˜ืŸ, 


ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื”ื™ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืข- 
ืจืข ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืžืฒึทื“ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง: 
ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืง ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืœืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืžืขื ืข ืงืจื™ื’ืœืขืš, ืื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžืขืงื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื”ืึธื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืข ืฉื™ืกืขืœืขืš. ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืขืคึผืœ-ืฐืฒึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืื›ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืึทืคึผ- 
ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜: ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืฐืฒึทื ืฆื™ื›ื˜ืœืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื’ื•ื ื“ื™ืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืงืึธืฐืขื“ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ื•ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืจืขืฆืขืคึผื˜ืŸ.. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืคึผืจื™ื˜ื ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืขืžืขืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืื™ืงืขืจ: 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึธื˜ ืื–ื ืฉืึธื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ, 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืฆื™ึดืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืจืึธื–, ืืจืฒึทื ืขื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืค- 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ืื ืึธืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ืงื ืืง ื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื™ื ื“ืขืœืขืš, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืœื•ืคื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง, ืื– 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจ ืขืก ืืฃ ื‘ืจืฑื˜, -- ืึธื˜ 
ืื–ื ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜... ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜-ืฆืขืฆืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืคึผืึธืœืขืกื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืžื“ื•ืจื›ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืœืขื›ืข, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœืึธืฐืข- 
ื–ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื•ืฉื˜ืฉืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ... ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ 
ืืฑืกื›ืึธืฐืขืŸ ืื–ื ืคึผืื˜ืจื™ืืจืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ืื•ืจืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื™ื›ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื‘ืขืคื™ื™- 
ืจืขืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืœืขืงื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืขืš ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ืขืจื“- 
ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ืœ, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืืจืึธื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกื˜ืืจืึธ- 
ื‘ื™ืŸ... 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ื™ื˜ืจืข ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึธืจื“ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื 
ืงืœืืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืขื ื”ืขืžืขืจืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจื“, ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืžื‘ืืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืง, ืฐื™ 
ื ืžืืœืขื›ืœ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ื ืก ืคืœื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืฐืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฒึทื ืžืึธื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืจืขืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืžืึธื˜ืึธืจืœืขืš, ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืจื™ืก ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ... 

ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืœืฒึทื›ื˜, ืฐื™ 
ื ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจื™ืข, ืฐืึธืœืงื ื“ืœ, ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืืš ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืžื‘ืืœืข, 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฐื™ ื ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืคื’ืข- 
ืงืœืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ, ืคืึทื›ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืขื ืขื ืงืืคึผืขืœื™ื•ืฉืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืฑื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืึธืœืงื ื“ืœ ื ืข- 
ืœืขื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื˜ื•ืžืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจื™ืกืขื ืข ืงืขืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ืข ืžืฒึทืœืขืจ ื’ืข- 


ื’ืืคื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืืœืฅ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืขืจ, ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ื ืงืœืืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืขื ื”ืขืžืขืจืœ, ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ 
ื ื’ืจื™ื ืขืจ ืคืœืื, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื.. 

ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข. ืื™ื– ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื˜ื- 
ืงืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืœืื ื’, ืœืื ื’. ืžื™ืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืขืžืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืกื˜ืืจืึธื‘ื™ื ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืœ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ื- 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜. 

ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืคืœืื ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขื›ืึทืฐืขื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜-ืฐื•ึผืงืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ. 

ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื™ื ื“ืŸ ืžืฒึทื™ึดืงืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืึทื›ืŸ, ื‘ื ื“ืขื 
ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขื ื™ื• ืกื™ืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ื ื ืึทืจืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืœืึทื›ื˜ืŸ 
ืœืขื ื’ืœืขืš ืงื•ื™ืฉืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทืœื“ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื’ืฒื˜ 
ืื•ื•ืขืง ืืฃ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืืžืื ืึทื•ื•ื™- 
ื˜ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœื“. ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงืŸ. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื ืžื™ื“ืขืจ, ืืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงื•ื™ืฉืœ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒ- 
ืฆืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื™ืึธืกืขืžื“ื™ืง 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืง, ืฉืœืื ืง ื˜ืึธืคึผืึทืœื™ืงืœ, 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืž- 
ื‘ืื”ืึธืœืคื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืง ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืœืข.. 

ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ, 
ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฒึทื“, ืื•ืŸ 
ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืจื•ื™ึดืงื˜: 

-- ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืงื™ืžืขืจืŸ. 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆืืจ- 
ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื™ื ื“ืึธ ื‘ืืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ, 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืืฃ ื”ืขืคืงืขืจ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืœืŸ ืขืœื ื˜. 
ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื•ื™ื™" 
ืจืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงื˜.. 

ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื ืขืžื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ื–ื•ื™ื’- 
ืœื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืœืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื“ืืžืื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฆืขืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืฑื™ืฉืœ, 
ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืคื ืก ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ, ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืจื™ืฉื˜ืŸ, ืคืืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืคืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืกืืžืข ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืงืœ. ื“ื™ ืขืจื“, ืื™- 
ื‘ืขืจืฒึทื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ 
ื”ืจื•ื“ืงืขืœืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืฐื™ 
ืคึผื•ืš, ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืข ืžื™ื ืข- 
ืจืืœืข ื–ืืœืฆืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื- 
ื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืขืจืขื•ื• ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“. 

ืฆื•ืœืขืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขึนืจ, ืฐื™ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก, 
ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึทืข ืฐืฑื ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธืคึผืึท- 
ืœื™ืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜, ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื“ื™ืง ืคึผืœืฑื˜ืœ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืจืข- 
ืคืึธืขืœืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืข- 
ืกืื ื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื’ืขืคึผืึธื™ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื™ืžืข- 
ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 


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ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ื ืึธืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืืœืขืžืึธืœ 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉ-ืฉืžืขืงื ื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืกืœื•ื˜ืฉ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืฒึทื›ืœ 
ืจื™ื–ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืคื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืงืืจืœื™ืง-ื•ื•ืขืจื‘ืขืก. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืจืขืกื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก 
ืืจื•ืžื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืึธื’ืึธื–ืฉืข. ื‘ืขืฉืืก ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ- 
ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืก, ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื’, ื‘ืื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืœื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื™ื–. ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึทืคึผ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืš ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ืขืจ. 

ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื•ืขืง- 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง ืืฃ ืงื•ืจืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืกืึธืื•ื•ื™ืื›ื™ื 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธื”ื™ืœื™ืึธืฐื• 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื™ืึธื ื™ื, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืืœืข- 
ืžืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ื ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขื ืื™ื ืกื˜- 
ืจื•ืงื˜ืื–ืฉ, ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ืงืขืจ ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืงืœ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื- 
ืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ, 
ื›ืึทืœื™ืœืข, ืขืคึผืขืก-ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืœืข ื ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ 
ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกื™ืขืก... 

ืงื•ืจืฅ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืŸ, 
ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธื–ื’ืขื˜, ืฐื™ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืข ืžืืžืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืœื™ื ื’. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืื™ื™ืคืข- 
ืœืข, -- ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืจืขืคืึทืขืœ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ, -- 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื ืกืืš ืฉื•ืขืจืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืคืขืœืข, ืื•ื‘ ืขืคึผืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™, ืฆืข- 
ืฐืฒื ื˜ ืขืก ื–ื™ืš ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ 
ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ืืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืกื™ื’ื ืืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื - 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ, ืฐืึทืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ. 
ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืŸ ืฉืึธืจืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืงืึธืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื™ื ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฆื™ืขืŸ ืฐื™ 
ืฆื• ื ื ืฒึทืขื ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“" ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“, 
ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืฐืืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืข- 
ื›ืขืจ ื–ืึธืจื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืฉ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืฉื•ืคึผืจื™ื ืงืข ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ. ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืื™ืžืคึผืขื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ืขืจืืœืข ื–ืืœืฆืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื– 
ืื”ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ืขืคืขืงื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืžื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. 

ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืื™ื–, ืงื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’- 
ืœื™ื ื’, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ. ืืฒื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืžืขื›ืฒึทืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ืงืŸ ืึทืฐื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ืคืืจื–ืืž- 
ืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืžื™ื•- 


8 


ื’ื™ืฉืข ืงืขืžืขืจืœ. ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข, ื“ืขืจื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื–ื 
ืงืจืืกืื•ื•ืขืฅ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืคืืจืคืœืื ืฆืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคึผืืจืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืœืŸ โ€ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ-ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืขืก ืจื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข, ื’ืข- 
ืคืืœืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืœืขื’ื™ืึธ- 
ื ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœืื›ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื‘ืื ื“ืขืก. 

ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ืืฐื•ื™ื™- 
ืจื™ื, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืืžืื ืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื“ืขืœื™ืื ืงืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืขื ืข 
ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœื™ืืจืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขื ื™ื• ืกื™ืžืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ืงื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ื™ืš ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉืฐื•ึผืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ืกืœื•ื˜ืฉ ื ืึธืš ืœื™ืงืข. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคื•ืœ ืฉื™ืคืœ ืคืœืขื›ื˜-ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ, ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืคืœืืงืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข, ื‘ืœื•- 
ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. 

ื“ืขื ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืื™ืขื ืงืึธืžืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™. ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืžืขื”ื•ืžืข. ืื•ืŸ ืึธ, ืฐื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจ! ืจื•ื™ึทืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ ื™ืขื ืฅ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืข ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืข 
ืงืขืกื˜ืขืœืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื - 
ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืฐื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื™- 


ื ืขืกื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืคืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ. 
ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื 


ืขืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกืœื•ื˜ืฉ, ืฆื• 
ื™ืขื ืขื ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืจื™ื–ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื’ืข- 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืจืœื™ืง-ื•ื•ืขืจื‘ืขืก. ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื“ื•ืคื˜ื™ืงืข ื•ืืกืขืจ, 
ืึธื ื’ืขืคึผืึธื™ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื’, ืฐื™ ื ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืกืข- 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื‘ืœื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื“ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ื ืงืข ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืขืœืขืš, 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคึผืจื•ืฐื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื™ืขื˜ืฐื™ื“ืขืก 
ืคืœืขืงืขืœืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืœืฑื˜ืœ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื– ืกืื™ื– 
ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ื ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืขื ืขืจ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืกื˜ืืจืึธื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืื•ืืœืขืจื™ืข, ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืืœืข ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– 
ืืคืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื. ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืคึผืึธื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืขืจื“, ื ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืค- 
ืžืขืจืงื–ืื, ื’ื™ื˜ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฆืขืฉืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืœืข. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคึผืืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืขื ืงืขืกื˜ืขืœืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 


ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ: ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื–ื ื’ืจืึธืฐืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข, ืื– ืกืื™ื– 
ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ... 

ืื•ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืฉื•ื-ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืงืึทืŸ ืžืึธืžืข1- 
ื˜ืืœ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืคึผืึธืจืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 

ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื•ืž- 
ื’ืจืฒึทื–ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืกืืžืข ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืก- 
ื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ืื™ืจ, ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ 
ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ื™- 
ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืื– ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœ, ื’ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืื”ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื›ืืคึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข: 
ืื•ื™, ืžืืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื™ื ื’ 
ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ?" 

ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ืืœืขืžืึธืœ, ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ. 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึทืคืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ, ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื˜ืจืฒื™ืกื˜ืŸ: 

-- ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืžืืžืข, ื“ื• 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืคืึธืจ 
ืื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืœืขื’ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜. ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก 
ืžืึธืœ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข 
ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืขืง. 

ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง 
ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคึผืืงื˜ืŸ ืงืขืกื˜ืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืืฃ ื ื‘ืขื ืงืขืœืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ. 
ืฉื ืขืœ ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฐืฒึทืœ!" ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืฐืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ืืฃ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง.. 

ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืึธืš ืืจื•ื, ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜: 

,ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื™ืš ืฆืข- 
ืงืœืืคึผืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืคืฒึทืขืจืŸ ืึทื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐื• 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืข ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื˜ืึธืคึผืึทืœ"... 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึทื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜. 

ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ?! ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื’ืื ืฅ ืคึผืึธืœืขืกื™ืข,. ื’ืื ืฅ ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง. 

ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืš ืฆื•- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ? ืฐืึธืก ืกืื™ื– ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ: ืื™ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืฆืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืœ... 


ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื–ืื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืึธื˜ืจื™ืื“ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ 
ืืจื•ื ืกื˜ืืจืึธื‘ื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจ 
ืืฒื™ืจืึทืคึผืข. ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืจืืฐืขื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืกื™ืžื›ืข ืืœืข ืกื˜ืืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื™ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ.. 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืงืืจืื”ืึธื“ืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ- 
ื•ื•ืืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืึทืฐื ื˜ 
ืงื•ื•ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ืฒึทืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืื›- 
ื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึธืœื™ื’ืึธืจืกืงืขืจ ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืื˜. 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ืขื ืขืจ- 
ืงืจื™ื™ ืงื•ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข... 

ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืงืข ืจืขืคืึทืขืœืงืขืŸ, ืื™ื– 
ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืœื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ- 
ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜... 

ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœืข, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื”ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื‘ืขืจืื›ืžืึทื ืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืจืก: ืคืืจื ืขืคึผืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜-ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึธื˜ ืื–ื, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื’ืœื™ืงื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื›ืึธืœืขื. ืึธื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืื™ื– ืื–ื ื ืขืก ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ.. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื ืžื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงื™ืฉืœ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืฆืืจื˜ืข ื˜ืึธืคึผืึทืœื™ืงืœ, 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืจื™ื™ืš: 

-- ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– 
ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืืžืื ืึธื•ื•ื™- 
ื˜ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผ- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืคื™ืจ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ืืึธืจ, 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœืื ื’, ืœืื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง... 

ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืฒึทื˜... ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึธืœืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ื ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืขืคึผืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื ื’ืจื™ืงืข-ืคืขืœื“... 


ืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืฐืฒื– ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื“ืื ืง- 
ื‘ืืจืข ื‘ื•'ืฉืขืœืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืœื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ื- 
ืจืึธื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืขืจื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธืคึผืึทืœ, 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื˜ืืงืข ื–ื™ืขืจ, ืื‘ ืกืฐืขื˜ 
ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคืืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ, 
ืื™ื–, ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื•ื ื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืœ, ืคืืจื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฒึทืข- 
ืจืข ืงืขืคึผ. 


69 


ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ื ืขืกื˜ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœ- 
ื›ืึธืžืข ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื›ืืœืคื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืกื- 
ืคึผื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืจืื ื’. ื ืกืืš ืžืึธืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜-ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ืจื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื’ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื ืฐืขื’ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืข- 
ืจืข ืึธื ื’ืจืฒึทืคื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ. 

ืœืขืฉืขื ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกื™ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ื ืฒึทื ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืกืึธืกื ืข-ืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื•ืึธืžื™, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ืขืก ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืื ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื-ืœื™ื ื™ืข. 

ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืกืืคึผื™ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื™ืึธ- 
ื ื™ื, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืœ- 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜-ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข ื‘ื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืกื˜ืืจืฉื™ื ื ืื•ื™ืš. ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœื“ืึธืก 
ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธื˜ืข. ืึธื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืืจืคื–ื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜:! 
ืึธื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืžื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืกืฐื›ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ืŸ: ื‘ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืจืืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื›- 
ื ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืื ื™ืง ืคื- 
ืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ. 

ืงื•ืจืฅ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื›ืืœืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ ืืฃ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืœืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืงืœืขืงื˜ ืื™ื ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื’ืื ืฅ 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ, 
ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืžื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉืขืก- 
ื˜ื™ืงื•ืœื™ืืฆื™ืข ื ื‘ืขืงืึธืฐืขื“ื™ืง ืึธืจื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ ื–ืืœืฆื˜ ืขืจ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธ- 
ื’ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ... 

ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื•ื ื’, 
ื™ืขื“ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ -ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืœืื ื’. 

ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ, ืื– ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคึผื–ืึธื“, 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธ ื’ื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื“, ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข-ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ 
ืฉืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ, ืžืขื’ืœืขืš 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื•ืŸ-ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ. 


70 


ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื“ื™! ื“ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธืš. 

ืื ื•ืžืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืžื™ืœื“ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, 
ื’ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืฐื•ื™ืŸ-ืžืืกื™ื•ื• 
,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“', ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ื- 
ืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื•ืžืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจื™ืกืขื ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื 
ื‘ื•ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืœืงืึธืŸ. 

ืึธื˜ ืื–ื ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคึผืึธื–ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืฃ ืงืื˜ืึธืฐืขืก ืคืืจื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื’ื™ืจื˜: ื’ืœืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜, ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื 
ื ื‘ื•ื™ื. ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืก. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐื™ ืœืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ื•ืจืš ืื–ื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื•ื•ืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜? 

ื”ืืงืœืืœ ืก'ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืœืขื ื™ืขื ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื. ืื™ืš ืžืืš ืืคื™- 
ืœืข ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜, ืคืืจืฒึทืกื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ, ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ืื– 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื˜ื• 
ืื™ืš ื ืคืจืขื’: 

-- ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜, ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื”ื™ืก- 
ืคึผืฒึทืœืขืก, ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ื - 
ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืกืขืจ? 

-- ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ, --- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืขืจ, -- ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ 
ืืฃ ืื™ื ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืืจืข- 
ืžืข, ืœื™ื‘ืข ื–ื•ืžืขืจืก, ืฐื™ ื”ืื™ืึธืจ, ืงืึธืŸ ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ 
ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ. 

-- ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœืขืจืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืงืจืืกืื•ื•ืขืฅ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ื™, --- ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืจ, --- ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื™ืœ ืžืื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืœ- 
ืงืึธืŸ ื ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืš ืคืืจ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื ื™ื˜ ืื‘ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึธื˜ ืื–ื, ืฐื™ ื‘ืื ืฉืึธื›ืŸ, 
ื“ืขื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจื™ืืง ืฉืขืคึผืขืœื™ืึธืฐืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืงืึทื ืกื•ืœื˜ื™ืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš, ืฐื™ ืก'ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš.. ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ืžืืกืฉื˜ืื‘ืŸ, 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืฉืœืึธืก: ืงืึทืจืžื•ืฉืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืคืืกืึธื ืขืŸ, 
ื‘ืจื™ืงืขืœืขืš, ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืœืขืš, ื‘ืจื•ื ืขืžืœืขืš, ืฉืคึผืฒึทื‘- 
ืœืขืจืœืขืš... ืืœืฅ ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืคืืจื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ื”ืขืœืข ืงืึธืœื™ืจืŸ, 
ืืœืฅ ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ืš ื”ื•ื™ื“ืขืŸ, ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ื- 
ืœืื ืกื™ืจืŸ. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืš,. ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื›ืืกืขื ืข, 
ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœื•ื ืืคึผืืจืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื˜ืฉืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆื• 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืกืง... 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื›ืืœืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืขืื’ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ 
ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉ: 

-- ืึธื”ืึธ!!! ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืข, ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ืืš: ื 
ืกืืš ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืกืขื–ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืจื’ื 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–.. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืฉื•ืœ- 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก-ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ- 
ื”ืขืจื˜... ื ืึทืจ ืฐืขื“ืœื™ืง ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™, ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœืฉืข ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืš ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืืฃ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืืœืงืึธืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื? ืขืก ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื‘ืขืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ 
ืคึผื™ื“ืจืขืš, ื’ืึธืจ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผืจื™ื‘- 
ืฐืึธืจื˜: ืื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ ื ืงืขืžืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืœื•ืฆืง 
ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืœ. 

-- ื’ื™ื™ืŸ! -- ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืง.---ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื ืคึผื™ื“ืจืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜. ืขืก ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืืœืฅ ื•ื™ ื’ืขื”ืข- 
ืจื™ืง. ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ืฉืฐืขืจ ืฆืขืงืฒึทืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธืžืคึผืขื˜ืขื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœืฉืขืจ ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึทื’ื™ืข. ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ืื•ื•ืื“ืข, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึทื ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจืฒึทืคึผืœืขืš? ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืคืืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ, ืื– 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืœื™ื‘ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’. ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืฆื• ื ื’ืข- 
ื”ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ, ืจืขื›ืŸ 
ืื™ืš, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™: ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ืขืก 
ื•ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืคึผืจืืฐืขืŸ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ืขืกืฐืฒึทื–. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ืข ื’ืจืฒึทืคึผืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืŸ, ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืžืืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื’ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืขืฉืขืœืึธืŸ" 
ืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ื– ื›ื•ื•ืขืœ ืืฑืกืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืึธืจืžื•ืฉืงืขืก, ืึธื ืฉื™ื˜ืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืคื™ืœืŸ ืืคื“ืึธืกื ืฒึท ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื ืขืžืœืขืš. ืฐื™ 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ื“ืึธืก ืึธืคึผ, ืึทืงื•ืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœ- 
ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 
ืก'ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื–ื ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืฉืข ืงืœืืคึผืขืจืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื ืขื‘ืขืœืขืš, ืื– ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ 
ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืœื™ื’ืœื“ื™ืงืข ืึธืจื›ื™ื 
ืืฃ ื ืžืื’ื ื™ื˜ืึธืคืึธืŸ. ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืฅ ืึธืจื˜, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ื- 
ื ืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒึทืกื™ืงืข ืขืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜, ื‘ืืœืื’ืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ื›ืขืฐืจืฒึทืข. 
ืึธื˜ ืื–ื ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืงืึทื ืฐื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ื 
ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื›ืืคึผืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจืขืคึผืœื™ืง, ืื– ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืืŸ- 
ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืžืึทืœื˜ ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜, ืืฃ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื ืึทืš 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืกืžืืš ื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื•ืžืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื ืขืคึผืœื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ืžื›ืข ืืคืŸ ื‘ืืœ- 
ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื... 


ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง: 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืจื•- 
ื“ืขืจ ื›ืื™ึดื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื’ืืจื˜ืข ืงืขืกื˜ื ื™ืงืขืก, ืฐื™ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื? ืฐื•ึผ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ื•ืขืžืขืจ 
ืฆื• ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก 
ืก'ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืืœืงืึธืŸ? ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื, ื“ืึธืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืš, ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืืงื•ืงืŸ ืคึผืจืึท- 
ื˜ื™ืžื“ื™ืง. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืึธ ืืจืฒึทืŸ- 
ื’ืขืฉืžื•ื’ืœื˜ ื ื›ื™ืกืึธืจื ื“ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืจืขืงืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื’ืขืœืขืš -- ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืืฃ ื ื”ืฑ- 
ืงืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืกื•ืงืขื•ื•ืื˜ืŸ, ืงืจื•ืžืฆืฐืฒึทื’ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒื™ ื’ืื ืฅ ืงืœื™ื ืข ื‘ืืœืึธื ื™ื: ืืฃ ืื–ื 
ืื•ื™ืฆืขื• ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืืคึผืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ืงืจืึธ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืื–ื ืงืึธืžืคืึธืจื˜- 
ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืœ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉ. 

-- ื ื•, -- ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš, -- ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืื ืง 
ืืฒึทืš, ืกืึธืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืงืœืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืœืึธื’ื™ืฉ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืจืขืืœื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืฒึทื ืขื ืคึผืœืืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื. ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึทื ืฐืฒืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื•ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฃ ืงืืคึผืึธืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืคืืœ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืจื™ื™ืฅ. ืื’ืขื•ื•, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก, 
ืื– ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืคื™ื™ื’ืœืฉืข ืคึผืึธื•ื•ืื“ืงืขืก, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืœื™ื‘... 

-- ืฉืฒึทืขืš ืœื™ื‘! -- ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืจ. -- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ-ื–ื™ืš. ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื’ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื“ืขื ืขื ืœืขื‘ื ืก- 
ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืœืข ืื™ื– ื™ืขื“ืขืก ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืœ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืจื•ื, ื“ืึทืก ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื‘ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืืžืึธืฉืขืก ื ื™ื˜, ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœื“ื™ืงืข ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ืึธืจื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืฐืฒึทื– ืึธืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจืขื›ืขืจืขืฅ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืžืœ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจื•ื™ืฉื™ืงืข ืงื- 
ืจืื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืข- 
ืฉืึธืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข, ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข, ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ... 

..ืืคื™ืœืข ืื–ื ืžืขื›ืฒึทืขื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึทืฆืขื“ื•ืจ, ืฐื™ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืึทื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜- 
ืฆืขืฆืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื, ื“ืืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืึธืก. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฉืขืคึผื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ ืฉื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ: ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœืฉืข ื˜ืขืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืก- 
ื˜ืขืจื˜, ืื– ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืืœืข ืื™ื ื™ืึท- 
ื ื™ื. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืจืฒึทื–ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ืŸ- 
ื˜ื•ื™ึดืฆื™ืข ืกื™ื’ื ืืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜, ืื– ื’ืจืื“ืข ืื™ืฆื˜, ื•ืขืŸ 


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ื›ืืœืคื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืœื•ื™ื‘-ื’ืขื–ืื ื’, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืคึผืืกื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื ืคึผื™ืงืื ื˜ื ืขื ืฆื•ืคืืœ, ืื– 
ื’ืจืื“ืข ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ื™ืฒื™ืฉืขืง ืคืืจ- 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขื– ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืคื•ืœืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืžืึธืœ ืงืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฉืื ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฒึทืกืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืคืึธื“ืขื, ืคืืจืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ื˜: 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืคืืจืืŸ ื”ื•ืŸ- 
ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืข 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ? 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ืžื™ื ืข: 

-- ืกืึธืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ: 
ืคืืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื–ื ืฉืฐืขืจืข ืคืจืื’ืข, ืืฃ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ. 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ืืœืข, ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ. ื™ืขื˜ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื›ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžืฒึทืœืขืก. 
ืึธื˜ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉื‘ื™ ืึธื˜ ืื–ื ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืฐืึธื›ืขื“ื™ืง ืคื™ื™- 
ื’ืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ื•ืึธืจืึธื‘ืฒ. ืฐืขืŸ 
ืกืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืฉื™ืคึผืขื˜ ื ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข- 
ืœืข, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืจื•ื“ืงืขืœืข ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ. ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœืข ืื™ื™ื’ื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืื›ืŸ ืื™ื 
ื’ืึธืจ ืคืืจ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขื‘ืข ื“ืื. ืงืงื•ื™ื“ืขืž- 
ืงืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ื’ื•ืืœื“ื™ืง ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™ื™ืกืงืข, 
ืืจื˜ืขืœื ืข ื ืขืคืขืฉืœ. ืึธืŸ ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ 
ืงืืคึผืจื™ื–ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืŸ ืืงื•ืจืื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ: 
ืจืืง ืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ื•ื›ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืงืืœื™ื•- 
ื–ืฉืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืื™ื•ื ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš 
ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ืจืฒื“ืŸ: ืคึผื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื”ืึธืจืข, ื“ืขื ืจืืฆื™ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ 
ืงืขืจื ื“ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื ื˜ื™ืจื›ืข, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืžื•ืฉืงืข, ืคืืœื˜ ื‘ืขืžื™ื™ืœืข ืึธืคึผ. 

ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ: 

-- ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืคื™ืœืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
,ืื™ื? ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื•ื•ืืจืขืž- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžืคึผืื˜ื™ืข, ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืš ืฐื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื ืœื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื’, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืœื™ื–ืŸ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข? 

-- ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืคืืœ, -- ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืขืจ, -- 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืœื‘. 
ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืขื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ื”ื™ื™ืžืขืŸ. ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืžื™ื“ืœืขืšืจ 
ืคืœืื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜, ืฐื™ ื ื’ื•ื˜, 
ื–ืึธืจื’ื–ืื ืžืืœืขื›ืœ. ื“ืึทืก ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ืกื›ืืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ืฉื ืขื‘ืขืœืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืกื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ื›ืื ื•ืงืืก- 
ื”ืื‘ืื™ืก. ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื• ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 


72 


ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜- 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื‘ืจืืฆืœืื•ื•, ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืฃ ื“ืขื 
ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืืŸ ื’ืจืืฆื™ืขื–, ืฐื™ ื ืคืœื™ื’ืœื“ื™ืง 
ืžืื“ืึธื ืขืœืข. ืึธืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ืœ ื’ืข- 
ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ืึทึธืจืขืžืœืขืš, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ื‘ืจืืฆืœืื•ื• ืึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืœื‘ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš: 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื“ืืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื ืขืกื˜ืœื˜ 
ื ื˜ืจืฒึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ืœ. 

..ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื•ืžืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืคึผืื•ื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉ ืคื™ืจืŸ: ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ื ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ื‘ืื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจื˜ืข 
ืฆืฐืฒึทื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืœืขืš, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืก'ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ. ืงืึธื ื˜ื™ืง, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ,,ืคืœื™ื’ืœื“ื™ืงืข 
ืžืื“ืึทื ืขืœืข" ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ืฐืฒึท- 
ื˜ืข, ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื 
ืกืึธื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ืฒึทืขืŸ. ืœืื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื˜: ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ืข ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืื•ื–ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ืกืึทืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ืึทื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ: 

-- ื–ืขื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ 
ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืืคึผื•ื™ืจ: ื“ืืจืฃ ื’ืึธืจ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืื– 
ื’ืจืื“ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื•ื•ืืœื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื™ื“ืขื ื˜... 

-- ืืฒึท, -- ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ื ืžืืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืื ื˜, -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื‘ืึธื‘ืข- 
ืžืฒึทืกืข! ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืกื™ื›ืกืขืš ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืคื™ื™ื’ืขืœืข, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื•ื•ืืœื‘? ืคืืจืืŸ 
ื“ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ? 

-- ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš... ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทืš 
ื’ืื ืฅ ืขืจื ืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืืคืงืข 
ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. 

-- ื ื•, ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืื–ื•ื™, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, 
ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืื– ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ... 

-- ืื•ื‘ ืกืฐื•ืขื˜ ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ืงืœืขืงืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“, 
ืื™ื– ืื“ืขืจืื‘ืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืฉืคึผืืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื ืฒึทืŸ 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธ- 
ืจืขื-ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืจืึทื ื˜, ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื 
ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืจืึธื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ืืคืขืœ ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืกืœืึทืฆื™ืจืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืจื˜. 

ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืืจืฉ ืื™ื– ื‘ื 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื“ืืจืคื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ืœืขืš. ื ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึท ื ื‘ืข- 
ืจื™ืข, ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื• ืงืจื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜: ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™- 


ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก, ื‘ื ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื ื˜ืœืฒึทืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื ืงืขืจ. ืคืึธืจืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืื–ืข, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื’ืขื•ื•, ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ืืฃ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืŸ ืžืขื”ืืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื–ื™ืŸ... ื™ืขื“ืข ืจืขื’ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ. 

ืฆื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืงืื ืื•ื•ืข ื ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืื ืฆืขืจ-ื˜ืจืื ืกืคึผืึทืจ- 
ื˜ื™ืึธืจ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ื•ืกื˜, 
ืื– ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ืœืขืš ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื˜ืจืื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐื™ ื–ืึทื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื–ื ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืึธื ืข? ื ืึธืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ 
ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืึธืคืขืจืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืœื˜: ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืคึผืึธืจืขืŸ ืœืขื 
ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืึธื‘ื™ืœืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืฒึทืงืข-ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืฒ. ืฐื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผืึธื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืขืœืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง ื’ืขืคึผื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื˜, ืื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื–ืฉ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืœืขื›ืื˜ื›ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืžืืจืฉ: ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ? ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืžืจื•? ืฐืขืžืขืŸ 
ืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขืคืืจ?.. 

ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง, 
ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ืงืœืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ: ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฑืก, 
ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืžืึธื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกืงืœืขืคึผืŸ ื ื ืขืกื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื ืฒึทืขื ื“ืึธืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื˜ืืงืข ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืžื‘ืื”ืึธืœืคืขื ืข, ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืจืึธึทืงืขื ืข ืื™ืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš... 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื–ื ื“ืขืœื™ืงืื˜ืข ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ืข: ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธื˜ืึธืจ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™- 
ืงืข ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ืื–ื ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ: ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง 
ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืคืืจื’ื™ืกืŸ... ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืžืึธื˜ืึธืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ืœืขืš. ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืงืึธืกื˜ ืืžืึธืœ 
ืื–ื ื“ืขืคื™ืฆื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืœืขื‘ื ืก.. ื ืกืืš 
ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืื ื™ืคึผื™ืœื™ืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืœื™ืกืœ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืœื‘ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ื›'ื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึธื ื”ืขื ื˜ื™ืง. 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, 
ื ืึธืจ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื: ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื–ืข ื’ื•ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขืœืขืš: 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืฒึทื›ื˜ืข, ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืจืฒึทืคึผืœืขืš ืคึผืจืึธืกืข. 
ืื™ืจ ืฆืืจ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ืขื‘ืขืš. 

ืงื•ืจืฅ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื›'ื”ืึทื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคึผืืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืœืื’ืข, ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืืจ- 


ืœืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืขื’. ืžื™ื˜- 
ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื˜ืฒึท: 
ื ืขืŸ: 

-- ื–ืึธื’, ื ืืจื™ืฉื™ื ืงืข, ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื ืขื? ื“ื• 
ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืขื•ื•ื- 
ืงื•ื™ึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ื–ืึธื ืข ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืืฑืกื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืจื•ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื’, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืกื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืกื ืฒึท ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืฅ ื“ืขืจืคืœ, ื™ืขื ืฅ ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืืš 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื ืขืกื˜ืœ, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ ืื”ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืข ื ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืืงื•ื•ืขื, ืกืืงืึธื ืขืกื“ื™ืง ืึธืจื˜. ื“ืึธ ื“ืืจืฃ 
ื ืึธืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื›ืื™ืœ... ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ืœ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ. ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื, ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ืœืึทื–ื™- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจืฉืืคื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื’ืžืขืกื ืขืคืขืฉ, 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืฒึท- 
ื’ืขืก. 

ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜: ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ื“ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขื ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืืŸ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื›ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืงื•ื•ืื“ืจืื˜ืœ ืขืจื“. ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืืŸ ืขืžื‘ืจื™ืึทื ื“ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื ืขื 
ืฉืึธืœืขื›ืฆืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ืืจืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืœืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื™ืขื ืข ืจื™ื™- 
ื›ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืื•ืžื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ... 

-- ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืกืึธืคืงืึธืœ- 
ืกืึธืฃ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ื•ืขืœ? 

-- ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ, ืื– ืกืื™ื– ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ื ื ืขืก, -- ื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื›ืืœ- 
ืคื™ืŸ. -- ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืึธืš ืงืึทืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื 
ืื•ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงืขืกื™- 
ื“ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืื˜ืืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื‘ื™ื–ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืœื‘, ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜-ื™ื•ื•ื•ืขืœื™ืจืข ืึธืคึผืขืจื- 
ืฆื™ืข -- ืืจื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืกื˜. ืขืžืขืก, ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื™ืึธ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื–ื ื“ืข- 
ืคืขืงื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ืคืขืœืขืš ื‘ืขืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš. ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ, ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืึธืจื’ื–ืื ืžืืžืขืœืข ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก 
ื’ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืจืขืžืึทื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ. 

..ืฐืขืŸ ื›ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืึธื˜ืข, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืฆืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืึธืŸ. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื ืžืืœืืจื™ืข-ืื˜ืืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืžื ืืก- 
ื˜ื™ืึธืจืงืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืืก, ืฐื™ 
ื›'ืฐืึธืœื˜, ื“ื•ืจื›ืœื™ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทื ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืจืึทื›ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš. 


73 


ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืกื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ื˜ืจืื ืกืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืึธืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืงื™ื™- 
ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜: ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืคืœืืงืขืจื˜ ืืœืฅ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ, ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื•ืค- 
ื”ืขืจ, ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึท- 
ื ื•ื ื’, ืื™ื– ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืึธื ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ื 
ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ, ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ 
ืคืืจ ื ืฆืขื“ื•ืœื˜ืŸ. 


ื ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืฉืข 


ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง. 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜... ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธ- 
ืžืข. ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ื”ืึธืจื“ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืกืง- 
ื•ื•ืข. 

ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืœืื“ื™ืฐืึธืกื˜ืึธืง, ื–ื™ืฆืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืข ืงืื–ืืจืžืขืก, ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึนึผืึท- 
ื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜, ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ 
ืึธืŸ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื˜ืืงื™ืจืŸ ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืื‘: ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืคืŸ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ืคืจืึธื ื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ: ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืกื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ืืคืขืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืื ืฆืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืึธ ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืจื•ื™ื˜ืืจืžื™ื™ืขืจ, 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืืคืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ืžืึธืจื™ืขืจ ืงืื ื˜, ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ื™ 
ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืขืกื™ืข. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืคืืจืฉืึธืœื˜ืขื ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ 
ืื”ื™ื™ื. ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ื›ืืกืขื ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜! 

ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ื‘ื•ืฉืขืœื“ื™ืง 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืกืึธืกื ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืกื•ื•ืืœ, ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืฒึทืขืจ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืืฐื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ื™ึดืขืก 
ื“ื™ ืฆืขื™ื•ืฉืขื˜ืข ื’ืึธืจื’ืœืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืกืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข, ื›ืฒึทื™ื™ืฉืข ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜. ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื“ืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ื™ืขื“ื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข 
ืฉื›ื™ื˜ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืึธืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืื– 
ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ, ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ 
ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœืื ื“ืก- 
ืœืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื‘ืขืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืกื“ื™ืง ืึธืคึผืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ 


24 


ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ 
ืกืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจื™ื“ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืœื‘, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ. 

-- ืื’ืขื•ื•, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขึถืจ ื ืฉืžืฒื›ืœ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืึธืŸ, --- ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื˜ืืงืข ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื“ืื˜ืข: ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐืขืŸ ืกืื™ื– 
ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึทืคืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื™ืจ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ. 


ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 


ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฑืกืฐื•ึผืจืคืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกืžืฒึทื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืืจ- 
ื‘ืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฐื™ื ืคืึธืจืžื‘ื™ื•ืจืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืก'ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ึทึดืฉืขืฐ ,ืกืึธืกื ื™, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื–ืื ืขืจ 
ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืฉืœืื ื’ืขืŸ- 
ื ืขืกื˜ -- ื ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆืฒื™ึดืฉืŸ ื’ืืจื ื™ื–ืึธืŸ, ืื™ื– ื‘ื 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขื•ื•. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื˜, ื“ืขื˜ืืœ ืื ืืœื™- 
ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืข ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข, 

ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืืจื ืึธืœื“ ืื™ื•ื•ืื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืงืึธื•ื•ืืœ- 
ืกืงื™. ืื’ืขื•ื•, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ื›ืื“ืึธ- 
ืฉื™ื ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ืืกื˜ืื•ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืกื•ื˜ืฉืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืœื- 
ื“ื™ืฐืึธืกื˜ืึธืงืขืจ ื’ืืจื ื™ื–ืึธืŸ, ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉืื“ื›ื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืื ื˜ืกืงืŸ ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“. ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืขืฉื•- 
ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืจืื™ืึธืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืึธื’ืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืคืจืขื’ ืืฃ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ืง ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืืคื™ืœืข ืืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื•ืœื™ืขืจ ืคืขืจื“-ืžืืจืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ืฒื™ืกืŸ 
ื’ื•ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืคื™ืกื™- 
ืงืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืขืจืœืขืš ื‘ืื”ืื ื“- 
ืœืขืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ: 

-- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ืงืื“ืจืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื˜ืจื•ื™ื! ืึธื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืคืขืจื“ืขืœืขืš ืืจืฒึทื ืคืืœืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ืฉื ืขืœ ืืฐืขืง ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฉืขืฃ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืฉื˜ืื“ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ืคืข ืคึผืึทืœื™ืขืฉื•ืงืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ 
ืคืืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐื–ืฐื•ืึธื“, 

ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืžืก ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืงืืฐืึธื ืข, 
ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ืจืขื’ืข ื™ืขื“ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฆื™ืžื‘ืœ, 


ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืงื–ืืžืขื ื™ืจืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืœ- 
ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืกืคึผืจืื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื›ื˜. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื ื•ื™, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืกื˜, 
ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข-ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข 
ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืงื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืข- 
ื˜ืขืจื™ื ืืจืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข. 

ืงืึธื•ื•ืืœืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื”ืฑื›ืขืจ, ื 
ืฉืœืื ืงืขืจ, ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื -- ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืก. ื“ื™ ืืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืฃ ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ื’ืขื‘ืœืื ืงื˜, ืฐื™ 
ื‘ื ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืงืื•ื•ืืœืขืจื’ืืจื“. ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืึธ- 
ื’ืจืืคื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจื™ืืง, ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืกืืš ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฒึทืžืืง, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™-ืื•ื“ื™ื ืกืง. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืœื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜- 
ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืกืืš ืžืื ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืขืกื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ , ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ" ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจื™ืืง ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ? ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืืกื™ืงืข ืคืืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืจื™ื‘- 
ืœืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ืื•ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื˜ืืงืข 
ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ืกื•ื‘ืึธืจื“ื™ื ืืฆื™ืข: ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• 
ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ึน ื ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืจื- 
ื’ืขืก? 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ืึธืš ื ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜-ืื™ื ืคืึธืจ- 
ืžืืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ-ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ืืœื‘ืขืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜. ื“ืึท 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืฒื™ืกื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฆื™ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•- 
ืคืขืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. 

-- ืื•ื•ืื“ืข! ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, -- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, -- ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืื ื˜ืืงืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืฉืืก 
ื“ืขื ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืกื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ื˜ืื“ืขื•ืฉ ืงืึธืกื˜ื™ืฉืงืึธ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคืจื™ื™- 
ืฐื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขืง ื™ืึทืกืขืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืคึผืึธืœืง. 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืฒึทืคืœ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืจืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข -- ืคึผืจืึธื’, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืื ื’ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ-ืคืืจื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขื - 
ืงืขื ื™ืฉ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื˜ืคื™ืกืข-ืœืื–ืืจืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื ืคืืจืฉื™ืงื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ื ืื™ื ืคืืจืงืึธื›ื˜ ื ืœื™ื‘ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื•ืจื™ืื˜ืงืข, 
ื ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืื‘ื•ื ืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง. ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ , ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืึธื˜ืœ". , ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ", ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืฐืฒึทื– ืึธืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืคืขืจื“, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื–ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืงืœืืก, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืืจืžืขืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื“ื–ืฉื™ื’ื™ื˜ืŸ 


ื ืึธืจ ืื–ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ื”ืึทื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืจื ืึธืœื“ ืื™ื•ื•ืื ืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืคืœืืžื™ืงืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืงืœืึธืจ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื’ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ืคืขืจื“. 
ื ืœื™ื‘ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
,ืืคื™ืœืข", ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืข- 
ืกื™ืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื‘- 
ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™... 

ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืฉื˜ืื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืข ืคึผืึธื˜ืึธืžืกื˜ืฐืขื ืข ื‘ืืœืขื’ืึทืœืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืคืขืจื“ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจื™ืกืœืขืŸ, ืฐื™ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืึธื›ื™ื“. ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืืฒึทื–ื™ืงืก 
ื’ื ื™ืื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ื™ืื–ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืขืœื™ืฆืข ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ- 
ืึธื ืฆื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืงื™- 
ืžืื˜ ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื›ืฑื™ื“ืขืฉ, 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคึผืขืงืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืขืจ ืงืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื’ื ื™ืื“ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ืœืข. 

ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื’ืึท- 
ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืกื˜ืืจืึธื‘ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืคืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืก, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ. ,ืคืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืขืฉืึธืžืขืก' -- ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื“. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื›ืื–ืขืจ ืื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืื– ืงืึธื•ื•ืืœืกืงื™ืก ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ืคืขืจื“ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคืขื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขื ืขื ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ 
ืคืขืจื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืึธืฉืŸ. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื ืกืืš ืื™ื ื ืึธืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื•ืก- 
ื˜ืข ืกื™ืžืึธื ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืจืฒึทื–ืœืขืš 
ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืคืขืจื“ ืฐืขื˜ ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื›ืืœืืก ืงืจืื ืง ืฐืขืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืกืžืืš ื”ืึทื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืง- 
ื˜ื™ืจื˜, ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืœืŸ 
ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื”ืืœ- 
ื‘ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืฅ. ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื–, ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื 
ืงืขื’ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข. ืืจื ืึธืœื“ ืื™ื•ื•ืื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื‘ืฒึท- 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ืฉื˜ืขื - 
ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜. ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ 
ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, 
ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืง ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื–ืฉืขืŸ, ืงืœืืคึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืœืึธืขืŸ, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืืฃ ืื–ื ืืฑืคืŸ ื‘ื- 
ื’ืจื™ืกื˜... 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืืœืื“ืขืก, ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ- 
ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืืฃ ืืฑื™ืกืฐืฒื ื™ืง! ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 


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ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืฒึทื“ื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง, 
ืฐื™ ื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ืึธื ืขืœืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ 
ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื™ื 
ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืœ. ื . ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™ืก , ื›ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธืžืขืจ". ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืจืขืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข, ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืคื˜ืข 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. 

ื’ืื ืฅ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืื–ื ืื•ื™- 
ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืกื™ืžืคึผืื˜ื™ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืจื ืึธืœื“ ืื™ืฐื•ืื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜, ืื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืืฆื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืฉืฒึท. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืจืขื–ืฉื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืงืœืึธืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื•ืก- 
ื˜ืขืจื”ืืคื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืงืœื™ื ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื“ื•ืจืŸ. 

ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ืืœืขื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื“ืึธืง- 
ื˜ืจื™ื ืข: 

-- ื ืคืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ืื‘ืกืึธืœื™ื•ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืขืžืœื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜, -- ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• 
ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื ื™ื™- 
ืฐืฒึทืก ื˜ื™ื›ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื ื–ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืก, ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื 
ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ืงืขืœืข, ืคืืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืก. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ื ืขื ืœื™ื™ื’ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ืจืฒึทืขืงืœ, ืฉื˜ืขืง ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืืฆืงืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื– ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ. 

ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™. ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืšืจ 
ืกืงืจื•ืคึผื•ืœืขื– ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืจืึธืžื™ืกืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืš, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืกืืš ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืŸ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืกื˜ืืจืขื˜, ืคืœืฒึทืกื™ืง ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ื, ืฐื™ ืฆื• ื ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœืขืจ 
ืื™ื ืกืคึผืขืงืฆื™ืข. 

.. ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืขืฉื•ืจืข. ืงืึธื•ื•ืืœืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื ืฉืคึผืืก ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
, ื‘ืืืจื‘ืขื˜" ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ืง, ืื– ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ืขื 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืฃ ื ืคึผืืจืื“. 

ื ืึธืจ ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ,ื˜ืฒึทืคื•- 
ื ืขืŸ". ,ื˜ืฒึทืคื•ืŸ" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœืื ืง, ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ื’ืข- 
ืจืึธื˜ืŸ. ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืœืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืžื™ื™ืœืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื ืึทืžืขืŸ. ืืจื ืึธืœื“ ืื™ื•ื•ืื ืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจ- 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืžืขืจืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืจื“. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืฐืึธืจื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืื˜ 
ืึธื ืงื•ืงืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื–ื 
ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ , ื˜ืฒึทืคื•ื ืขืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืงืึทืœืึธืกืืœืŸ ืื•ืคื˜ื•, ืฆื• ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ืงื•ืจื™ืจื˜, ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ,ื˜ืฒึทืคื•ื ืขืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื™ืฉืงืข 
ืคึผืจืึธื ื˜ื™ืฉืขื•ื•, ื ืคืขืกื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืฑื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืฉื•ืฑื™ืŸ ื 


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ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื ืคื•ืœื‘ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืจื•ื™ื˜ืืจืžื™ื™ืขืจ. ื ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคืœืขื’ืžืื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขืŸ. ืื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ืขืฐื™ื›ื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืึธ- 
ืžืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆืขื‘ื•ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืงืื˜ืึทืฐื•ืขืก, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื 
ื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืข ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœืืคึผืข. 

ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืฐ ื”ืืœื‘ ืืฃ ืจื•- 
ืกื™ืฉ, ื”ืืœื‘ ืืฃ ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืืฃ ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื–ื ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื 
ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ,ื˜ืฒึทืคื•ืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืœืขื ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืจื™ื˜- 
ืžื™ืฉ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืืงืึธืžืคึผืื ืขืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงืืกื˜ืื ื™ืขื˜ืŸ, ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืงืœืืคึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึท- 
ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืœืึธืขืŸ, ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืึธื ื’ืขื ืฒื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืึทืงื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ืืจื ืึทืœื“ ืื™ื•ื•ืื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ื ืงื™ืฆืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืขืจ. ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืจื˜ืœืขืจืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐื™ ืืœืขืžืึธืœ, 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขื ืงืœื•ื’ืŸ ืคืขืจื“ ืื–ื™ืคื™ืœ 
ืคึผืึทื–ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืขืžืึธืฆื™ืขืก, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืึธืฅ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืฉืžื•ืจืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ืค- 
ื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒึทืคืŸ 
ืœืฒึทื‘ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžืื’ื ืขื˜-ื›ื•ื•ื- 
ืœื™ืขืก... 

ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื 
ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืคืืจืงื™ืฉืขืคื˜ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจื˜ืฒึทืขื˜ืŸ 
ืึธื˜ืขื, ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™- 
ื ืขืœืŸ ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœ, 

ืืœืฅ ืื™ื–, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ื™-ื•ื•ื™ื™! ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธื’ืœ ื‘ืื ืงืึท- 
ืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืขืจ ื–ื•ื™ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืงืึธื›- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ 
ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ: 

-- ืจื•ื™ื˜ืืจืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื ื˜ื™ืฉืข, ืคืืจ ื ืื›- 
ืœืขืกื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืžืขืœื“ืข ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืš ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืจื™ื™ื“! 

ืคึผืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืฐ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื™ืš, ื“ืขืจื ืึทืš 
ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืขื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืคืœืขืงืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืงืจืขื‘- 
ื ื™ืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกื™ืฉ: 

-- ื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื™ื ืคืจืขืกืŸ, ื“ืขื ,ื˜ืฒึทืคื•". 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืžืื ื™ืขืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืื ืื‘ืขืจืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ 
ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืจ ืืฃ ืฉืงื•ื•ืืจืงืขืก... 

ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจื- 
ื“ืข ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื–ื ืคึผืœืฒึทืกื™ืงืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื–ืืคึผืึธืจืึธื–ืฉืฆืขืก ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืŸ ืกื•ืœ- 


ื˜ืืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืข ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฒื™- 
ืœืขืจ.. ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐื™ ืกื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืกืืžืข ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืฒื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืกื˜ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงื˜. 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืกื™ื˜ื•ื- 
ืฆื™ืข ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขื ืœืขื›ืก. ื ื•, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืืฃ ืืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ... 

ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื•ื•ืืœืกืงื™ ืื•ืค- 
ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืืœ. ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืงืจืขื‘ื ื™ืฆืข, ืื•ื- 
ื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืฉืฐืึธืง ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ึดืง ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ,ื˜ืฒึทืคื•ืŸ" ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœ- 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื“ืขื 
ืงืืก, ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืืคืŸ ื“ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืคืืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื“ืขื , ื’ืขืจ- 
ืžืื ื™ืขืฅ", ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืข... ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“.. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืžืคึผืข- 
ืจืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึทืฉืขืจ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ื ื ืืจื™ืื“, ืื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืื˜ืจื™ึดืขืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืœืŸ 
ืงืืจื˜ืึธืคืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืš. ืคื•ืŸ ,ื˜ืฒึทืคื•ื ืขืŸ" ืคืขืก- 
ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึธืคึผ, 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื ืื•ืŸ 
ืก'ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜, ื’ืขื”ืขื›ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืœ, 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืื– ืืœืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืขืจืŸ: 

-- ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืคืืจ ืืœืข 
ืžืึธืœ, ืื– ืงืึทืœื–ืžืืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืจ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึทื–ืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ- 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืงืข ืคืขืจื“.. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื›ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืืœ. 

ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื, ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืึนืœืข ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœืขื˜ืืจื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ. ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืืจ- 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืกืึธื“. ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ื’ืจืื“ืข ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืื ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืœื™ืŸ, 

ืืŸ ืขืจืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืืจื•ื ื ืึทืš 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข 
ืื™ื ืกื˜ืื ืฆืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื’-ื’ืขื’ืืจื˜ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืคืขืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืฉืขืœืึธืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืกืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื 
ื’ืจื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืืก ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึทื ื˜. 

ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜. 
ื™ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขื’ืœื™ืงื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืืคื˜ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™- 


ืคืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ืฐื™ ืงื•ื‘ืื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธื ืขืจ ืคืขืจื“ 
ื“ืขืคื™ืœื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ-ื“ืขืŸ-ืœื™ื ื“ืขืŸ, ื˜ืจื™ืŸ- 
ืงืขืŸ ืจื•ื™ึดืง, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื, ืก'ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืขืข. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืงืืœื˜ืข, ื›ืžื•ืจืข, ื˜ื™ืคื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขื ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 1941-ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื•ืœืื“ื™ืฐืึธืกื˜ืึธืง 
ื’ืขืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคืขืจื“, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ- 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ื- 
ืฉืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืžืื›ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžืืจืฉืจื•ื˜: 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื–ืืžื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืื ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึท- 
ื‘ื™, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืžืึธืœื™ื ืงืข ืœืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื›ื™ื ื’ืืŸ, ืœืขืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžืื ื“ื–ืฉื•ืจืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทื›ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืื“ื•ืจื›ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ืข- 
ืจืึธืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืฒึทืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืืจื‘ื™ืŸ -- ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื•ื ื’ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืกืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, 


ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืขืกื™ืข... 

ืื™ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืง ื‘ืจืขืงืขืœืข ืขืจื“, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื• 
ืคืœืขื’ืกื˜ ืืฒึทื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืก 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืฐื™ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ! ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžืื’ื ืขื˜ืœ ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืฆื™ื˜ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืืœืฅ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜! 
ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ืคืึธืจืกื˜ื• ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขื•. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืืฐืขืงืคืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื ืึธืš 
ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืข- 
ื ื•ื ื’, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืกื˜ื• ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ืืœื˜ืข ื”ื™ื™ื, ืื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ-ืขืก-ืื™ื– ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืž- 
ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื”ื™ื ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ, 

ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืข ื™ื™ืฉื•ึผื•ื•ื™ื, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ื ืฒึทื ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื ืงืœืึธื’ืขื“ื™ืงืข! ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืข- 
ืงืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืึธ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜, ืฆืขืงืืœื™ืขื˜ืฉืข- 
ื˜ืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืฒึทื˜... ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืื•ืคื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜. 

ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืขื˜ืœืข- 
ื›ืข ืึธื“ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœื˜ืฉืื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš... 
ื˜ื™ื›ืึธืŸ ืžืืจืงืขืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืคึผืจืึธื ื˜ื™ืฉืขื•ื•. ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงืืจืคึผืื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜, ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜-ื‘ื- 


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ืœื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืง, ื ืึธืจ 
ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืฃ ื ื–ืขื’ืžื™ืœ. 

ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜. 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ื›ื- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ 
ืื”ื™ื™ื. ืื–ื•ื™ ืื– ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก ื–ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. 

ื ืึธืš ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืœืขื ื“ืขื ื˜ืฑื™ืขืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜: 

-- ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืฆื• ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข, ื“ื•ื• ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืกื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื•ืœืื“ื™ืฐืึธืกื˜ืึทืงืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข... ื“ืขืžืœื˜.. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืœ... ื–ืึธื’, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ืื–ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืงืึธื•ื•ืืœืกืงื™, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข, ืกืืžืข ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืข 
ื˜ืขื’ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ืืœืฅ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื 


ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื ืึธืฐื•ื™... ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜. ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ื 
ื”ื™ืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืึธื˜ ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืกืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืŸ- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฐื›ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžืขื›ื™ืœืข! 
ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื ื’ืจืฒึทื– ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืงืฒื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜... ืืœื–ืึธ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึทื‘ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจื™ืืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืœืขื‘ืกื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืงืื ื˜ืŸ. ื›'ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜, 
ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืขืจ ืœืขื ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื ืงืืคึผืขืœืข ื’ืจืข- 
ืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืขืกื™ืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื“ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืึธื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื™. 
ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•, ื’ื™ื‘ ื ืกื™ื’ื ืืœ, ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืื‘ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผืจื•ืคืŸ. 

..ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืฐืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืคื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืข. 


ืฆื• ื“ืขื“ ื“ืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืœืฒื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš" 


ืฆื•ืขื‘ื™ ื›ื‘ ืชืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื”ืื—ื“ื• | 


ื•ืจื“ื•ืš 


ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืงืึธืœืขื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ืง ื“ื™ 
ืฉืฐื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจื™ืฐืึธื›ื ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ,ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš" (,ื–ืึธ ื”ืื“ืขืจืขืš") --ืึธืจื’ืืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœ-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ืก" 
ืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™. 

ืจื•ืžืคื•ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข. ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืคืืจ ืฉืึธืœืขื ืื•ืŸ 
ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉื™ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืก-ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ,ื–ืึธ ื”ื- 
ื“ืขืจืขืš" ื“ืขืจืฐืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืžืืกืŸ. ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธื›ื ื‘ืœืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืื ื“, ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืงื˜ืฒึทื˜ ---ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ -- ืืฃ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื - 
ื–ืืžืข ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื˜ืจืื˜ืขื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืืœื™ืื ืก ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืืก-ื™ื™ืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืฉื, ืคืืจ ืื ืขืจ" 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ืืฃ ืฉืืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ืžืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืงืข ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข. 

ืžื™ืจ ืฉืขืฆืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš |ื“ืขื ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืจืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ , ื–ืึธ ื”ืื“ืขืจืขืš" ืื™ืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ ืืŸ ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืฆื•ื 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ-ื™ืขืคึผื ื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜. 

ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ-ืฐืึธื›ื ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ -- ืื™ืจืข ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ -- ื ืฒึทืข 
ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื ืึธื‘ืขืœืŸ ืงืืžืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ. 


78 *ืค 


ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืขื ืก 


,ืกืื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืฉื•." 


(ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืขืก ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืก) 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจื’ืœืฑื‘ื™ืงืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผืขื ืกื˜, 

ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึทืจ ื˜ืขื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืขืŸ, ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืก'ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ ื”ื™ืŸ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœื•ืคื˜-ืœืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื‘ื- 
ืžืขืจืงื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื ืึธื– ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืื™ืœื™ื•ืžื™ื ืื˜ืึธืจ, ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทื‘, ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ืจื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ... ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื ื“ื™ืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื–ื ื–ืืš! ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืฃ ื ื›ืฑื“ืขืฉ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืจืœื•ื™ื‘ ืฆื•ื’ืืกื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื“ื™ืจ; 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืจื•ื™ึดืง ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืงืึธืฐืขื“ ืืฃ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื ืง!.. ื–ืึธื’ื˜: ืืฒึทืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืžืข ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืคืืœืŸ? 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืข- 
ื ืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื“, ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง, -- ืžืืš ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื. 

-- ืกืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจ, -- ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ืขืจ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืง ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ, --- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื™ืึธ ืžื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉื‚ืข... ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึท? 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืš... ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื‘- 
ื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข, -- ืคึผืจื•ึผื• 
ืื™ืš ืฉืคึผืืกืŸ. 

-- ืกืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ืื–ื•ื™, ื ืึธืจ ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜, -- 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข, -- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืขื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ื’ื•ืฃ ื“ืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข... ืื•ื™, ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ! 

ืฆ } - ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื›'ื‘ืขื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื™ื›ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืขื ื“ืขื-ืคึผืขื ื“ืขื ื’ืขืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืœื™ืขืŸ? ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง? 

-- ื™ืึธ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, -- ื˜ื•ื˜ 


ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข ื ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ืœืืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœ 
ื™ืืฉื˜ืฉืขืจืงืขืก. -- ื™ืึธ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, -- 
ื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš.--- 
(ืžื™ืš ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืืจืŸ), ืื– ืขืจ ืœืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ.. ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง 
ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืœ ืคืจื•ืžืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ.. 

ืื™ืš ืžืืš ื–ื™ืš ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื- 
ืžืขืจืง ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืขืก ืื•ืžืขื˜: 

-- ืคืจื•ืžืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ? -- ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฒื™ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜. -- ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง? ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื ืง ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึธืŸ ื ืคืืจืžื™ื˜ืœืขืจ... 

-- ืข, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, -- ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข ื ืฉืึธืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. -- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืžืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™-ืึธ, ืคืจื™ืฉืฆืืคึผืœื“ื™ืงืข, ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš, 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ... -- ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื•ื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ืึทืš ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ืงืœืขืจืŸ ืื– 
ื‘ื™ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื ืฆืื“ื™ืง... ื ืึทืจ 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš, ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืŸ ืฆืื“ื™ืงื™ื, ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืฆืื“ื™ืงื™ื. ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™- 
ื“ืข: ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืคืจื•ืžืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ 
ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. ืฆื• ื ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืžืึธื“ื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ืื– ืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ืคืจื•ืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจ ืจืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜, -- ืื™ื– ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื 
ืกืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื’ืึธื“ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜: , ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืœืืง ืฉื™ืžืขืจื™ืจื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืฉืœืืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืงืจื™ื›ื˜". ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ- 
ื˜ืขืจืฉืœืืง ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ืฆืขืงืจืึทื›ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืžืœืึธืกื ืข ืื–ื•ื™, ื•ื™ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ื ื™ื˜... ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ืืฒึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš, 


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ืื– ื›ืฐื•ืขืœ ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ื˜ืฉื•ึผื•ื•ืข ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืžืฒึทืกืข, ืื•ืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ืขืก ื›ืืคึผ-ืœืืคึผ ืงืึธืŸ 
ืื™ืš, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ 
ืคืืจืงื ื™ืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ื›'ืฐืขืœ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื›ืืคึผืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื ื’ืœ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืฉืฑืŸ 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข. ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคืืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜, ืืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืขืœืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื›ืื˜ืึทื™ึดื... 

-- ืกืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฉืื‘ืขืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, -- ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืขืŸ. --- ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืื– ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืข, ืื•ื‘ ืกืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš. 

ืžืื›ื˜ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข: 

-- ืื•ื•ืื“ืข!.. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืื ืง ื’ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜. ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœืฑ- 
ื ืขืกื˜ืข, ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงืฑื™ืขืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื• 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืขืจื’ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฆื™ื ื“, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ.. ื ืึธืจ ื›ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, 
ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, ื˜ืข- 
ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ืงืขื“ื•ื™ืžืข... ื›ืืกืฐืขื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืŸ... ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก: ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ,ืคืจื•- 
ืžืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ". ืฆื• ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ื™ื ื“. ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ 
ื–ืื’ื˜: ;ืฐืขืกื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ -- ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ 
ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื•ืข ื˜ืึธืŸ.." ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžืฑื›ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื“ืจื™ื™ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขื ืกืคึผืึทื“ืขืง, ืกืื™ื– ื ืึธืšืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืจืข ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ืš: ;ื ื’ื•ื˜-ืฉืื‘ืขืก, ื ื’ื•ื˜-ื™ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“". ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ืืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. ื ื•?:. 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, --- ืฆืขืœืืš ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš, -- ืกืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜. ื›ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืœื™ื’ืขืจ 
ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืฆื•- 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื- 
ืžืขืจืŸ, ืื– ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ืงืึธื˜ืฉืขืจืข, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ. 

-- ืื•ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™, ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืœ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื˜ืึธ 
ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืื•ื ื“- 
ื–ืขืจืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื ืืกื˜ืื ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจ- 
ืฆืข... ืื™ื– ื”ืขืจื˜... 

ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. 

-- ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืื ืฅ 
ืคืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฑืœ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื™ืืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืืกื- 
ื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืืขืจืึธืคึผืึธืจื˜, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืœืึธื– 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’, ืฐื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืฐืฒึทื–, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืคึผืืœื™ืขื˜ืข ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืขืงืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืืคึผืœ- 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ื‘ืื’ืขื ืข- 


80 


ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืข- 
ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜. ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• 
ืงืœืึธื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืจื™ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข.. 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ืคืึธืจื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ืฆื•ื 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืกื˜ืŸ, ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜-ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื˜ืฉื™ื ืง ืฐืข- 
ืจืขืžืœ. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืžืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜? 
ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ืš ืืฆื™ื ื“ ืฐื•ื™ ืงืึธืคึผืฐืฒื˜ื™ืง? 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ -- ื–ืขืŸ ืขืžืขืกืข ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ, ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ื’ืจืึธื“ ,ืฆื•ื ืจื•ืžืœ', ืื– ืžืข ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื›'ืฐืขืœ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืจืœื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืกืฐืึทืœื˜ ืžื™ื ืืกื˜ืื ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ-ืึธ 
ื‘ืื ืง, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜... -- ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื–ื™ืคืฅ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. --- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคึผืขืœื™ืงืฒึทื˜... ืื•ื™, ื“ื™ 
ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ! ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืืจืึธืคึผ.. ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆืข- 
ืงื•ืฉื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื 
ื˜ืืงืกื™. ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืื™ืจ: ,ื ื™ืฉืงืึทืฉืข, ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ, 
ื”ืื•ื•ืข ื ื™ื˜, ืก'ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ืืŸ 
ืืฐื˜ืึธื‘ื•ืก ืื•ื™ืš. ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจ". ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคื•ืก ืื™ืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธื‘ื•ืก, 
ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš, ื•ื™ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ; 
,ืจืขื‘ ื™ื™ึดื“, ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•, ืกืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ืคืจืฒึท 
ืึธืจื˜". ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš: ,ื’ื™ื™, ื˜ืื˜ืข, 
ื–ืขืฅ ื–ื™ืš, ืก'ืื™ื– ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ". ืขืš, ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคืืจืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื˜ืืงืกื™... ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก... ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ , ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื" ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื“-ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืœื“ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขื’ื™ืœื•ืคืŸ. 
ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืฃ ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืจื™ื‘- 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜,. ืืฃ ื ืžื™ืฉืžืืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึธื“ื™ืฉ, 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉ. ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ืŸ 
ืœืึธืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ื• ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ื ืขืžืœืขืš ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ. ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคื™ืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื”ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐื• ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธื‘ื•ืก, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ืžื•ืžืข, ,ื ืกื˜ืืจืข ื‘ืึตืœ- 
ืฉืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ืกืืš 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข, ,ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ืฐื•ืจืึธืงื•, --- ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, -- 


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ืื™ื™ื ื–ืื, ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืกื•ื•ื™ืื–ืฅ- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ืขื“ืึธืกื˜ืื˜ืฉืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ: ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื™ื– ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืงืึธื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทื ื™ื‘ืฉืข ืžืืŸ 
ื ืึธืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคืœื™ึดืขืŸ, ืก'ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš 
ืงืจืขื ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึธืœื™ืื˜ืฉืงืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืžืึธืฉื˜ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ". 

ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ืืŸ ืขืจืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. , ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืกืข, --- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ, --- ื ืึธืจ 
ื›'ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื‘ื™- 
ื–ืฉืื™ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, --- ืžืื›ื˜ 
ืขืจ, --- ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืึธื˜ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจืงืœืขืžื˜ ื‘ืื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ื™ืขืจืคึผืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขืžื•ื˜.." ื ืึธืจ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืžืข, ืœืฑื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืกื•ืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืœืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืคึผื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืฐื•ืงืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก: ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื 
ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ืืŸ ,ืึธื‘ืžืขืŸ', ื ื‘ืฒึทื˜, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืขืก, ืื“ืื ืง ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืข ืฐืขื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืข 
ืฐืขื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื. ื˜ืืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืข ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืืกืงืึธืžืข ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ืฒึทื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื‘ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงื™ื™ืกืข ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ืคืืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฆืืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืก ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืจื™ื™ืš, 
ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืืฃ ืคึผืจืืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ืžื›ืข. ื“ื™ ื–ืืš ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, 
ืื– ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื˜ 
ืึธืคื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืฐื™ ื ืฉืœืื›ื˜-ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจืืŸ, ื“ื™ ,ืจื˜ืข 
ืฉืคึผื•ืจื–ื•ื›ืขืจ", ืฐื™ ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขืจืงื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืื–ืขืœื›ืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜. ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก, 
ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ืกื™ื‘ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื™ืขื“ื™ืข ื“ืืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ,ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืืœื˜ืข ื ืื’ืจืื“ืขืก,- - 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืคื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื“ืขืŸ-ืคึผืœืื ืงืข, -- ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืฒึทืข'. ืื™ืš ืงื•ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืข ื 
ืฉืคึผืึธื’ืœ-ื ืฒึทืขื ืึธืจื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืžืื“ืจื™ื™ื’ืข! ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืฐื™ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธื‘ื•ืก 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื”ืฒื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– 


ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื“-ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืื ื’ 
ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ื ืคืจืขื’ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืŸ: 

-- ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื“ืืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ? 

-- ื™ืึธ, ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข 
ื’ืึธืจื™ืื˜ืฉืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืงื•ืจืกืงืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื. 

--- ืงื•ืจืกืงืื™ื ื“ื•ื’ื? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ื™ืกืคึผืฒึทืœืขืก, --- ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข? 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ. ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืขืกืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ึดืขืŸ: 

--- ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™- 
ื–ื™ืข! 

ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืึธืจืขืžืก, ืžื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื–ืŸ ืื•ื– ืงื•ืฉืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 
,ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ, -- 
ืงื•ืฉืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜, ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืื ื’!" 

ื‘ืขืงื™ืฆืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื•- 
ื˜ืึธื‘ื•ืก, ืื™ืš ืžืืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ืข ืฉื™ึดืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ: 

-- ื‘ืืงืืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขื 
ืืŸ ืึธื“ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœื˜ืฉืื ื™ืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื: 

-- ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื 
ื˜ืืงืกื™, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ, ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื›ืึทืฉืขืฐืข ื’ืขืกื˜, ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ, ืื™ืžื™ืจืฆืขืฉืขื, ืึธืคึผืžืขืจืงืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืืœื•ื™- 
ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืจืฒื“ืŸ ืฐื™ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืฑืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ.. 

-- ื˜ืื˜ืข, -- ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. 

ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ื ืงืขืจ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข 
ื–ืข ืื™ืš? ืกืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ืื–ื•ื™ ืกื™ืžื›ืขื“ื™ืง, ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐื“ื™ืง ื‘ื- 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธืฉืŸ, ืžืฒึทื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ืš 
ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื‘ืœืึธื ืงืขืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืืžืœื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก: 

-- ื˜ืื˜ืข, ืื”ื™ื™ื ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจืฒึทื ื›ืืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 

-- ื ื•, ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก, -- ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš, --- ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื•ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื˜ืืงืข ื‘ืขืกืขืจ: ื›'ื•ืขืœ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื™ืง 
ืžืฒึทื ืขื ื ืึธืš ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜. 

-- ื˜ืื˜ืข, -- ืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉื˜ ืžืืžืขืฉ ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืคืืจื•- 


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ืžืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ ืงืึธืœ, -- ื“ื™ ื–ืืš ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื, ืื– ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ- 
ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ: ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืขืจืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ... ื ื•, 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจืฉืข ื–ืืš, ื“ืขืจืคืืจ 
ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ... ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ. ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ื“ื• 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ื•ืขื. 

-- ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืขืจื’ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืื–ื™? -- 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ืš ืื™ืจ. --- ื ืืจืขืœืข, ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืœืึท- 
ื˜ืข. ื’ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก 
ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื• ืฐืฑื ืกื˜, ืฆื™ ืฐืึธืก? 

ืืฃ ื ืจืขื’ืข ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคืืจ- 
ืœื•ื™ืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš: 

-- ื™ืึธ, ื˜ืื˜ืข, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืš ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืข 
ื“ื™ืจืข. ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืข! 
ืขืง ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ ื™ืึธ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคืฉืœื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ 


ืฉืœืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืงืืคึผืจื™ื–ืŸ.. 


ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืคื™ืœืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืื•ืžื‘ื- 
ืงื•ื•ืขื. 

--- ืื•ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™, ืกืขืจื“ืฆืข. ืžืฒึทื ืข, -- ื–ืึธื’ 
ืื™ืš ืื™ืจ, -- ื˜ืึธ ืคืึธืจ ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื“ื• ื“ืืจืคืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื›ืืคึผืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืงืืคืข ืฆื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจืขืกื˜ืึธืจื- 
ืฆื™ืข... ื“ื• ื’ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ืื“ืจืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื•ืขืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™-ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ.. 

ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ื‘ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข 
ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ืžืข (ืื•ืŸ ืขืค- 
ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืืงื•ื•ืขื ืฆื• ืคืจืขื’ืŸ), ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืฉืืก ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜- 
ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืก ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง. ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืจื™ืŸ- 
ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ื ื™ืึธื ื™ื. ,ื ื™ืฉืงืึธืฉืข, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจืŸ--- 
ื“ื™ ื•ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืขื ื’, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืฉืข". -- ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื™ ื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื 
ื“ืจื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆืืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคื™ืก.. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืคึผืึธืžืขื ื™ืฆืข. ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ื–ืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฐืขืงื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ. 
ื›'ื–ืข -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืืฑื™ื’ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ื›'ืžืขื’ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื ืขืคึผืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืขื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ืฉื˜ืึธืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืจื•ืฃ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื’ื˜. ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืคืืจืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืขื ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก, ืื•ืŸ 


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ืคึผืจื™ืงืจืข ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ --- ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคืืจื›ืึทืœืขืžื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืกืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคื™ืก. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ื˜ืืงืกื™, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืฐืฒื ื™ืง 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจืก ืงืึธืœ: 

-- ื˜ืื˜ืข!.. 

ืื™ืš ืงืจื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืขื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ืœ, ืื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื™ืงืœืขืš 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ; 

-- ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื ืึธืš ืฐืึธืฐืึธื˜ืฉ- 
ืงืขืŸ? 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื˜ืื˜ืข, ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื—ื™ื™ื, --- 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื–ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืึธืคึผืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ.. 

ื“ื™ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ื™ืึธื’ื˜, ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜, ืฐื™ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืคื•ืœ ืžืฑืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

-- ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ ืžืฒึทื ืก, ืืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจ? ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืข- 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธื–, --- ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ืืžืขืจืง ืื™ืš ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข 
ืขืจื˜ืขืจ... 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื˜ืื˜ืข, ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจ... 

-- ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืึทืจ? --- ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื›ืึทืจื›ืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืขื, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืข- 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืกืขืจื™ืงืก. 

,ื™ืึธ, ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ, -- ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš, -- ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื›ืขืก... 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืึธืœืขืฐื”ืืฉืึธืœืขื, ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืงื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื– ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืงืŸ ื ืœื™ื’ืŸ -- 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืืฑื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืžืืžื–ืขืจ". 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžื•ื™ืœ, 
ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 
ืจืขื’ืข ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืš -- ื–ื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืืงืกืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ืง -- ื›ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื›ืœื™ืคึผืขืŸ.. ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืึธืจื›ื–ืืžืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื - 
ืฆืขืœืข ื“ืึธืก ื ืึธื–ื˜ื™ื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืขืฉื•ื-ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื˜ืืคึผืŸ. ืฉืœืขืคึผ ืื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืข- 
ืฉืขื ืข ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ื›ืœ, ืฐื™ืฉ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขืœืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืฒึทืฅ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขืงืฐืึทืœืขื ืข ื ืขื–ืœ, 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ืขืก ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข. ,ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• 
ื“ื™ืจ ื ื ืฒึทืก, -- ืฐืขืจ ืื™ืš ืžืขื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืขืฉ, ---ื 
ืคืจื•ื™ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืคืจื•ื™. ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืข- 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ... ื™ืขื ืข -- ืื‘ื™ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– 
ืขืก ืกื˜ืฒึทืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืขื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืŸ, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ื˜ืจืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืก 
ืžื•ื™ืœ..." 


ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš, -- ืืŸ ืขืจืขืš 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื–ืึธื™ืขืŸ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ืคืืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ.. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš 
ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก... ื”ืืงืœืืœ, ื›'ื”ืขืจ, 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืืœืฅ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ. ืขืžืขืก, ื–ื™ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืคืืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืœืึธื ื™ืข ื“ื™ 
ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื›'ืคื™ืœ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ. , ื’ืึธื˜ืขื ื™, --- ืคืืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ืคึผืื›ืขื“, -- ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ?" ืื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืฉื˜ืจืืœื™ืง-ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ื• ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ;ื ื™ื™ืŸ, -- ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš 
ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, --- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธ 
ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื‘ืืœื“ 
ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ.." 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ ืื™ืš, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื 
ืงืจื•ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืขื’ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜. ื›'ื’ืœืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืข, ื™ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืึธืคืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ: 

-- ื ืืจืขืœืข, ื”ืขืจ ืื•ืฃ, ื›'ื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš.. ื ื•, 
ื’ืขื ื•ื’... 

ืงื•ื™ื ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื... ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉ- 
ื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ืื–ื ื‘ื™ืœื“: ืืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ืื•ืคื’ืขืจืืžื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืŸ ืžืื ื™ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืจื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืžืœ. 
ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜-ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืึธืคึผ ื ื‘ื™ื›ืœ, ืฆื™ึดืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ื–ื™ืš, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ ื’ืขืœืืกืŸ, ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืึธืจืฐืขืกืข ืคื™ืก ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื˜ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ืœืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผ ื ,ืก ืคึผืจื™ึดืขื–ื“ืึธื!" 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื˜ืฉืžืึธืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืง. 

--- ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืฐืึธื˜ืฉืงืข? -- ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื 
ื‘ืขืฉืืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. 

-- ืื•ื™, -- ื’ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื›ืืคึผ,-- ื“ื•ึน 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜? ืื–ื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš,. ื›ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข- ืึทืจ- 
ื“ืขื ื•ื ื’. 

ื“ืึธ ื‘ืืžืขืจืง ืื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืคื•ื™ืœ- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ืฐื™ืœื ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื’ืึธื“ื™ื. ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก: 

--- ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ? ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ืื™ื 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ? ื“ื•, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืืจืคืกื˜ ืื™ื 
ื ื™ื˜. ื“ื• ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜, ืื– ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืข- 
ืจืขื›ื˜. ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื”ื™ื™ื. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš 
ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ. ืžืขื’ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื! 


ื–ื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื–ืขืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ืง --- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืฑื–ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ ื ืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ 
ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ื - 
ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜, ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืŸ 
ืžืื ื™ืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืคื™ืœืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืคืขืœืข 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืขืจื’ืขืจื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜, 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืกืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, 
ื˜ืืงืข ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื›ืœ. ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื˜ ื ืคืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืงืึธืจืขืฐื•, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขึถืจ? ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื‘ืืœื“ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืกืคึผืฒึทืœืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜. 

-- ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืจ, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, -- ืฐืึทืก ืขืก 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืจืื ื“ื™ืขื–! ืกื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจืก ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขืจื‘ืœืขืš. ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜? ืžืข 
ืฐืขื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืคึผื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืขืก. ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืŸ-ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืข- 
ืจืข ืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืŸ ืื–ื ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืงืขืžืขืจืœ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฆื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืœืŸ ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆืฐื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ืžืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืœื“ 
ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขืš... ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื•ืื“ืข, ืื– ืื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ ืืฒึทืš ื ืžืฒึทืกืข ืคืืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ? 
ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืกืื™ื– ื ืจืขืืœืข ื–ืืš! ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ืกื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ.. ืื™ืš 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืคืึธืจ, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื, ื ืึธืจ ืืฒึทืš ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ- 
ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธื ื™ืง, ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขื˜ื™ืง, 
ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื”ืื•ื•ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืง, ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืฐื™ืกืŸ ื ืกืืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื–ืื›ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ื“ืึธืš ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ -- ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืง- 
ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ.. 

ื”ืืงืœืืœ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื•ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืœื˜ืข 
ื ืึธื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื ืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืื - 
ื“ืขืจืฉ... ืฐื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ืžืืžืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืœ ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขื? ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืคึผืจื™ืงืจืข, ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื›- 
ื˜ืขืจืก ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืื•ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืงืขื“ื•ื™ืžืข... ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ 


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ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืข- 
ืจื™ื’ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื•ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข. ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ื“ืึทืš ืžื™ืš, ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืื ื’ ืืฒึทื ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื– ืื™ืš ื’ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื“ืขืžืœื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืฅ ื”ืขืคืงืขืจ-ืคึผืขื˜ืจืขืฉืงืข, ืื™ืš 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ ื–ื™ืš, ื•ื™ ื ืฐื™ืคึผืขืจ. 

-- ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืึธืจ? --- ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ื ืžืืš. -- ืžืข 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขืจื‘ืœืขืš ืฐืขืจืŸ? ืื–ื•ื™-ืึธ, ืจืฒึทื˜ืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืง ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื ื˜, ืฐื™ืœ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืฒื™ื‘ื™ืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ? ื’ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจื“ ื›ืืคึผืŸ?.. ืฆื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ื•, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจื™ื ืงืขืจ 
ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ? ืืฃ 
ื ืžืืฉื™ื ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ื• ืื™ื ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ? ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžื- 
ืฉื™ื ืข ืฐื•ื™ืœืกื˜ื• ืื™ื ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ืžืื›ืŸ, ื? ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืžืืฉื™ื ืข?.. ื™ืึธ, ืกืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขืจื‘ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืกืื™ื– ื“ืึท! ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ื–. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฆืขื–ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™-ืžื™ืœื™ืืกืŸ ื ืขืคื- 
ืฉืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ -- ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืš ืขืจื’ืขืจ --- ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ.. ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืงืขืกื˜ืœ, -- ืฐืฒึทื– ืื™ืš 
ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืœืขืฐื™ื–ืึธืจ, --- ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื ืขืคืืฉืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืžืืžืขืฉ 
ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืืจืฒึทื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ.. ืžื™ืจ 
ืงื•ืงืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื™- 
ืขืŸ ื’ืœืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืžืื“ืจื™ื™ื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื›ืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ืฒื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ืฒึทื’ืขืก ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื-ืึธ ืงืขืกื˜ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืืฉื™ืŸ?.. 
ื›'ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ื“ื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ื•ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ, ื›ืืกืฐืขื›ืึทืœื™ืœืข, ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜... ื ืึธืจ ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืœื›ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ.. ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜! ืœื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืกืคึผืึธื“ืขืง. ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ื, ื–ืึธื’ืกื˜ื•, ืฆื• ืืœื“ื™ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ื™ืึธืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืšืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืงืข, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข.. 
ืึธ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื™ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฐืขืจื˜ 
ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื‘ืืœื“ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื›ื“ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ืจืขืก ืฆื• ืื™ื: ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืฐื™ ืื–ืขืœื›ืก, 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืงื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขื˜ื™ืงืœ!. 

ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืื ื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜: ืื™ื™ืกืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืฒึทื ืข 
ืื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ? ืžืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ึดืขืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก, --- ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื“ืื‘ืขืจื˜: 

-- ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜.. 


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ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ? --- ืฉืจืฒึท ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื›ืืคึผ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก. -- ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, --- ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš, --- ืื™ื– ื ืฆืขื‘ืจืึทื›ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ. ื™ืึธ, ื™ืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืงืกื˜ื• ืื–ื•ื™ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ? 
ื ืฆืขื‘ืจืึทื›ืขื ืขืจ ืืฃ ืคึผื™ืฅ-ืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืคึผื™ืฆืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ืงืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืืœื˜ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืื ื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื - 
ืฆืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ, 
ืคืืจืžืึธื’ืกื˜ ืื™ื. ืืคื“ืขืจืขืžืขืกืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขืกื˜ื• 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืึธืš-ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ื ื™ื™ืŸ --- 
ื“ืึธืก ืกืืžืข ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื• 
ืงืขื ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ืจ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ื’ื™ื ื’ืึธืœื“ ืืฒึทืŸ- 
ื’ืขื˜ื•ื ืงื˜. ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก, ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืฆืœ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืขืœืข. ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืขืžืขืกืŸ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ื‘ื- 
ื“ืขืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื ื’ืึธืœื“ --- ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืึทืœืขื›ืฅ, 
ื™ืึธ, ื™ืึธ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืึทืœืขื›ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ! 

ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืื– ืžืฒึทื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืืฃ 
ื ื”ืึทืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขื? ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืืงื˜: 

-- ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืกืึธืคืงืึทืœืกืึธืฃ ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืื™ืจืก --- ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ืฉื˜ืขืจื‘ืœืขืš... 

-- ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขืจื‘ืœืขืš? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžืืžืขืฉ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ. --- ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื“ื• ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืคึผื ื™ืžืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื›ืืœืืกืŸ? ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก 
ืฐืฒึทื‘ ื“ืฒึทื ืก, ืงื•ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื, 
ืื™ื– ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืง. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ? ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจ 
ื˜ืืงืข... ืื•ึผืŸ ื“ื™ืš ืจื™ืจื˜ ืขืก ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ 
ืคึผื™ืื˜ืขืก... ืื– ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคืืจื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ืขื˜ 
ืขืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžืขื›ื™ืœืข. ืื–ื•ื™, ืื’ืขื•ื•, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืš, 
ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืžืึธื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ... ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืžืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’.. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื›ืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ื“ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืœ 
ืžืขืŸ ืžืืžืขืฉ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืฒึทื˜? ืžืข 
ื•ื™ืœ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื ืืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ? 

ืึธื˜ ืื–ื ื‘ืึธืจืขื›ื”ืื‘ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืึทืคึผ- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื“ืขืžืœ ืžืฒึทื ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 
ืจืขื’ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืคึผืจืืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกืื™ื– 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืง ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื ืจื•ื™ื˜- 
ื‘ืขืงืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฒึทื’ืขืจื™ืง-ื’ืœื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืืคึผืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจืขืžืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜... 

ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื˜ืืงืข ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ื ืึธืจ, 
ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ... ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉืขืจืข, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื”ื™ื™ื-ืื™ื ื™ืึท- 


ื ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื- 
ื”ืื ื“ืœื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ, ื–ื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืกื™ื›ืกืขืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™- 
ื“ืขื. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉื˜ืึทืš ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืก, ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื•ื•ื“ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืกืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ.. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ื ื›ืืคึผ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆืขืงืจืขื›ืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื’ืึธื“ื™ื ืžืฒึทื ืข. ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื ืืกื˜ืื 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืก, ืืคื’ื™ืš ืืจื•ืคื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื›ืืœืื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ: 
,ื˜ืื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ? ืกืื™ื– ื“ื™ืจ 
ืฉืœืขื›ื˜?" ืื™ืš ืฉืฐืฒึทื’, ื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืคึผืข 
ื ืึธืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขื, ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ื“ื™ื“ืื˜ ืืฃ ืื•ืž- 
ืฉื˜ืขืจื‘ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื ืง, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืŸ- 
ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื–ืืจืžืข. ื ื›ืืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื ืฆืœ ืžืฒึทื ืก, ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืืคื’ื™ืš ื ื–ืึธื’ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜" --- ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขืคึผ. 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืขื›ืจืืกื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ื›ืืœืื˜ืœ 
ืืคืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ -- ื ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ. ,ื˜ืื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก!" --- ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืœ, 
ื›'ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ื“ื™ืจืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก -- ื–ื™ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ: ,ื˜ืื˜ืข, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก!" ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืžืื›ืŸ, ืื– ื‘ืืœื“ 
ื™ืื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื˜ืืงืกื™, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผ. 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืืžืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืืžืขืฉ ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขืงืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืจืฒึทืก ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ืคืืจื”ืืง ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื™ืจืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืก ื–ื™ืš 
ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืขืจืึธืคึผืึธืจื˜. ืื•ืŸ, ื ื ื“ื™ืจ --- ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึท 
ืคื™ื“ืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ. ืกืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืงื˜ 
ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜: ืฐื™ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก, ืžืขืœื“ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืœื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื 
ืœื•ืคื˜-ืœืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืกืื™ื– 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืงื•ืง ื–ื™ืš 


ืืจื•ื, ื–ื™ืฅ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืืžืึธืœื™ืึธื˜, ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ---ื ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 


ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข -- ื ื›ืืฉื›ืขืก. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ื‘ืข- 
ื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ื, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื•ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆืึธืจืŸ: ,ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, -- ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ืืœืš ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ, -- ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš? ืื™ืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ! ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš? ืื– 
ืื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ -- ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš, 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ืืฃ ืงืืคึผืึธืจืขืก!." 
ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกืœืฒึทื˜ืขืจืŸ... ืื– ืžืข ืคืืจื–ื™ืฆื˜ 
ื ืคื•ืก, ืฐื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืคื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื˜ืขืจืคึผืขื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืึธืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื’ืฒืŸ, ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื™ื™- 


ื˜ื™ืง. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ: ืื– ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื‘ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ื™ืกื ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกืฐืขืคึผืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื ื ืฒึทืขื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ: ,ื˜ืื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก!" 

ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื - 
ืงืขื ื’ืื ื’ ืงืขืจืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš ืืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ,ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ื’ืื–ืœืขืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜, - ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, --- ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ื 
ืงืœืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ืื™ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข, ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜ ื 
ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ? ื”ืึธืกื˜ 
ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ื ืืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ?" ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืกืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืกืŸ ื˜ืื ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืืง- 
ืกื™... ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืงืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืขืก ื’ืขืฅ- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ. ,ื˜ืื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก!' -- ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ 
ืืคืกื ืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ. ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื“ื™ืจ, 
ื”ืขืจืฉืœ, ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉ. ื‘ื™ืกื˜, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื‘ืื”ืื•ื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ- 
ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื ื’ืจื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืขืจื’ืขืจ --ืฐื™ ื ื’ืจืึธื‘ืขืจ-ื™ื•ื ื’. 
ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ืจ, ื”ืขืจืฉืœ, ื? ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืœื•ื’ -- ืื–ืฉ ื ืืจื™ืฉ".. 

ื˜ืืงืข ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืงืœื•ื’ืฉืืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื”ืขืจ, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง. ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืฅ ื“ืึธ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืฅ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจืก ืงืึธืœ... ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ืืจืฒึทื ื“ืจื™ืŸ- 
ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืืžืข 
ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘, ืคืจื•ืžืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ... ื™ืึธ, ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืžืฒึท- 
ื ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืœืืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืงืืฐืึธื ืขืก... ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื”ืืจื‘ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ืžื‘ืขืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืกื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืจืื‘ืึธื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆืื“ื™ืงื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคืœืขื’ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืขืก- 
ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืกืœืื›ืŸ!.. ืกืื™ื– ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื›ืึธื›ืžืข, ื–ืึธื’ 
ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืขืกืขื“, 
ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืข ื”ืืจื‘ืงืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ื”ืขืจืฆ- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฐืฒื™ื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืก, ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื“ืœืกื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื˜ืจืึธื’ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข... ื‘ื ื™ืขื“ืŸ, 
ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืžืขืก!.. 


ืฆื•ื 96-ื˜1 ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 


ืกืขื‘ื‘ื’ ื™ื™ ื“ืข ื˜ืก ื‘ื™ | 


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ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืืžืขืŸ 


ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ืžืืžืข? 
ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš -- ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘ ื ืึธืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 


ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 


ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ, 


ื“ืืŸ ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 


ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜. 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื“ื™ ืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืœืฑื’ืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืคืืœ, 

ืืคืŸ ืฐืขื’ ื“ื• ืงื•ืงืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืœื˜ ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืœ, 


ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ, 
ืืœืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืœืึธืฃ, 


ืื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื‘ืืง ื‘ืื ื“ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืขืกืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืกืึธืฃ. 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ื‘ื™ื˜ืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืขืก ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ, 

ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืฉื™ืงืขืจ, 
ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ, ืžืืžืข, ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ. 


ืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืคืืœืŸ, ' 

ื›'ื”ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืœื™ืง -- 

ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืงืื ื“ืืœืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. 


ื›'ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื‘ ื ืงืœืืคึผ ื˜ืึธื–, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื‘ืœื™ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืงืœื™ืึทืŸ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืงืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจื™, ืฐื™ ืคืœืขื’ืกื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ืขืก ื˜ืึธืŸ. 


: 


ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดืฉื‚ืขื•ื•, 
ื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ 


ื‘ืจืขื˜ืขืจ! 
ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื‘ืื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืกืขืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื–ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืžืคึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ. 


ืคื™ืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืืงืก ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื•ื™ืจืข 

ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืœึดื™ืคึตึผื•, 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืขืก ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืขืคื˜ืข ืฉึนืึธ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจื›ืจื™ืคึผืขืŸ. 


ืืฃ ืกื˜ืขื–ืฉืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ื’ืืกื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก, 


ื•ื•ืขืง ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืขืœืงื˜ืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ, 

ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ืข ืœื™ื“, 

ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ 
ืฆื•ื™ืžืขืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื“. 


ืฉืœืขืคึผ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืืœืขื›ืก 

ืฉื™ืžืœ, 
ืก'ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ืขืจื˜. 
ื“ื• ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืœืขืš ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, 
ื“ื• ืืœื™ื™ืŸ --- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืื–ืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. 


ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืง 
ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืคืืœ, 
ืืคืŸ ืฐืขื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืœื˜ ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืœ. 


ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ--ืืจืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก 


ื’ืจืึธื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจื ืข, ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขื ืก ื˜ื•ื™ืขืŸ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ืคื•ื™ืกื˜. 


ื“ืœืึธื ื™ืขืก ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืข! 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜! 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืจืขื›ืฅ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ื“ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ-ืคืขืจื“. 


ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ืจื–ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื•ื™ื’ืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ืื–ืงืึธืจืขืก ืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื™ืึธื’.. 

ื‘ืืœื“, ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจื›ืจื™ืคึผืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืขืคื˜ืข ืฉืึธ. 


ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ--ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ื”ืึธืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 


ื ืœื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ื”ื•ื ื˜ 


ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจืŸ-ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™, 
ืฐื•ึผ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืจืึธื’ืึธื–ืฉืขืก ืœื™ื’ืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื™ื’ -- 
ื’ืขืœืข ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืš ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ. 


ื‘ื™ื– ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฐื™ื ืขืจืŸ 
ื’ืขืœืขืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืืฉื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™, 


ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจื•ื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื’ืื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื™. 


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืขืก 
ื‘ืื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื ืขืจืฉืœืืง, 

ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ื‘ืืจื•ื™ื’ืขื– 
ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืง. 


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ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ, 

ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜.. 
ืกื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ 

ืืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืคืจื•ื™ืจืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื’ืœืื˜. 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, 

ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ 

ืฐื™ ื ื”ื™ื ื˜ืœ -- ื ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ืจืก ืื™ื™ื ืก. 


ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืื ื“, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง. 
ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืฐื•ืขื’. 


ื”ืืจืฆื™ืง ืœื™ื‘ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื–ืข! 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืŸ, 
ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœืึธื’. 


ื›'ื”ืึธื‘, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ, 
ืื•ื™ืœืขืžื”ืื–ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš. 

ืœื•ื™ื‘ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึธืกื™ื ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœ 

ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข-ืœื™ื›ื˜. 


ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ืขืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 


ื•ื™ื™ืงืขืœืขืš, 
ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜. 


ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืก ื™ืึธืจ ืืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 90 ื™ืึธืจ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื›- 
ื˜ืขืจืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืืŸ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ื™ื•ื - 
ื’ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืง ืคืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืข- 
ืกื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืข. 

ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ื ืก ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื ืขื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืœื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืฉืื ืจืขืŸ. ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™- 
ื“ืขืจ, ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื–ืฉืื ืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืžืขืจืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืจื™ืง. 


88 


ืคืืจื“ื•ืžืคึผืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืžืœ, 

ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฉื™ืจืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ 
ื”ื™ืžืœ 

ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื”ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ ืืคืŸ 
ืคึผืœื™ื™ืŸ. 


ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘, ื•ื™ ื ืึธืš ื ื ืขื“ืึธื•ืข, 

ื•ื•ืขื– ืžืข ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฃ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, 

ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืื›ื ืึธืขื“ื™ืง 

ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงืฒึทืงืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™. 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ --ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ื”ืึธืคืฉื˜ืฒืŸ 


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜. 


ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงื•ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ื™ืขืก, 
ื’ืจืึธื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข, ื“ื™ ื›ืฒึทืขืก, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜. 


ื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืขืก ื‘ืœื™ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ-ื”ืืœื“ื– ื‘ืื ืงืึธืจืŸ ืฐืขืœืงื˜, 
ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืฒึท ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 


ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืœืื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืขืคืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ--ืืจืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก 


ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ืŸ 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืกื˜ ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ื ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก, 
ืคื™ืœืกื˜ื•, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืึธืคืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆืืจื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืกืืžืข 
ืคืืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืข, ื“ืึธืก ืกืืžืข ื ืขืฉืึธืžืขื“ื™ืงืข. ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜, -- ืกืฒึท ื’ื•ื˜ืก, ืกืฒึท ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก -- 
ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืืฑื‘ื ืึธืŸ. ื“ื• ื˜ืจื•ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืŸ, ื“ื• ืฐืขืจืกื˜ ืื - 
ืฆื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผื™ืจืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื‘ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืืฒึทื ืคืœื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื•ืฐืขืœื˜. 

ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืœ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืกื˜ืข 
ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“. ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ 
ื ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื - 


ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืืคึผื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืœื™ืง", ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืจื•ืก- 
ืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืคืืจื‘ื ืจืฒึทื›ืข ืขืคึผ- 
ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืข ืื™ื ื˜ืึธื ืืฆื™ืขืก. 

ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืกืข- 
ื ื™ื ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืงืึธื ืงืจืขื˜. ื”ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื–ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื ืื˜ื•ืจ, ืคืืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขื›ื˜-ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืœืึธืฉืŸ, ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜. 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข, ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ื ืก ืœื™- 
ืจื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื™ื–ืื–ืฉ ืื•ืžืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœื‘ืืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 

ื. ืž. ื’ืึธืจืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ,...ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื™ ืืŸ ืึธืจื’ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข.. * 

ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืึธื™ึทืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืข 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืื’ืจืฒึทืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขืจืœื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืขื˜, ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืœืฑื™ืจื ืงืฒึทื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื™ื–ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ื ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื“ื”ืฒึทืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืืคื˜. 

ื“ื•ืจืš ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื–ื ืฆืืคึผืœื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื•ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื”ืืจืฅ. 

ืžืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื‘ื ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ื ืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื 
ืกืืš ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื ืฒึทืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืืฃ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื“- 
ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืืจื•ื, ื”ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืฐืึธืจื˜? ื“ื™ ืึธืคื ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜. 


ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ื ืก ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธืจืฃ 
ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืฐืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืกืคึผืืกื™ืงืœืขืคึผื™ืงื™, 
ืจื™ืื–ืื ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืข. ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข 
ืคืืจื‘ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, 
ื“ื™ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข, ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืืจืฉืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ืจืขืคืจืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืœื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœืื ื’ 
ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืฉืงื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืึธืฐืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืœืฆืึธื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื ืขืงืจืืกืึธืฐืŸ -- ืื–ื 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ (ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ื ืก 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’-ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ 1915 ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืœื™ื™- 
ื ื™ื ืง ืงืœื•ืžืขืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื’ืขืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจื™ืื–ืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึทื™ 
ื’ืจืื“, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ืžืข 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ, ,ื ืžืึธื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’". ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืกื˜ืข ืฐืึธืจื˜-ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืก ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ืง ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืืฆื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ืกืืœืึธื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืงืื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื•ืข, ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ื™ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ: ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจืงื™, 
ื‘ืœืึธืง, ื˜ืฉืืคึผืœื™ื’ื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ืฉืงืึธื•, ื’ืึธืจืึธื“ืขืฆืงื™, ื“ื™ ืžืึธ- 
ืœืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื™ืŸ, ื ืขืกื˜ืขืจืึธื•ื•, ืจืขืจื™ืš. 

ืคืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืจืฒึทื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ, 
ื–ืืคึผื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืฐื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก 
ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ื ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืžื•ื˜ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืงืื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึท- 


ืคืึธืœืงื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขื›ืฆืŸ, ืฆื•ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืื•ืค- 
ืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืฒื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. 

ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคืึธืจื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 1918 ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึท- 
ืœืขื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ- 
ืœืขื›ืข ,ืงืื ื˜ืื˜ืข", ื ืขืžื˜ ืืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืืคืŸ ื 
ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆ;ืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืงื™ื ืึธื“ืกืฆืขื ืืจื™... 

ืื™ื™ื ืข ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก -- ,ืื™ื ืึธื ึนื™ึดื", ,ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ 
ืคึผื•ื™ืงืขืจ", ,ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจื“ืื ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืฒึทื‘ืขืœืข", , ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’"... ืขืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืฃ ืจ- ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ืข ืจื™ื˜ืžื™ืง, ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’, ื ืจืึธ- 
ืžืื ื˜ื™ืฉ-ืื•ื˜ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœ- 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืืจืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ 
ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜... 

ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ --- ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื˜, 
ืคื•ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜, ืฆืืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜: ,ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ ื‘ืœืึธื ืงืข ืื™ืš...", ,ืึธ, ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืื™ืš 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘, ื’ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ!..". 

ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆ;ืึธื ืขืจืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜- 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืึธื™ืฉืข 
ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ืฒึทื˜. ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
,ืคื•ื’ืื˜ืฉืึธืฐื•" -- ื |ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ื•ื™- 
ื›ืขืจ ืกืึธืฆื™ึทืืœืขืจ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืฐื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืžืขืจืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ,ืงืึธื ื“ืขื ืกื™ืจื˜ืขืฃ" 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ืฉืŸ ื ื•ืกืขืš. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ,ืื™ื ืึธื ื™ื" ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทื™ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืขืจ ,ื ืึธืฐื•ื™ ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ืŸ ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™?" ื’ืข- 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜, ื ืžืฒึท- 
ืกืขื“ื™ืง-ื•ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื ืคึผื•ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืŸ 
ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ: ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื›ืฒึทื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคึผืืจืฆืขืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง, ืจื•ื™ึทื ืขืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, ืงืขืœื˜... ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœืฑื™ืจื ืงืฒึทื˜: , ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ!". ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืจืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ื›ืึท- 
ืœืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ,ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืืกื˜? -- ืืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืคืืจืžืฒึทื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืขืจื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืจื•ืก (ืคืกืขืฅืง) ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืกื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึธืข- 
ื–ื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืื™ืœื™ื•ื–ื™ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ,ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ- 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜* ืคึผืœืืฆืŸ. 

ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 1923 ืžืื›ื˜ ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื 
ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“. ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื˜ืขื ืฆืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทืกืขื“ืึธืจืข ื“ื•ื - 
ืงืืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐื™ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืฐืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ 
ืฉืœืขื›ื˜. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜, 
ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืงืื ื˜, ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜... 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืจืึธื“ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืื•ื™ืกื–ื™ื›ื˜ืกืœืึธื–ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœ,ืžืึธ- 
ืกืงื•ื•ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ืงืœืขืš"(/82620828 42100482), 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืœืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ".. 

ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ 


89 


ืžืฒึทืจืขื•ื•, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐื•ืึธืก ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, ืืฒึทื ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืจืื˜ื ืœืื ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: 
,ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื‘ืกืึธืœื™ื•ื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืื˜ืข- 
ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ- 
ื˜ื•ื". ื“ื™ ืžืื›ืฉืึธืฐื•ืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืฑืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฆื™ื™- 
ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ,ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ืžื™ืจื’ืึธืจืึธื“". ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
,ืœืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืกืงื•ื“ื ื™ืืงืขืก? ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืคื•ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืคืืจืžืฒึทื“ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืื•ืžืงื•ื. ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ืจืืกืฐืขื˜ืึธืฐ 
ื“ืขืžืืกืงื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ืขืก 
ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืœืืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืคื•ื ื“ืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขื , ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืขื? ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข. 

ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื™ืขืกืขื ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจ- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืื˜ื ืœืื ื“. ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืžืืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ โ€ ื“ืขื 
ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื•ื™ื”ืื“ืืก ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื ื ืฒึท ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 


ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืขื˜ืŸ 
ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืšืš ืฉืืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขืจื‘ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืœื™ื˜ืฉ ื ื’ืขื ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข, ื 
ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึฟืึธืœืง, ื ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื–ืขืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•- 
ืงื•ื ืคื˜ , ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื", ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ืœืขื›ืก, ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืืœืฉืข ืฉืฒื™ื ืงืฒึทื˜, ืขืงื–ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. ืื–ืขืœื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืœื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธ- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 

ืœืขื ื™ื ืก ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืฉ- 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ื ืก ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ,ืื ื 
ืกื ืขื’ื™ื ื". ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ื™ืกืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืขืคึผืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ืจื™ืง: ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืื™ื ืขื ื“ืึธืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธ ืื•ืžืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื‘ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืฆืขื ืขืก, ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืข ื‘ืื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืข- 
ื›ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข. 


,ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžืืจืฉ", ,ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 736, ,ื“ื™ 'ื‘ืืœืื“ืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื - 
ืฆื™ืง? ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื“ืื ืง ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคืจื™ื›- 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึทืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข, 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืฒึท ืฆื•ื 
ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข, ,ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื™ื“ื™ื™", ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜ ืคืืจ ื•ื“ืขื ื’ืœื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืคืึธืœืง. 


ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืืžืข 
ื‘ืœื™. ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜, , ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœืึธื ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ื˜". ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆืืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ , ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืฉืข ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ", ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข... ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜, 
ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ (ื“ืขื, ืื– ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ืคึผืึธื™ 
ื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ืงืืฐืึธื ืข ืฆื• ,ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื‘ืื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ" ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืจืขื- 
ืœื™ื˜ืขื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฑืจืงืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื–ืืš ื‘ื- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ึดืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื ื“ื”ืืคื˜ื™ืง, 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื ืขืจ 
ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืจื•ืก", ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜, ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜.. 

ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืงืจืฒึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ- 
ืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขื 28 ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ 1925 ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึนึผืึธ- 
ืขื˜ ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืžืึธืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ ,ืื ื’ืœืขื˜ืขืจ". 

ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื•ืจืขืก: 

ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืฒึท, 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืฒึทืขืจ. 

ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืจืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืืฃ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ: ื ื™ื˜ ื ืฒึท ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜, ืœืฒึทื“ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืื›ื˜ืœืึธื–ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผืฆื•ึผื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืืคืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื 
ื•ื•ืขื’. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืฑืกื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืกื˜ื™ืจืข, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื™ื - 
ื˜ืฉืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ื”ืืจืฆื™ืง ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ,ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืขื" 
ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“; โ€ 

ื‘ืœื™ื˜, ื™ื•ื ื’ืข! ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ื•ืฃ! 

ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ืืŸ 

ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•, 

ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึทืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจ, ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข, ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜... 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืืงืข ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืคึผื™ 
ื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ื ืก ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข. 


ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 


ืก. ืงืึธึทืฉืขื˜ืฉืงื™ืŸ 


ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“'ืขืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ 


ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื’ื™ืฆื™ืก 


ื‘ืื ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ 


(ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’) 


ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืฅ ืื™ืš ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ ืœืึธืžืคึผ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืื‘ื- 
ื–ืฉื•ืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘. ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืง, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข 
ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ -- ืื–ื ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืข ื–ืืš, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื–ื 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ื–ืืš -- ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื‘ื ื ืœืึธืžืคึผ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืื‘ืื–ืฉื•ืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜. (ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•- 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืจืึธื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืืฐื•ืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืœืึธื›ืข --- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ.) 

ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืข (ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜?), ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืŸ? ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš (ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก) ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ (ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ื“ืจืฒึท ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜) ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข 
ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง; ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ืฆืขืฉืคึผืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื˜ืึธื; ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืจืื“ื™ื•ื, ืจืขื ื˜ื’ืขืŸ-ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืŸ, ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืฆืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข, ืื– ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ืึธืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืงื•ื ืฆืŸ, ืืคื™ืœืข ืื–ื, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ื ื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื‘ื 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ ืœืึธืžืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื ืขื ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ื–ืืš ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืคืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง: ืื™ืš, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืฐื•ื™ืจืขื ืขืจ 
ืื•ืจื‘ืื ื™ืกื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ ื‘ืขื˜ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜-ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืืœ- 
ืžืึธื ืข, ืœื™ื ืข, ืฆื• ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืขืจ ืคืขืจืžืข, ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืจื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ; ื‘ืื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ --- ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืคืืจืฐืึธืœืงื ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืฐืึทื ืข; ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืขืœื“, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ, 
ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืœืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืื–ื ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึทื ื˜, ืื– ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืืŸ ืื™ื ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ; ืฆื•ึน ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืคืขืจืžืข-ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื›ืœืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœื˜ืข ื“ืขืž- 
ื‘ืขืก, ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข, ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ืจืขื ืข, ืคืืจื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืข ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก, ืฆื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง, ืจืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜, ืžืจื•ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ -- ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ืงื™ืœืข ืฉืึธื˜ื ืก 
ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜-ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ืฐืึธื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ. 
ืœื™ื ืข, ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข, ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื›ื•ื˜ืึธื ื™ื, ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืข, 
ื ื™ืึธืจ ืงื™ืžืื˜. (ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืึธ. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืš, ืฐื™ 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš.) 


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ื’ื•ื˜. ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ. ื’ื™ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ ืืจื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืขื›ืจืืกื˜ืขื˜ ื”ืขืžื“, ืฐืขืŸ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืืจืขื ืืจื•ื, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš (ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ืืคื™ืœืข 
ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื’ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื ื™ืคึผืก). ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืืฑื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ- 
ื‘ืืจืŸ ืืจืึธืžืื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข, ืจืฒึทืคืข ืคึผืึธืžื™ื“ืึธืจืŸ; ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข, ื’ืจื™ื ืข, ืฉืœืื ืงืข ืฆื™ื‘ืขืœืขืก; 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืœืขืš, ื“ื™ ืจืขื˜ืขื›ืœืขืš -- ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืื, ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ื‘ืื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืžืขื˜ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืœ... 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืžืข, ืœื™ื ืขืก ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืข- 
ืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื–ืขืงืก ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ื ืงื•ืง ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ -- ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข, ื’ืจื™ื›ื ืœืื ื“, ืื™ื˜ื- 
ืœื™ืข, ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ (ืž'ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืก: ,ื ืคึผืขืงืœ"), ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืึธืคึผื ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื 
ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืžืข, ืืฑืกื’ืขื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ื ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘, ื ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืขื™. ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึทื ื™ืง; ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ --- ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืข. ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื™ืŸ ื 
ื”ืื ื˜-ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืข ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื–ืฉื•ื ื’ืœื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืขื˜ื ืื. ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื 
ืคืืจืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืื”ื™ื ืฆื• ืฆื• ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื, 
ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื, ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื™ื‘-ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ , ืคึผืื˜ืจื™ืึธื˜ื™ื–ื" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. 

ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ืฆืขืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ื”ืขืœ- 
ื“ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืืœื™ื–ื" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜... ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื 
ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข-ื“ืจืื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืฆื™ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ืืฃ 
ืื™ื ืฆื• ืคืœื™ึดืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื ืฆื•, ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืžืฑื™ืจืขื“ื™ืง-ืคืืจืฐื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข, ืฆืขืฉืึธ- 
ืกืขื ืข, ืฆืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’.. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืš, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืœืข ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื™ืฆื˜ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืก ืœื™ื ืข, ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธ ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’-ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื‘ื•ืš -- ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืืจืŸ... (ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธืฃ, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืข ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ...) 

ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ืึธ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืžืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ 
ืขืจ, ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ? 

ื“ื™ ืคืขืจืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ื”ืืœื˜ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืฆื™ ืขืจ ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ. ื–ื™ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื“, ืžื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืกื•ืจื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืคึผืฉืฑ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื•ื•ืขื ืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื’- 
ืฉื˜ืึธืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืื ืงืจืึธื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืขืจ- 
ืžืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜. 

ื ืฐื•ื•ื™ืœืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืŸ. ื ืคึผืืฉืขื˜ืขืจ, ื ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืืžืึธืœ. ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืืœื™ืกื˜, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืก. ืืœืก ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจืœ ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจื“ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื”ื™ื ืฆื•. ื’ืขื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื˜, ื’ืขื“ืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜, ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ ื–ื•ืžืคึผืŸ, ื’ืขืคื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืœื™ืืจื™ืข... 
ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืขื ืขืจ, ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœื™ืกืขื ืขืจ --- ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ืขืจืกืึธื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืืฃ ื”ืฑืฆืึธืขืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ืงืจืขืžืขืจ, ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ 
ื“ืขื , ืžืึทืจื’ืŸ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ", ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœืื ื“ืกืžืื ืฉืืคื˜, ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืฉืคึผืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืขืจืžืข. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคืขืจืžืข 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืœืฒึทืกื™ืงืขืจ ืคื™ืจืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื‘ืœื™ื˜. ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื”ื™ื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื“, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงื™, ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื ื™ืง... ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืจืืงื˜ืึธืจืก, ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืึธื‘ื™ืœืŸ... ื ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื–ื™ืŸ... ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื’ื ืก... ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžื‘ืขืก... ื ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคืขื™... ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืŸ ืขืžืข- 
ืกืข ื”ื™ื™ื... 

ืขืก ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ื˜ืืงืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึธื‘ืŸ (ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื" 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ -- ืขืจ, ื‘ืึธื‘, ื ืจืขืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ื–ื™, ืœื™ื ืข, -- ื ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจืฉืข ื‘ื 
ื ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข-ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืจ), ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ื‘ืขืŸ, ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš, ื“ืขื ืžืขื›ื•ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื, 
ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื‘ืื ืœืืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: --,;ืื™ื– ืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืžืขื›ื•ื˜ืŸ?" -- ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ื•ื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืื– 
ืขืจ ,ืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืฃ ืงืืฉืข" ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื˜ืขืจ 


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ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ: --,;ืื™ื– ืฆื•ึนืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ? ืคึผืื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืขื›ื˜, ืคึทึผืืคึผื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื ื˜?" 

ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ืžืขื›ื•ื˜ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทื ืขื, ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ? ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฉืืคืŸ, ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื ืžื™ื˜ืฉืข- 
ืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื–, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืจืขื“ ืฆื•ื ืœืึธืžืคึผ.. 

ืึธื˜ ื–ืข ืื™ืš ืื™ื, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืืฑื’ืŸ, ื‘ืขืŸ, ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื 
ื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑืงืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจืฑื˜, ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืึธื‘ืข, 
ืฆืขืงืืจื‘ื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ื ื™ื•ื™ืฉืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืคึผืœื™ึดืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜. ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื 
ืฐืขื’ ืื”ื™ื™ื --- ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืืจืœื•ืกื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขื ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืŸ (ื ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ืžืขื’ ืื™ืš, ื•ื™ ืฉืขื ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ). 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ... ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ื“ืึธ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ื–ื™ืš: ืฆื™ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืขืจ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ.. (ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ.. --- ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžืื˜ืึธื ืข, ืฆื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืคืืจืฉืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ) ืฆื™ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธืจื“ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ... 

ื ืื˜ื•ืจ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืž'ืจื•ืคื˜ 
ื ืื˜ื•ืจ. ื–ื™ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืฉืึธืขืŸ, ื˜ืขื’, ื™ืึธืจืŸ. 

ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ืงืœื•ื’ืข, ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ. ื ืจืื›ืžืึทื ืขืกืคื•ืœืข ืืคื™ืœืข. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื–ื 
ื–ืืš ืฐื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ. ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฆื™ ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜, ืฆื™ ื“ื• ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ ืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ืืš --- ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื“ืขื ืžืึธื’ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ, ื“ื™ ื ื™ืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืœืข ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ืืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื›ืึธืœืขืžืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ื ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืกื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื’ืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜. 

ืึธื˜, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืกื˜ ืึธืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ: ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื•ื•ืืงืืฆื™ืข" ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืขืก ืฐื™ืœ 
ื–ื™ืจ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง.. ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง? ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืฆื™ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘, ื ื ืฒึทืข 
ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ืื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื•ืจืข? ื›'ืคืจืขื’ ื‘ืื ืœืึธืžืคึผ.. 

ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ. ืื– ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ -- ื›ืืœืขืฉืกื˜ื•, ื–ื™ 
ืื ืขืกื˜ืขื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ. ืึทื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ื ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธืฉืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืก 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ? ืžืขื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ, ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื? ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื•ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœื“, 
ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืฉื•ึนืœื“... ืึทื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ.. 


ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ. ืขืก ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื. ื›ื•ืฅ ืžื™ืจ, 
ื›ื•ืฅ ืขืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืžืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืขืก ืฐืฑื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืžืข ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืึธืš 
ื’ืขืฉืฐื•ื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™: ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืžืขืงืกื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ --- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืคืื˜ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืขื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ. ื–ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืขืกืŸ, ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืก, ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื–ื•ื™. ืกืื™ื– ื–ึตื™ื™ ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜. ื–ื•ืžืขืจืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืคืืจืืŸ 
ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื›ืึธืคึผื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืงืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฆืขืœื˜ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืขืจืžืขืจืก ืึธืคึผืคืœื™ึดืขืŸ, ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ืฆื• ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืจืžืขืจืก, 
ืฆื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ืฆื• ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืกืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ืข ื“ืึทืœืืจืŸ (ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืกื’ืข- 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜) ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืคืขืจืžืข ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืคื–ืขืขืจ, 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืฑืคึผื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงืืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ ืžืขืงืกื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™. ื“ื™ื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ืขื ืขืŸ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ ืงื™ืžืื˜, 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืžืขืงืกื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื“ื™ึดืขื’ืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฑื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฐืฒื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืจ -- 
ื“ืึธืก ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืข -- ืื›ื˜ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื --- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื, ืœื™ื™- 
ืžืขื ืขื ืคืœื™ื’ืœ ื‘ื ื‘ืขื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืก ื”ื•ื™ื–. ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืžืข ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคื˜, ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื˜ืืจืข-ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœื•ื’ืŸ, 
ืคืขื™ึดืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ืขื’ืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืฐื™ ืœื™ื ืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’-ืคืึทื“ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง, ืื™ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ื™ื•ื™ืฉืขืจื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธ. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืŸ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืื™ื, 
ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ื ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื. ื“ื™ึทืขื’ืึธืก ืคืจื•ื™ ืžืขืจื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉืข 
ืžืขืงืกื™ืงืื ืขืจืŸ --- ืืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ื™ื™ืŸ. 


ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ืขืก ืืœืขืžืึธืœ, ืคืืจื‘ืฒื™ื’ื™ื™- 
ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืคืœื™ื’ืœ, ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ืžืขืจื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื ื ืงื•ื™ืฉ, ืงื•ืงืŸ 


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ืืฃ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืืคึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ืœืขืš. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืฉ ื ื”ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืขืจื™ ืœืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜: , ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืฉืึธืœืขื›ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืฆืขืฉืคึผืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืคึผื™ืฆืขืœืข ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืœืข ืคึผื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืื™ื– ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืงืขืžืคืŸ". ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืœืข ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธืœืขื›ืฅ ืึธืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜, ืคืืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืคื’ืขืคึผื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืึธืœืขื›ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข 
ื›ื•ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื ืขืคืขืฉ. ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืจืขื’ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื˜ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข ื 
ืฆื•ืงืขืจืงืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงื™ื ื“. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืขืก ื ื›ืืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืจืข ืื›ื˜ื›ืื“ืึทืฉื™ืžื“ื™ืง ืงื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ืขืœืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ืงืขืฆืœ ื ื›ืืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขื ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจืœ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื... ื’ืจื™ืœืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“-ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืจืขืฆื™ื›ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืจื•ื˜ ืคึผืขื ืขืžืœ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืื–ื ื–ืืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ื ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข. 

ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืก ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืงืขืจืงืขืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืฒึทื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืฆื™ ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืฆื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘: ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืืŸ 
ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜, ืฆื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื›ื˜ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ืžื“ื™ืง ืงื™ื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฆื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจืื ื’ ืฆื• ื›ืืคึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฆื• 
ื”ืืกืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข?.. ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืคืืจื•ื ื’ ืฐืขืŸ-ืขืก-ืื™ื–, ืื– ืก'ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื•ื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื–ืœืขืŸ, ืฐื™ืœ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืฆื•ืจืื‘ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ? ืฐื•ึผ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ื ืงืข, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฆื™ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื? ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืžืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื˜ืŸ, ื›ื•ืฉื™ื, ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฆื™ 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ืคื˜ ืฆื• ื ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฆื• ื ืฉืœืื ื’?.. ืื™ืš ืœืขืจืŸ 
ื“ืึธ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืžืข. 

ื™ืึธ, ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ึดืขื’ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืฐื ื˜ืŸ, ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ืืจืข ื“ื™ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืกืคื•ืœืข ืžืขืงืกื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืก, ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•... ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ: ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฑืขืจ, ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืจืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืื›ื˜ื™ื’ืืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ื ืขื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜-ืœืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข? ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืืจืžืึธื ื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืขื ื’ื™ื˜ืืจืข-ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืข ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขื“ื™ืง ื ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืžืึธืฆื™ืข, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข? ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืืจ ื ืงื™ืฉืขืฃ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืžื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก 
ืฆืขื’ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืื›ื˜ื™ื’ืืœ, ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ื™ื˜ืืจืข?.. 


ื™ืึธ, ื“ื™ึดืขื’ืึธ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’, ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ, ืžื•- 
ื–ื™ืง, ืžืึธืœืขืจืฒึท, ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ื ืœืึธืžืคึผ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ. ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคื˜. ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืจื ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื ืืจืŸ, ืฆื• ืคืืจืคื™ืจืŸ. 
ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜, ืžืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ, ื ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขืงืกื™ืงืื ืขืจ 
ืืงืฆืขื ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืฆื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื ื˜ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข, ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฆื™ื™ืŸ.. 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ -- ื›ื.. ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ื™ื•-ืžืขืงืกื™ืงืึธ, ื˜ืขืงืกืึธืก, ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžืขืฆื™ืขืก 
ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ึดื–ื™ืื ืข, ืืœื™ืืกืงืข, ืคึผืœืึธืจื™ื“ืข... ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืฆื™ืคื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื“ื–ืœืขืŸ.. 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ืื–ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืกืืžืข ืงื•ื‘ื, ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืŸ... 
ืกื™ ืกื™. 

ื“ื™ืขื’ืึธ... ื›'ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก --- ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ืœื™ื‘. ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ... ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื™ ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื ื“ื™ืง... ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื... ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืก ืคืืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ... ื–ืึธืœ 
ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื™ ืืŸ ืืกืคึผืขืงื˜, ืฐื™ ื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™- 
ืžื•ื ื’, 

ืกืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜, ื’ืื ืฅ ืฉืคึผืขื˜. ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš -- ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืจื™ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืขื˜. 
ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ. 
ืกืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ-ื ื™ื˜-ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึธืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืจืื›ื˜- 
ื‘ืืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทืคืœื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืืขืจืึธืคึผืœืืŸ. ื“ื™ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ื™ืžืœ ื ืคื•ืœืข. ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืงื™ืœืข. ืกื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืŸ-ื ื™ื˜-ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžืจื•ืงืขืŸ 


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ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงื•. ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืืจื•ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ื’ื™ื’ืื ื˜ืŸ. ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืœืึธืคึผืฆื™ืžืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื‘ืœื™ื™ื›ืข, ื’ืขืœ-ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื˜ืขื–ืฉืงืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžื‘ืขืก. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื 
ื‘ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžื‘ืขืก ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืืœืข ืฐืฒึทืกืงืฒึทื˜, ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ ืฐืึทืœื˜ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืคืœื™ื’ืœ... ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืขืจืฒ.. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ื“ื™ึดืขื’ืึท"... ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜: ืœื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื’ืื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืฒึทืกืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ืข ืืจื‘ืœ, ื‘ืœื•ื–ืข. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืฒึทื˜ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข -- ื“ื™ึทืขื’ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื™ื ื•ื™ืจื˜, ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจื˜ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื–ืข ืื™ืจืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก, ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืืจื•ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืฐื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืฆื•ืฆื•- 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. ืคืืจืœืึทืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืึธืžืคึผ, ืื ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืขืกื˜ืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืก, ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืื’ืข. ื ื•, ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ? ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ? ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืขืกื˜ืขืจืŸ? ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก? ืขืก ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ... ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš... ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืœ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ... 

ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’. ืฐื™ ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ... ื•ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืืคื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืฆืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื™ืขืš, 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืฐืขื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ื™ึดืขื’ืึธ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ... ืื•ืŸ ืืœืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ... ื“ืึธืก ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืกืฒึท ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืกืฒึท ื‘ื ืื™ืจ... ืขืก ืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜.. ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ, ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธื’ื™ืง... ื“ื™ 
ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืก ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ.. ื“ื™ ืžื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืคืืจืฉื™ืงืขืจื˜. ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœื˜: ืขืก ืžื•ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข, ืฉื ืขืœ-ืคึผื•ืœืกื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืข 
ืœืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืข ืžืึธืจืืœื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื˜ืจืึธืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืืจืงืึธื˜ื™ืง, ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืœืืžื™ืงืข ื‘ืื’ืขืจืŸ. ื™ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ -- 
ืคืœื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขืŸ... ืก'ื ื–ื™ื ื“ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืขืก.. 


ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ: ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืžืข ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื”ื™ื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืคืœืขื’ืžืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ, ื ืคึผืขืกื™ืžื™ืกื˜, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืืฑืก; ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ --- ื ืžื™ืŸ ื“ื™ึดืฅ- 
ื’ืึธ, ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืฒื™ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืงืขืžืคืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืืก, ืฆื™ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜. ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ืึธืคื˜ 
ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืื– ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. 

ื–ื™ืฅ ืื™ืš ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืฐื ื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืึธืžืคึผ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืื‘ืื–ืฉื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘. ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืœืึธืžืคึผ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืžืขื›ื•ื˜ืึธื ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื ืžืื˜ืึธื ืข ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฃ-ืื•ืŸ-ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ืื ื™- 
ื•ื•ืขืจืกืืจ. 

ืืžืึธืœ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืจ ืžื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ื›ืืคึผ ืื™ืš ื ืงื•ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืขืœืขืฐื™ื–ืึธืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืื ืึธืข. ืœื™ื ืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื ืกืืš. ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืก ื‘ื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜. ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜, 
ื•ื™ ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืงืึทื ืงื•ืจื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. 

ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืขืก ื‘ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืจ ืึธื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, 
ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜. ืื™ืš ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ื ืกืืš ื‘ืื ื˜ืจืืงื˜, ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื“. ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืžื•ืจืขื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข, ืฐื™ ื‘ืœืฒึทืขื ืข, 
ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก ืื™ื–, ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืึทืคืขื ืข ืฉืขืจ, ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ืกื˜ืฒึทืข ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ, 
ื›'ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ --- ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืงืื˜ืฉืงืขืก, ืขืคืฉืขืจ. ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ 
(ื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜-ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš) ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ, ืื›ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื ื ืื›ื˜ื™ื’ืืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืืจ- 
ื‘ืขืจืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธื“ืœืขืจืก. ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขืจืœืขืŸ, ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืงืจืึธืขืŸ, ืงืื ืืจื™ื™ืงืขืก, ืžืขื•ื•ืขืก, 
ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ื’ืฒึท... 

ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจื˜, ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึทืœ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐื•- 
ื“ื™ืงืข ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืคืืจื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื™ืขืš... ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืืฃ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜. ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื ื”ื•ื™ื– ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ืืจื™- 
ื‘ืขืจืฉืคึผืื ืขืŸ ื ืงืื ืื•ื•ืข. ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจื•ืฃ ืืฃ ื 


09 


ื ืขืกื˜ (ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜) ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจืืฉืงืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื–ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆืืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•- 
ืจืืฉื ื™ืง ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื›ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืืœืขืจื™ื™ืขืก, ืœืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืข. ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืื™ื™ืขืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืœื•ื˜ ื ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจืืฉืงืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜. ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฆื™ 
ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข, ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข, ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆื™ื ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื•ืจืืฉืงืขืก ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ, 
ืืฒึทืœืŸ, ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืœืขืš, ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื™ ื ืึธืš ื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืื˜ืืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข:- 

ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื›ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš: ืฐื•ึผ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผื™ืฆื™ื ื•ื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืข ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื™ืขืš, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ, 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื’ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืก ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ? ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื–ื™ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข, ื“ื™ ื’ืขื ื™ืืœืข ืื™ื™ื’ื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขื™ึดืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืคืฆื•- 
ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืคึผืœืืŸ ืื–ื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš? ื–ื™ื™ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ -- 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ื˜ืขืœืขืคึผืื˜ื™ืฉ... ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™? ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™, ืฆื™ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ 
ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืืจืืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืœื•ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“? 
ืฐืึธืจืขื, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ --- ืื™ืš... ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื’ืขืคื™ืœ, ืขืคึผืขืก ืืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืžื•ืจืืฉืงืขืก, ืฐืึธืก, ืฐื™ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ- 
ืœืขื›ืŸ ืžื™ืŸ? ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืขืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื›ื–ืึธืจื™ืขืกื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜, -- ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื ,ื›ืื“ื’ืื“ื™ืึธ", --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. -- ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืจืขืกื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื ื–ื™ืŸ, 
ืฆึดื™ ืึธืŸ ื ื–ื™ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคึผืœืื ื™ืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื•ืขืŸ. ืื–ื™ื™ 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื ืึธืฆื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜. ืึธื˜, ื“ื• ืืœื™ื™ืŸ --- ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืœืขืจ, ืคื™ืฉืขืœืขืš, 
ืœืขืžืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืงืกืŸ ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ. 


ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜: ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ื•ื™ ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ึดืขื’ืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ืืจืข. ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง, ื“ื™ืขื’ืึธ? ืœื™ื ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ืืคึผืข ื ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ืึธืจืข, 
ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ. ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข, ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ื™ื ืข, ืคืืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื ื˜ืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ื™ืคืข ื˜ืขื ืขืจ... ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืœืืฉื˜ืฉืขื ื“ื™ืงืข, ืคืฒึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืข 
ืฉืœืขื ื’ืœืขืš ืืฃ ืื™ืจืข ืคื•ืœืข ื ืืงืขื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื–ื™, ืขืคืฉืขืจ, ืื– ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืฐื™ ื“ื™ 
ื’ื™ื˜ืืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืคืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืขื›ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข. 

ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ืึธืงืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืœืŸ, ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืžืื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉ-ื’ืขืึธืžืขื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืกืŸ, ืฉืžืขืงื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึธื ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื–ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืฒึทืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืจื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืขืก ืื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™. 

ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ึดืขื’ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืžืขืจื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืข- 
ื’ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš -- ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืœื™ื‘ืฉืืคื˜... ืœืฒึทื“ื ืฉืืคื˜... ืขืจืึธื˜ื™ืง.. 
ื”ืึธื ื™ืง... ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื ื™ืง --- ื“ื™ึทืขื’ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืข. ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืคืฒึทืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื 
ื’ื™ืคื˜, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื™ืก ื”ืขื ื˜, ื ืขื’ืœ, ื”ืืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื•ื™ืขืš ืฆื• ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืืฒึทื ืฆื•ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื ื™ืง?.. 


ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืœื“ ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืืกื ื“ืข 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืจื•ืš. ืึธื˜ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก --- ืกืื™ื– ื”ืึทื ื™ืง, ืึธื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™, 
ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผืคืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืก, ืึธื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก... ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืก? ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜-ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืœืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืžืขืจืกื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธื˜ืขืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื–ืึธืœื™ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืžืึธืœืข, ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืš, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืกื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ -- ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืžืข ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืก --- ื“ื™ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข... ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ... 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜... ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ... ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข? ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืš, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 


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ืฉืืงืืœืŸ ืฐืึธื™ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ืื™ืจ, ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš: ืฆื™ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ื ื•ืงืœืขืืจืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืขืžื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ: (ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ?) -- ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ, ืฆื™ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ืึทื ืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง (ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืกืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืฆืขืฉืžืขืœืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืžืขืœืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ืฉืข ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ), 
ืœืึธื–ื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ื‘ืื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืžืืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื , ื’ืจืขื ื“-ืงื™ื ื™ืึธืŸ", 
ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ... ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืื–ื ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืื–ื ืงื™ืฉืขืคื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื ืขื›ื˜, ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข. ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืœืขืฐืึทื ืข, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืขืืฆื™ืข. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืฃ ืฐื•ื™ ,ื˜ื•ื™ื˜"? ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฐืฒื™ืกื˜. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืคืŸ ืฐื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื’ืฒึทืกื˜, ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข, ืœื™ื‘ืข, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ... ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ -- ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ืขืก ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจืŸ, ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื–ื™ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื–, ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข, ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ... ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืš ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื–: ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ื’ืฒึทืกื˜, ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข... ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืคื™ืจื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ืจืข ื›ืขืžื™ืฉืข ืืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘. ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ืื–ื ื–ืืš, ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืžื˜ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก, ืื–ื ืื•ืžื–ืขื‘ืืจืขืจ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ (ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื›ืฒึทืขืก?), ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืจื•ืคืŸ ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืก? ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก... ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืžืึธืœ. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึทื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ --- ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขื ืขื. ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ืขืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ 
ืื–ื ื–ืืš ืฐื™ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข -- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ืœืขื‘ื˜, ืึธื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืฅ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ื–- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธืžืคึผ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืื‘ืื–ืฉื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืกืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื”ื•ืžืึทืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ?). ืื™ืš 
ืœืขื‘, ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ -- ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข. ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ ืื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉ-ื›ืขืžื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืก ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข. ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืจืึธื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื›ืขืžื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ -- ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. 


ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืงืืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื 
ืœื•ืคื˜-ืคึผืึธืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื™ืง -- ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜. ืื›ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™. 
ื ืฉืึธ ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ื ืฉืึธ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: ื“ื™ึทืขื’ืึธึท โ€ ืื™ื– ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืึธื’. ืœื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืฒื™ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ืงืข, ืฐื•ื™ ืืฃ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืงืขืก. ืื™ืš (ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืข ืขืก) ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืง. 
ื–ื™ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜. ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก ื–ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืข. ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš. ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคืขืœื“. ื’ืขื ื•ื’ 
ืคืขืจืžืข. ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืกืœืขืš. ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืข.. 
ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ ืžื•ื– ืคืืจื˜ื™ืง ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืคืืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืขืก ืฐื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš... (ื“ืึธืก 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ, ,ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืง", ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง. 
ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ืืŸ ืขืžืขืก. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืžืขืจืกื˜ืŸ: ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืขืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ-ืขืก-ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื ื–ืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ.) ,ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืืื•ื“ื™ืขื ืฅ", ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืฅ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžืืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืขื›ื•ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืึธืŸ ื‘ืืฆืึธืœื˜ืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึท- 
ื‘ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืง ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื“ื™ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœืคืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืฒึทื ืกื˜ืข, ืžืขื“ื™ื˜ืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืื™ื ืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง-ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืืงืืฆื™ืข: 


ื“ืขืจ ืืขืจืึธืคึผืœืืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื˜ืืงืข ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜. ืฐืึธืจืขื ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืฐื™ 
ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธื ื™ืจืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธื ื™ืจื˜. ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืกื•ืจื™ื. ืกืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ... ืœื™ื ืข, 


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ื–ืข ืื™ืš, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื ืฆืขื˜ื•ืžืœื˜ืข, ื ื‘ืœื™ื™ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜. ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ; ื•ื•ืขืŸ-ื ื™ื˜-ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจืื ื–ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜. 

ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื ืขืจื•ื•ืขื–. ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืงื•ื™ื ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื 
ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™, ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื’ื™ื™ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ. ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. 


ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืคื™ืจ ื˜ืขื’. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ื ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฉื•- 
ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืžืข ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืจ ื˜ืขื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื• ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ. ืื•ืŸ.. 

ื–ื™, ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœื™ื ืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืึธ. ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื•ืงื•ืงืŸ ืฆื• 
ืื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื ื‘ืœื™ื™ื›ืข... ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ... ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื'ืคืฆื•- 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื , ืคึผืื ื“ืึธืจื-ืงืขืกื˜ืœ", ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืกื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืœืข ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข 
ืจื•ื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขืง ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ืฒึทื˜. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืื ื“ืึธืจื, ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข, 
ื ื™ื˜-ื‘ืืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืข ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืคืืจื“ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืขืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, 
ืฐื•ื™ ืขืก ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜ ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืžืึธืจืขืฉื›ืฑื™ืจืขื“ื™ืงืข ื›ืžืืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืœื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื’ืขืœื˜ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜, ื•ื™ 
ื–ื•ื›ื ื“ื™ืง ื•ื• ืฆื• ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืืœืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื˜ืจืึธืคึผื ืก ืจืขื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื›ืžืืจืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืฆื•ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืœืขื ื“ื’- 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืฅ -- ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ื•ื ืขืจ... ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื ื’ื™ืก ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืžืขืจืก.. ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืืจื•ื. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–. ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืึธืžืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธืžืคึผ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ืœื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ืืคึผืข. 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ื–ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจ-ืจืื“ื™ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืœืึธื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ื‘ืื ืกืืžืข ืœื•ืคื˜-ืคึผืึธืจื˜. ื”ื•ื’- 
ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจื˜. ื™ืึธ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ... --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื›ืœื™ืคึผืขื˜... ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืค- 
ื’ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืขืกื˜ืขืจืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ-ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื•ืš... 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื“ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื“ื™ืœ, ืื™ืš ืฐื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก... ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžื•ืจืืฉื ื™ืง, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจืืฉืงืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ ืฆืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ื ืจืขื’ืข... ื ืจืขื’ืข... ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ, ืึธืŸ ืœืึธื’ื™ืง ื ืงืื˜ืืกื˜- 
ืจืึทืคืข. ื˜ืืงืข ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืœืึธื’ื™ืง? ืขืก ืžื•ื– ื“ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืกื™ื‘ืข, ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื, ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ -- ื ืกื™ื‘ืข: ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ืžืคึผื•ืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื™ืขืš. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืืขืจืึธืคึผืœืืŸ --- ืž'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืž'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืกื™ื‘ืข, ืž'ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืืœืขืก ื“ืขืจ- 
ืงืœืขืจืŸ. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ: ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทืคืขืœืข.. ืฆื™ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืึธื ื’ืขืคืœืฑื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธื˜ืึธืจ... ืฆื™ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืื“ืืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผื™ืœืึธื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฐื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื- 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืข, ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉืข, ืžืขื›ืื ื™ืฉืข ืคืขืœืขืจืŸ, ืื– ืžื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆืŸ, ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืฆื•ื ื™ืฉื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื˜ื”ืึทืจื ื˜ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื“ืขืจ (ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•- 
ืจื™ืง): ,ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืืฃ ืกืื ื˜ ืœื•ื™ึท ืจืขื™". ื ื‘ืจื™ืง, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืง ืคืืœื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื–ื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ืงื–ืืœ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื”ืขื›ืขืจืŸ 
ื’ืฒึทืกื˜, ื ื”ืขื›ืขืจืขืจ ืงืจืืคื˜, ืฆื™ ืžื–ืึธืœ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื’ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ 
ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™. ื ื•, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืืจื•ืคื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฉื•ืœื“ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืžื–ืขื‘ืืจืŸ 


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ื’ืึธื˜. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื ื•ืฆืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืฃ , ืฉื™ืงื–ืืœ", 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื˜ืึธืŸ , ื˜ื™ื™ืงื•" (ืชื™ืงื•). 

ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื ืจืขื’ืŸ... ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืš, ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. 

ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื’ืึธ. ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืื˜ืืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข. ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืฆื•ื ืœื•ืคื˜-ืคึผืึธืจื˜. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจื˜. ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืืžื˜ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆืฒ --- ืžื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืืœืข ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฐืฒึทืขืก... 

ืœื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธื ื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืคืขื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ. ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ- 
ื‘ืจื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื‘ืื ืœื•ืคื˜-ืคึผืึธืจื˜. 


..ืื™ืฆื˜ -- ืืœืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื™ื‘ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืœืขืฐืฒึทืข, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ... ืคืขื™ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ืึธืจืฉื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘-ืื•ืŸ-ื’ื•ื˜ืก, ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื ืง-ืงืขืกื˜ืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜, 
ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืžืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืคืขื™. ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื™- 
ืจืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืืจ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื 
ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืขืจืžืขืจ. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ ืžืขืงืกื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ึทืงืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ึดืขื’ืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืคืืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขืง ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืข ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืžืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐื™ ืคืขื™ืก ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืกื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื 
ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื•ื-ืคื™ืจืžืข ืฆื• ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™. 

ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฉืืคืขืก, ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ืง- 
ืœืขืš, ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ... ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืึธืžืคึผ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืื‘ืื–ืฉื•ืจ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืžืขืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื“ืึธ... ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜... ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืกืืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฐื™ืœ ื–ื™ืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. 


ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ืจืึธึทืฉืขื ืงืึทืฐ 


ืจืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ 1965 


(ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ,ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ") 


ื“ืขื 3-ื˜ืŸ ืืคึผืจืข?. 

ืงืืžืื ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืขืŸ, ืงื•ื–ื ืขืฆืึธืฐืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจื˜ 1965 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ืงืึธืจื™ืขืจื ื“ืขืœื ืกืขืจื" ืคืืจ- 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,ื“ื™ ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก'. ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืคื•ื ืขื 28 ื ืึธื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1960 ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ 14 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžืึทื ืืฐื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงืœื•ื™- 
ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืœื•ื’: ืฉื™ื‘ืึธื˜ื™ืŸ, ื“ืึธืœื’ืึธื•, ื–ืื•ื•ืื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, ื‘ืขืœืึธืงืึทื ื™ืขื•. 
ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืขื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืกืžืึทื ืืฐื˜ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื 28 ื ืึธื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1960 ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ -- ืื™ืŸ ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1964. 

ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึท ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื“ื™ื™ืข ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึท- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืงืจืืกื ืื™ื ื–ื•ื•ืขื–ื“ื", ืื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜: ,ื•ื•ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืžืฒึทืกืขืก?" ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ: 

,ื‘ืื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืึธื‘ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื’ืข- 
ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืกืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืื–ืข ืคึผืจืขืกืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืกืึธืคืขืง, ืฆื™ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืึธื•ื• ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก", 


ื”ืขืžืฉืขืš. ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื–ืข ื ื•ืž. 9, 1985, 


100 


ื“ืขื 10-ื˜ืŸ ืืคึผืจืขืœ. 

ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืงืจืืกื ืื™ื ื–ื•ื•ืขื–ื“ื" ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืก ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ โ€ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ". ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: 

...ืขืก ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืขืก: 
ื“ืขื˜ืืœืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก, ืžืื ืขื•ื•ืจื™- 
ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื, ืžืึธื ื˜ืื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืึธื‘ืกืขืจืฐื•ื- 
ื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ืจืื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“". 

ื“ืขื 11-ื˜ืŸ ืืคึผืจืขืœ. 

ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืขืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ,ืžืื˜ืึธื ืขืก ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžืึท- 
ื ืื•ื•ื˜ืŸ". ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ , ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข 
ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ" ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ืง. ืข. ืฆื™ืึธืœืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก ืงืึทื ื˜ืืงื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1924 ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•- 
ื”ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜-ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข. ืงืึธื ืงืจืขื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ ื ืกืขืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ- 
ื˜ืขืจืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืืจืข ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืืฆื™ืขืก. ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืืจื“ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืืคืŸ 
ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืกืขืงืฆื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1924 ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: 

,ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ืื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืขืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืืจืข 
ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืืฆื™ืขืก... ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืขืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืœืขืงืฆื™ืขืก, ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš, ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื–ื•ื ื˜, ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื• ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืคื™ืœืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื ื’... ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก. ืื™ืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื•ืง ื ืจื™ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืจืืงืขื˜ืขืก. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ-ืงืจืฒึทื–, ื ืึธืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื•ื™ืกืŸ- 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืšืจ 


ื›'ื”ืึธืฃ, ืื– ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืึทื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ื“ืจื•ืง. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื–ื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ? ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืืจ ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ.. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืง ืฆื™ึธืึธืœืงืึธืฐืกืงื™., 


ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืจืขื’ื•ืœืขืจืข ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ืฅ. ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืงื- 
ื“ืขืžื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืฃ ืืœืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1924 ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฆื™ืึธืœืงืึทื•ื•ืกืงื™ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: ืœื™ื‘ืข ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื! ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ 17-ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืึธืงืึธืœืึธื•ื•ืŸ (ื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงื•ืจืก). ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ืคืืจื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜... ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืคืืจืืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืึทื‘ืขืจื˜ืก ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืื™ื•ื•ืข 
ื˜ืื•ืกื™ื. ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื• ื‘ืืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื. 


ืืฒึทืขืจ ืง. ืฆื™ึธืึธืœืงืึธึทืฐืกืงื™. 

ื“ืขื 12-ื˜ืŸ ืืคึผืจืขืœ. 

ืึทื ื˜ืฒืœื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืก- 
ืžืึธื ืื•ื•ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืขืžืœ, 

ื“ืขื 15-ื˜ืŸ ืืคึผืจืขืœ. 

ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื ืžืขื“ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจืŸ-ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืขืจ 
ืืกืึทืฆื™ืืฆื™ืข ;ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื ืขื ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก" ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืกืึธืฆื™ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืกื˜ืจืึธื ืื•ื•ื˜ื™ืง. 

ื“ืขื 20-ื˜ืŸ ืืคึผืจืขืœ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ ืœืขืึธื ื™ื“ ืื•ื˜ื™ืึธืกืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืฒึทืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 70-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™: 

,ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืขืคื™ืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธืœื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก. ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืืงืข ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™", 

ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืข, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ --- ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจื•ื ื’. 

ื“ืขื 16-ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ืึธืจ ืงืึธื ื™ืึธื ืงืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืก ื‘ืื–ื•ืš 
ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ื™ืกืฉื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึท- 


11 


ื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ืกืงืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื" ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ืึธืจืก ืืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธื›ืŸ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื•ืจืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทืขืจ: 

, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื’ืขืฉืขื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ืขื ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืื–ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื- 
ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืึธืจืขื ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจืื ื“ื™ึดืขื–ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ืขื, ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. 

ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืก... ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืคืืจ ืืœืข 
ืžืึธืœ ืžืื›ืŸ ื ืกืึธืฃ ืฆื• ืกืงืืจื‘ืึธื•ื•ืข ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืื– ,ืขืก ืคืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ". ืคืืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืคื˜ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืœืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืกืœืฒึทืฐืขืก, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผืืœื™ื˜ืจืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื™ืžืคืึธื ื™ืข". 

ื“ืขื 17-ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก, ืื– ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื ืงืจืฒึทืš ืืฃ ื“ืขื 
ืืฐื•ื™ื-ืกืืœืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืข ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉืข. ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืžืึธื“ืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ึดื- ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืืงืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‚ื™ืฃ ,ืฐืึธืกื˜ืึธืง". 

ืก. ืคึผ. ืงืึธืจืึธืœื™ืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ 
ื™ื•ืœ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืงืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืฐืึธืกื˜ืึธืง" ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธื ื™ืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. 

ื“ืขื 25-ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท. 

ืงืึธืจืึธืœื™ืึธื•ื• ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืืจื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืคืืจืžืื˜ืขืจื˜, 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืจ. 

--- ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื•, ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ ืคึผืืฐืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ. 

ืงืึธืจืึทืœื™ืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื™ื•ืจื™ ืืœืขืงืกื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: 

--- ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ื“ื™ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข, ื“ื™ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืจื•ืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก? ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืขื ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขืจื“? ื ืคึผืœื- 
ื ืขื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ-ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื? ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืก ื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ? ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืจืึธืœื™ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข ืื™ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“? ื“ื™ ืžื™ืคืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฐืึทื ืข ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื›ืกื˜ืข. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฐื•ืขื ืขืจืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ.. ื™ืึธ, ืคืืจืืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ. 

ื“ืขื 1-ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ. 

ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื“ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืขืงื–ืืžืขืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื“ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืขืงื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ื. ื. ืงืึธืกืžืึธื“ืขืžื™ืื ืกืงื™ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ,ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืืจื“ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืฆื™ึธืึธืœืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™". 

--- ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. 

ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืื ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ: 

--- ืื™ืš ืคืืจืžืึธื’ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฆื™ืึธืœืงืึธืฐืกืงื™ืŸ.- 

-- ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš, ื™ื•ืจื™ ืืœืขืงืกื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจืžื•ืœื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ึทืึธืœืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ -- ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืจ: ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ืžืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ื’ื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜... ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขื 
ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง ืฆื•ื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. 

ื“ืขื 2-ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ. 

ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜. ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืขืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืืฐื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ,ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก', ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธื ื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ. 

ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“" ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจื™- 
ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜. ื“ื™ ืงืึธืก- 
ืžื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ืคืŸ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืืœ, 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜. ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืืงืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธื ื™ืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ืืจื•ื, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื•ื–ื™ื™, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก. 


102 


ื“ืขื 8-ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ. 

ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื•ื ื’ 
ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืืกื˜ืจืึทึธื ืื•ื•ื˜ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉื™ื™ืžืก ืžืืงื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืืจื“ ืฐืฒึทื˜: 

,ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคืœื•ื’ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ,ื“ื–ืฉืขืžื™ื ื™ื™-4". ื›'ื“ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื– ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืข ืคืœื•ื’ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืึธืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ืฒึทื˜". 

ื“ืขื 9-ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ. 

ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืกืžืึทื ืืฐื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืœืฑื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืœืื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื , ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื™ึดื-ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื•ื˜ื™ืง" ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ 26-ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืŸ 
ืื•ื•ื™ื-ืกืืœืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืข ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉืข, 

ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื›ื•ืฅ ืืขืจืึธืคึผืœืื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธื ื™ืจื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืžืืงืขื˜ ,ืฐืึธืกื˜ืึธืง" ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืคืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืืงืขื˜ืŸ-ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ. 

ื“ืขื 12-ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•. 

ืืฃ ื ืคึผืจืขืกืข-ืงืึทื ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ,ืฐืึธืกื˜ืึธืง", 

ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืข ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืืกื˜ืจืึทื ืืฐื˜ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉ. ืžืืง- 
ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืข. ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืงื™ื ืึท-ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ื•ื™ึดื- ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง. 

ื“ืขื 13-ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ. 

ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคึผืœื™ึดืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืฉื™. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืงืึธืžืืจืึธืฐืŸ, ืคืขืึธืงื˜ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืึธืฐื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื’ืึธืจืึธืฐืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืžืขื“ืืœ 
,ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก', ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 60211 ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื˜. 

ื“ืขื 15-ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ืœืžืขืŸ , ืื™ืŸ ืกืงืืคืื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืข", ,ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ืžื‘ืื•ืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ" ืื•ืŸ , ืžื™ืจ, ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ืกืžืขื ืขืจ-ืคึผืืจืืฉื™ื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ" ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืงื™ื ืึธ-ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข , ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ". ื™ื•ืจื™ ืืœืขืงืกื™ื™ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืืจืขื ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื’ืขืจ. 

ื“ืขื 16-ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•. 

ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืคืจืื ืงืจืฒึทืš.--ืคืกืกืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคืืจ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืข 
ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื ื˜ื•ืจื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืกืžืึทื ืืฐื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื - 
ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜. 

ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืืฐืึธื“ ืจืขื ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 
,ื“ืขื ื’ืจืื ื“ื™ืขื–ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ืฒึทื˜ -- ื“ื™ ืคืœื•ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก --- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืจืง- 
ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจ.. ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืœืึธื–ืขืจ ืึทืงืขืืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืœื™ึดืขืŸ ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืข ืขืจื“, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืข ืื•ื™ืกื™ืขืก ,ืคืกืกืจ", ืึธื ื’ืขืฆืฒื›ื ื˜ืข ืืคืŸ ื‘ืึธืจื˜". 

ื“ืขื 21-ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ. 

ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืžื‘ืืกืื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืืกืก: , ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืฐื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืขืงืกืคึผืึทื ื™ืจื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืœื™ื ื’, ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคื•ืœื˜... 32 ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ ืขืงื–ืขืž- 
ืคึผืœื™ืืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืข ืขืงืกืคึผืึทื ืื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’. ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทื’ืขืจื™ืงืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ืงืึธื ืกื•ืœื˜ืื ื˜". 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืœืื ื’, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืงืึธื ื˜ืืงื˜ืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืืœืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืข ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืŸ ืจื•ื™ื. 
ืฆื•ื ืฉืœื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื•ืคื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื–ื™ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜". 

ื“ืขื 23-ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ. 

ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. 

ื“ืขื 9-ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœ. 

ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืž. ื’. ื’ืจื™ื’ืึธืจืขื ืงืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 
ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืึธื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทืงืึธื ื•ืจ. 

-- ืกืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืคืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขื ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื‘ืืงืฐืขืžืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ 


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ื ื‘ืืกื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜-ื–ืืœ, ื ืกืื•ื ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื˜ืจืขื ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ. 

-- ืืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜. --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื’ืขืึธืจื’ื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. โ€ - 
ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืื™ื– -- ืื™ืจ, ืงืึธืกืžืึทื ืืฐื˜ืŸ, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืคึผืœื™ึดืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ 
ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš... 

ื“ืขื 12-ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœ. 

ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื–ื ืขืฆืึธื•ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ ื ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ-ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ. 

ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข ืืฃ ื . ื™ืข. ื–ืฉื•ืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื•ื•ืขื ื™ืจืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื•ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ื‘ื ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ืขืจ. ืกื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื 
ืคึผืขืจืžืื ืขื ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’. 

ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืกื™ืงืข ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข ืคืืจ ื ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืคืึธื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 2--3 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืขืงืกืคึผืึทื ืื˜ืŸ; ื‘ืืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืืคืŸ ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึทืขืœืข ืงืึทืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ืคืืจ 
ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืงืœืขื˜. 

ื“ืขื 14-ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ื ืื•ืงื" (ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜) ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื- 
ืงืึทืฉืข, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ,ื™ืึธื”ืืŸ ืงืขืคึผืœืขืจ" ืื•ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืฆื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงืขื“ืฒึท ื–ื™ ืืฒึทื ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืืžืœื‘ื•ืš, ื’ืขืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ืžื™ื ืขื ื˜ืข ืืกื˜ืจืึธื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคึผื˜ืจืึธื’ ืื™ื–, ืึธืŸ ืกืึธืคึผืขืง, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ,ื ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื˜ 
ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืก ืคึผืจืึธืคื™ืœ". ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ ืื™ื ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ืคืืงื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš, 

,ื ืึธืš ืงืขืคึผืœืขืจืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, -- ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืข- 
ืจื•ืฉืข ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืขืžื“ืขืจ, ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ืข ืžืื˜ื‘ื™ื™ืขืก, ื ื ืึท- 
ื˜ื™ืฅ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 12694 ื’ื•ืœื“ืขื ืก ื ื™ื˜-ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขื ืขื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜, 57 ืจืขื›ืŸ-ื˜ืื‘ืข- 
ืœืขืก, 27 ื ื™ื˜-ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 22 ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ. 

ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืฃ. 

ื“ืขื 15-ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœ. 

ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืจืึธืœื™ืึธื•ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืฉืืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืกื˜ื™ื›ื™ื™ื™ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข 
ืงืึธืกืžืึทื ืืฐื˜ืŸ, ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึทื ืืฐื˜ื™ืง. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, 
ืึธืŸ ื ืคึผืœืืŸ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ. 

ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ ืคึผืืฐืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืขื“ืฒึท ืฆื•ืฆื•ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืžืกืึธ- 
ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขื 22-ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•?. 

ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืจืœื•ื™ื‘. ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืืจื•ืฑื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืฉืื˜ืกืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืขื ื‘ื•ืจื’, 

ื“ืขื 28-ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืœ. 

ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืœืฐื™ืจื˜ ,ืจืึธืกื™ื" ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ื›ื˜ืœืขืจ ืค. ืงืึธืž- 
ืœืึธื•ื•. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’: ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืึธื“ืŸ, ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื•ืŸ. ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผ ืื™ื•ื•ืื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืืกื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึทื ื™ืง, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืงืึธื›ืŸ ื ืคื™ืฉ- 
ื™ื•ื™ืš. ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ื‘ืฒึทื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืืก ื“ื™ ืคืœื•ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืกืื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื-ืฉื•ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ- 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜. ืงืึธืžืœืึธืฐื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฐื•ื™ืึธื–ื“ื ื™. 

ื“ืขื 1-ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ื’ืึธืจื™ืื˜ืฉืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืืฃ ื ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžืึธืœืฆืฒึทื˜. ื™ื•ืจื™ ืืœืขืงืกื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืจืฒึทื–ืขืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“, 

ื“ืขื 8-ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ืงืึธืžืกืึธืžืึธืœืกืงืึทื™ืข ืคึผืœืืžื™ื" ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื’ื- 
ื’ืืจื™ื ืก ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืกืื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื•ื™ื-ืฉื•ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืื•ื™ืื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผื™ืœ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“. ืกืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืก ืจืขื“ืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืกืื ื˜ืŸ. 


104 


ื“ืขื 10-ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜. 

ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 

ื“ืขื 12-ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜. 

ืงืึธืจืึธืœื™ืึธืฐื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืฒึทืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืœืขืš ืืฃ ืื™ื ื ืงื•ืง 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. 

-- ื™ื•ืจื™ ืืœืขืงืกื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืกืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทืก ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฃ ,ืกืึธื™ื•ื–" ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜. ื ืึทืš ื“ื™ ืืฑืกืคึผืจื•ื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืœื™ึดืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืœื™ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ-ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžืืกืงื™ื ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืœืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, 

ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจืึทืงืŸ. 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืคืืจื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. 
ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜- 
ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึทืจ, 

ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ ืคึผืืฐืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืงื™- 
ืคืื–ืฉ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžืึทื ืืฐื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืฃ ืงืืžืื ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’. 

-- ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึท ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžืืกืงื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื 
ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืคึผืื•ื–ืข ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืงืึธืจืึธืœื™ืึธื•ื•, --- ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืืกืงืึธืžืข, 

-- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืืกืงื™ื, ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ ืคึผืืฐื•ืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื–ื ืคืœื•ื’ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืึทืฐืขื“ ืคืืจ ืžื™ื”, 

ื“ืขื 15 ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜. 

ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืคึผืขืฆืจื™ื™ืก ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืึธืคึผืจื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื•ื•. ื˜ืขืจืขืฉืงืึธื•ื•ื, ื. ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืขื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืคึผ. ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 

ื“ืขื 14-ื˜ืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ. 

ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื• ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืงืืžืื ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืึธืจืึธืœื™ืึธื•ืก ืคืึทืจืฉืœืึธื’. ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึท ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืฒืกื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ,ื’ืื’ื- 
ืจื™ื ืก ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข". 

ืงืืžืื ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื , ืกืึธื™ื•ื–" ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื 20-ื˜ืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฑืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื ืคืืจืœืื ื’, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื•ื™ืคื™ืงืŸ 
ื™ืึธืจ, ืึทื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฐืึธืœื™ื ืึธื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทื ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก. 

ื“ืขื 17-ื˜ืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื›ืขืจ. 

ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืก-ืื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ,ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื˜ื™" ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜. 

-- ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, --- ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผืžืืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผืŸ ืืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืŸ ืจื•ื™ื, ืืฒึทื ืฉืœื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืœืขืฐืึทื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืก. ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืคืฉื ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืืจื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก, ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื ื™ืฆืŸ 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ืœืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืฉื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืกืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,,ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข ืฆื• ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืคื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ืฆื•ึนืœึดื™ื‘ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ื’ืฒึทืฐืข, ื ืึธืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกื™ื‘ืขืก.." 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ืึธืคึผืžืืš ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขืก -- ืึทื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืžืืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืกื›ืฒึทืขืฐ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื ืึธื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ืงืœืขืืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื›ืข-ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืืกืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’". 

ื“ืขื 29-ื˜ืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ื-ืขืจ. 

ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืจืึธืœื™ืึธืฐื•ืŸ. ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ ืคึผืืฐื•ืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื–, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜-ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฐืึทื ืข-ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืคึผืœื™ึดืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธื“ืจืึธื, ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,ืกืึธื™ื•ื–" ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžืฒึทืœืขืก ืืœืก ื ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก- ืฉื™ืฃ. 


105 


ื“ืขื 9-ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืึทืฐื ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืžืขืžื•ืืจืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืง. ืข. ืฆื™ืึธืœืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืžืื˜ืึทื ืข -- ื ื’ืึธืจ 
ืืœื˜ืข ืœื™ื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ื ืขื 
9ื˜ืŸ ื™ื”. ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜ , ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜-ืฉื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืืœื•ื’ื". ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืฆื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉืคึผืืกื™ืงืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืคื™ืงืืฆื™ืข ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืข 
ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื–ืขื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืึธืœืขืจ. 

ื“ืขื 13-ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืŸ. 

ืงืืžืื ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืึธืคึผืขืจื- 
ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขื›ืึธืกืœืึธื•ื•ืืงื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืฉืืคืŸ ื ืคื™ืœื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฐืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ืŸ. 

ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืืจืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืึธื˜ืจื™ืื“ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืžื™ืจื•ื ื’. 

ื“ืขื 15-ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื›ืขืจ. 

ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขื›ืึธืกืœืึธื•ื•ืืงื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข. 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•- 
ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ื™ืง. 

ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืืœืขืงื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกืžืฒึทื“ืŸ ืืœืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ. 

-- ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขื›ืึธืกืœืึธื•ื•ืืงื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืจ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืืจืข ืคืœื•ื’ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืฉืขื›ืึธืกืœืึธื•ื•ืืงื™ืฉืข 
ืจืืงืขื˜ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ-ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืจื•ื™ึทืจื˜ ืœื™ื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ืึธื˜ืฉืขื ืืฉืกืงื™. 
ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขื›ืึทืกืœืึทื•ื•ืืงื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ --- ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืžืื ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืข ืจืขื›ื˜. ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ื ืืฆื™ืขืก ื“ืขื ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ 
ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืึทืกืžื™ืฉืข ืจืขื›ื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืžืื ื“ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ. 

ื“ืขื 3-ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื™ืื›ืขืจ. 

ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืจืึทืœื™ืึธืฐื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืœืฑื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทืงืึธื ื•ืจ. ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ ืคึผืื•ื•- 
ืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืฒึทืข ืคืœื•ื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื ืฒึทืขื ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจืืงืขื˜ืŸ-ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืข, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืœื’ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื•ึผื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ , ืกืึธื™ื•ื–". 

ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจืื˜ืŸ: ,ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื• 
ืื•ื™ืฃ." 

-- ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ืึธืคึผืจื•. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ืŸ ืจืขื–ืฉื™ื, --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธืจืึธืœื™ืึธื•ื• ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ื–ืื ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืืคืŸ ื˜ืจืืคึผ ืฆื•ื ืืขืจืึธืคึผืœืืŸ. 

ื“ืขื 24-ื˜ืŸ ื ืึทื™ืื›ืขืŸ. 

ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืงืึธืจืึทืœื™ืึธื•ื•ืก ื‘ืืงืึทืฉืข ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ-ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธ-1. ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืžื•ืขืก ื”ืึทื˜ 
ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืืžืื ื™ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืืžืขืŸ, ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื ืขืœืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข. 

--- ื ื™ืงืึทืœืฒึท ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื™ื•ื ื’, ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื•ื™ืก, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœืื‘ืขืจื™ืง ื‘ื- 
ืžืขืจืงื˜ ืงืึทืจืึธืœื™ืึธื•ื•. --- ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ื“ื™ ืงืจืื ืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ 
ื‘ืื ื‘ืืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื’ืฒืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืฉืžื•ืขืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฐืฑื™ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขื 27-ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื™ืื›ืขืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ,ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜" ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: ,ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 5 ื™ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืืคึผืจืขืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก. ืžื™ืจ, ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ืŸ, ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– 
ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืคืืจื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืึธื‘ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 5 
ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึทื ื˜ืฒืœืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืงืึทืกืžื™ืฉืข 


106 


ืคืœื•ื’ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐืขืœื˜ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฆื• 
ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ืฒึทื˜". 

;ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื˜ืจืึธื˜, --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ, -- ืื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžืึทื ืืฐื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืจ ื ืฒึทืข ืคืืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ืืจื•ื, ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืจืึธื’ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœืฐืขืœื˜, ืคืืจืžืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืฆืจืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 

ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืœืึธื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืคืœื•ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืขื˜ืืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืข 
ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืข ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคึผื•ื˜ื ื™ืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืจื™ืข , ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก' ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื˜ืึธืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื - 
ื˜ืขืจืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืืจืข ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก --- ื“ื™ ืืฑืกืฉืคึผื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืก". 

ื“ืขื 30-ื˜ืŸ ื ืึทื™ืื‘ืขืจ. 

ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข-ืคืึทื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืงืกืคึผืึทื ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืŸ ืจื•ื™ื. ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืฒืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจืขืฉื•ืก ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ืคืŸ ,ืฐืึธืกื˜ืึธืง" ืื•ืŸ ,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“', ื“ื™ ื–ืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™- 
ื ืขื ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžืึทื ืืฐื˜ืŸ, ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ. 

ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื•ื–ื™ื™, ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงืึทืฉืขืก. 

ื“ืขื 35-ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืงืื›ืจืขืจ. 

ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืขื ืื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“" ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื ืื–ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืื ืงื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืก, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื–ื 
ืื•ื ื™ืงืืœืข ืžืืฉื™ืŸ. 

ื“ืขื 7-ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืงืืจืขืจ. 

ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืกืขืกื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกื˜ืจ ;ืคื•ื ืขื 6-ื˜ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืจื•ืฃ. ืืœืก ื“ืขืคื•ื˜ืื˜ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜: 

-- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื“ื•ืจืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืืจืžื™ื˜ืœื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ืœืŸ: 
ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ื ืฉืึทืœืขืžืœื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข. ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก, ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืฆื™ืœืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืืจื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก, ืงืขื’ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืจืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืขืก. ืื•ื ื“- 
ื–ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆื™ืึธืœืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 1905 ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: ,ื“ื™ ืืงื•ืœืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ (ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื“ื™ืกืึธืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ) ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ- 
ืฐืฒึทื– ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื–ื™ ืึทื ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืข- 
ืจืขืจื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ืœืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืคืืจืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขื– ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงืจื™ื’ื˜ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ืŸ..). ืฉืืคื ื“ื™ืง ืจืขืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืžืื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื›ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืฆื™ืœืŸ -- ื“ืขืจืึธื‘ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืœืขื˜ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืก ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ืขืจืึทื‘ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ..." 

ื“ืขื 10-ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืงืืจืขืจ. 

ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจืžืื ืกืง ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืœืื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืึธืคื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืื-ืคึผืœืึธื˜. 

ื“ืขื 11-ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืงืื›ืขืจ, 

ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจืžืื ืกืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืืฃ ื ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

;ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžืึทื ืืฐื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืคืขืกื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, 
ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฒ ืคื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืœืก, ืฆื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธื’ืœืึธื–ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืืื•ื•. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’-ืึทืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื™ืœ 
ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืขืจืข ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืœื•ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ-ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื. ืขืก ื’ืฒื˜ ื ืจื™ื“ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ื 
ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก", 

ื“ืขื 13-ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืงืืจืขืจ. 

ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 


107 


ื“ืขื 16-ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืงืึทื›ืจืขืจ. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืึธืจืึทืœื™ืึธืฐื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื ืข ืื™ื•ื•ืื ืึธื•ื•ื ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื– 
ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ ืคึผืืฐืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืงืจืื ืง. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืจื•ื™ึทืง, ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึทืงื˜ืฑืจื™ื. ื ืึธืจ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ืฒึทืก. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืขืžืึทืœื“ืŸ ืงืืžืื ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื–ื ืขืฆืึธื•ื•ืŸ. 

ื“ืขื 19-ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ. 

ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืžืื ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื”ืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืž. ื˜. ืกืœืขืคึผื ื™ืึธื•ื•ืก ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืกืœืขืคึผื ื™ืึธื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ืขืจ, ืื™ื™- 
ื ืขืจ ืคื•ื– ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. 

ืงืืžืื ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืžืื•ื•ืจื™ืงื™ ืกืœืขืคึผื ื™ืึธืฐื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืจืื ืง, ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜-ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 7 ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืคืœื™ืขืจ-ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–: ืœืขื•ื•ืื ืขื•ื•ืกืงื™, ื“ืึธืจืึธื ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืœืขืคึผื ื™ืึธื•ื•. 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜? ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทื ืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™... 

ื“ืขื 22-ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ. 

ืงืืžืื ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืจืึธืœื™ืึธื•ื•ืŸ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฐื™ืึธื–ื“ื ื™. ืงืึธืจืึธืœื™ืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ืœืื“ื•ื ื’ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื 26-ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืื–ืฉื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื 
7ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ, ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื, ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜. ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ืงืึธืจืึธ- 
ืœื™ืึธื•ื• ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžื™ื“ืŸ. 

ื“ืขื 26-ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ. 

ืงืึทืจืึทืœื™ืึธื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฐื™ืึธื–ื“ื ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ื ื™ื ืข ืื™ื•ื•ื- 
ื ืึธื•ื•ื ื. ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜. 

ื”ืื’ืื ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ ืคึผืืฐืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืื•ื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื 
ื˜ืขืจืขืฉืงืึธืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืžืขืŸ. 

ืืคืŸ ืžืึธืœืฆืฒึทื˜ ืœืขืงืึธืฐืขื“ ื“ื™ ื›ืึทืฉืขืฐืข ื’ืขืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฐื™ืึทื–ื“ื ื™ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึทืข ื™ืึธืจ. ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ ืคึผืืฐื•ืœืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืื ืงื˜ ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืœืื“ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืกืžืึธ- 
ื ืื•ื•ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึทืข ื™ืึธืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ ืงืืœืขื ื“ืืจ. 

-- ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืฑืจื™ื ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’, --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธืจืึทืœื™ืึธืฐื• 
ื–ึดื™ืš ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ, -- ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ืคืืจื“ืื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึทืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ืืจ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ -- ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคึผืœื™ืŸ! ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื ื˜ืขื’ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืื–ืฉื’ืึทื›ืข. ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ื ื”ื•ืœื™ืข ื˜ืึธืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืœื•ื’-ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคึผืœื™ึดืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ ืคึผืืฐืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืจื•ื™. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคืึธื˜ืึทื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก ืื™ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืข ืจืืงืขื˜ืŸ-ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขื 30-ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืงืจืืกื ืื™ื ื–ื•ื•ืขื–ื“ื" ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืืฃ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคืจืื’ืขืก. 

ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ื˜: 

,ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื“ ืืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึทื ืืฐื˜ื™ืง ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ืฒึทื˜. ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ.-ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืข- 
ืกืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื.." 


ื ื™ืฉื™ ืขื’ ื”ืฉื•ืข 


108 


ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ 1966 


ื“ืขื 1-ื˜ืŸ ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ. 

ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ-ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึทืข ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ. 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืก ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœ-ืžืืกืงืืจืื“ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืึธืกื˜ืŸ. 

ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ,ืืจืฑืกืฆื•ึผืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜". 

ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืื ืฆื˜, ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคืึธืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืžืขืฉืึธืœื™ื, ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 

ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื“ื™ืึธ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื™ื•ืจื™ ืืœืขืงืกื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™- 
ื˜ืฉืขืก ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืก, ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

--- ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ 1965 ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื 
ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืก. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื ืขืœืขืจื˜.. 

ื“ืขื 4-ื˜ืŸ ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ, 

ืงืืžืื ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึท- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ืœืื•ืจืขืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ-ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื’ืขืึธืจื’ื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืจื™ื’ืึธืจืขื ืงืึธ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ ืคึผืืฐืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืงืึธืจืึธืœื™ืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ืœืขืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืง 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืืฃ 7-5 ื˜ืขื’, ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ. 

-- ื™ืึธ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 4-ืขืจ ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ ืคึผืืฐืœืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’. 

ืงืืžืื ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ? 

-- ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ. -- ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื–ื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ... 

-- ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, -- ืื™ื– ืžืืกืงื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืืžืื ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื–ื ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืึธืจืึธืœื™ืึธื•ื•ืก ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ, 

-- ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ ืคึผืืฐื•ืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜. -- 
ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื™ื ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข. ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงืืœื™ืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ,ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื’ืจืข- 
ื’ืื˜ืŸ', ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ. ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ืŸ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงืŸ. 

ื“ืขื 13-ื˜ืŸ ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ. 

ื‘ืขืฉืืก ื“ื™ ืœืขืงืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ื ื™ื•ืจื™ ืืœืขืง- 
ืกื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜-ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจ. ืขืคึผืขืก ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืฒึทืงืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข. 

--- ืคืึธืจ ืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ืกืคึผืื ืกืขืจื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข... 

ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ,ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ืŸ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืŸ- 
ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืฐืึธืคื ื˜ืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ. 

ื“ืขื 14-ื˜ืŸ 'ืื ื•ื•ืืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืคืืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜- 
ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจ ื•ื•. ืคึผ. ืžื™ืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ ืคึผืืฐืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืงืึธืจืึธืœื™ืึธื•ื• ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ. 

ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืงืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ืข ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืงืึธืจืึท- 
ืœื™ืึธื•ื•ืก ืฐืฒึทื‘, ื ื™ื ืข ืื™ื•ื•ืื ืึธื•ื•ื ื. 

ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื ื ืžื™ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืขื ืขืจ. 

ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืžืขืจ ืงืึธืจืึธืœื™ืึธืฐ! 

ืกืื™ื– ืฉื•ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธื“ืจืึธื, ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฐื™ืึธื–ื“ื ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืขืžืœ... 

ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจืึธืœื™ืึธื•ื•ืก ื“ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜: ืกื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจืŸ. ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ. 

ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง! 

ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’. 


109 


ื™ื•ืจื™ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืฐืขืœ ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืก. ืคึผ. ืงืึธืจืึธืœื™ืึธืฐ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•. ื. ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ืŸ 


: * 
7 


ื ื 


,ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก? ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื’. ืก. ืกืงืจื™ืคื ื™ื˜ืฉืขื ืงืึธ 


ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•. ื. ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ. ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื. ืื™. ืคึผืœืึธื˜ื ืึธื•ื• 


111 


ื“ืขื 15-ื˜ืŸ ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ-ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธ. ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ-ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’. ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธ- 
ืจืึทืœื™ืึธืฐื•ืก ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜. ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. 

ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ ืคึผืืฐื•ืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ื™ึธื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜-ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ. 

ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ. ืกื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืจืึทืœื™ืึธื•ื•ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ? ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ? 

ื“ืขื 16-ื˜ืŸ ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืงืจืึธืœืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืกื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: , ืื•ืžื•ื™ืกืฉืขืคึผืœืขื›ืข ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข, ื˜ื- 
ืœืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืข ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื™ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืจืฒื™ืกื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ืงืึธืจืึธืœื™ืึธื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื”ืขืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืื˜ืึธ- 
ืจื™ืฉืข ืคืขื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืื™ื™ื’ื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ.... 

ื“ืขื 18-ื˜ืŸ ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ. 

2 ืื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ื“ืขื 
ืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืก. ืคึผ. ืงืึธืจืึธืœื™ืึธื•ื•ืก ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืœืึธื ืขืŸ-ื–ืืœ. 

ืืคืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ-ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืจืฑื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜- 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

,ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืึธ, ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืืจ- 
ืœื•ืกื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืœืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ื’ื–ืื ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืืš, ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืกื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจื•ืžืคื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ ืคึผืืฐืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ". 

ื“ืขื 24-ื˜ืŸ ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ. 

ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื ืงืขื˜ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืื™ื–- 
ืฐืขืกื˜ื™ื". ื‘ืืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: 

,ืขืก ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืกืืš ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคืœื•ื’. ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืœื™ื™ืขื ืกื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืž- 
ื‘ืืงื•ื•ืขื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืก ืฐื™ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืื™ื“ืขืืœืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ 
ืึธื‘ืœื™ื’ืื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื–ื, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘, ืฐื™ ืืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืคื™ืœ ืคืขืœืขืจืŸ"... 

ื“ืขื 3-ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื•ื•ืจื?. 

ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ,ืœื•ื ื-9' ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ื˜ ื ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ืœืื ื“ื•ื ื’. 

ื“ืขื 4-ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื•ื•ืจื?. 

ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจ ื’ืขืึธืจื’ื™ ื ื™ืงืึทืœืฒึทืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ืื‘ืืงื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข , ืœื•ื ื-ืค". 

ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื™ื–ื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข-ืงืึทื ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืœื•ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืœื•ื ื-ืค". 

ื“ืขื 18 -ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื•ื•ืจื?. 

ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื ืฒึทืข ืคืœื•ื’ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทืฐืขื–ื ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืก. ืคึผ. ืงืึธืจืึธืœื™ืึธืฐื•ืก ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืœืื ืžืขืกื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืืœ. ื™ื•ืจื™ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืก ืึธื - 
ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ื•ืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก. 

ื“ืขื 19-ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื•ื•ืจื?. 

ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื– ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฐื™ึดื-ื–ืืฐืึธื“ ืžื™ืงื•ื™ืขืš 
ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื˜ืจืขื ืื–ืฉ-ืืคึผืืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ืŸ. ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืœื•ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืกืึธื™ื•ื–", 

ื“ืขื 28-ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื•ื•ืจื?. 

ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ืืžืขื ืขืก, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื ืคืœื•ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ืฐืึธ- 
ืœื™ื ืึธื•ื•ืŸ, ื’ืขืึธืจื’ื™ ืฉืึธื ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืึธืจื’ื™ ื‘ืขืจืขื’ืึธืฐืึธื™ืขืŸ. 


7--+-+9 119 


ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ืืžืขื ืขืก ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ-ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธ-ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ-ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื•ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืจื•ื™ึดืง, ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื˜ื™ืฃ, ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืข 
ืขืจื•ื“ื™ืฆื™ืข. 

ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื˜ืขืกื˜ืืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ื“ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ ื . ืคึผ. ืงื•ื–ื ืขืฆืึธื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื . ืคึผ. ืงืืžืื ื™ืŸ. 

ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึท ืคื™ืึธื“ืึธืจืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืงื•ื–ื ืขืฆืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืคืืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ืขืก: ,ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ืคืŸ, ื“ื™ ืจืืงืขื˜ืŸ-ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜, ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืŸ-ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ืคืืจืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜-ืื™ื ื–ืฉืข- 
ื ื™ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื . ื™ืข. ื–ืฉื•ืงืึธืฐืกืงื™ ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืจืฒึทืš". 

ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื . ืค. ืงื•ื–ื ืขืฆืึธื•ื• ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืก ืืฐื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืงืึธืœืขืง- 
ื˜ื™ื•ื•, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจ-ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ืŸ, 
ื™ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึทืœืึธืกืืœืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกืคึผืขื™ืงืฒึทื˜. 

ื“ืขื 5-ื˜ื• ืžืืจื˜. 

ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ืงืึธื ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ ืื™ื– ื™ื•ืจื™ ืืœืขืงืกื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืก ื“ืขืœืขื’ืื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 23-ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืคึผืกืค. 

ื“ืขื 9ืค-ื˜ืŸ ืžืืจื˜. 

ืืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ืžืึทืœืึธื“ืื™ื ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ื". 

ื™ื•ืจื™ ืืœืขืงืกื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืกื˜: ,ื‘ื ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงืึธืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ -- 32 
ื™ืึธืจ! ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ...* 

ื“ืขื 29-ื˜ืŸ ืžืืจื˜. 

ืื™ื ืขื ืงืจืขืžืœ-ืคึผืืœืืฅ ืคืืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 23-ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืคึผืกืค. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืœืขื’ืื˜ืŸ --- ื ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ืŸ: ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ, ื˜ื™ื˜ืึธื•, ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืขื•, ืคึผืึธ- 
ืคึผืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื‘ื™ืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, ื˜ืขืจืขืฉืงืึธื•ื•ื, ืงืึธืžืืจืึธื•ื•, ื‘ืขืœื™ืื™ืขื•ื•, ืœืขืึธื ืึธื•ื•. ื™ื•ืจื™ ืืœืขืงืกื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ื™ื•ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ. 

ื“ืขื 30-ื˜ืŸ ืžืืจื˜. 

ื“ืขืœืขื’ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืฒึทื ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืข 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ื ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžืึทื ืืฐื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืึธืฐื ื˜-ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืขืœืขื’ืืฆื™ืขืก ืงืึธื ืงืจืขื˜ืข ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ืŸ. 

ื™ื•ืจื™ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืžื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง, ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืกื˜ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืืฐื•ื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ , ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก' ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืœืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜, ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ื ืคึผืจืขืกืข-ืงืึธื ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ ืคืืจ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ื–ืฉื•ืจื ื- 
ืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ. 

ื“ืขื 1-ื˜ืŸ ืืคืจืข?. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื ืฒึทืก: ,ื“ืขื 3-ื˜ืŸ ืืคึผืจืขืœ 21 ืื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 44 ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข , ืœื•ื ื-10" ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืœืขื ืึธืฆืขื ื˜ืจื™ืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ (ืœืขื‘ืŸ-ืœืขืฐืึธื ื™ืงืขืจ) ืึธืจื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืงื™ื ืกื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกืคึผื•ื˜ื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข". 

ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืข ืืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืกืžืขื ื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ืขืœืขื’ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžืึทื ืื•ื•ื˜ืŸ-ื“ืขืœืขื’ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืึธื•ื•ืืฆื™ืข. 

ื“ืขื 5-ื˜ืŸ ืืคึผืจืข?. 

ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื ืคืจืื’ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธ- 
ืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืงืจืืกื ืื™ื ื–ื•ื•ืขื–ื“ื", ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

;ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš? ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘, ืฐื™ ืืœืข. ืขืก ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื›- 
ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1961 ืืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืกืื›ืืงืœ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ, ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืฐืขื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ. 

ื ืกืืš ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืื˜-ืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืŸ. ืึธืคึผื˜ืœืขืš ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืฆืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึทืŸ ืึทื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ืคืจืื’ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืขืงืœ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸื™ 


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ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืกืืš, ื”ืื’ืื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ืงื ืืคึผ 
ืฐืฒื ื™ืง. ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืžืขืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง. 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ืข ืคื™ื ืฃ ื™ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข. ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•ืŸ, ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ืคื˜ื•ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืืœืข ืืฒึทืœืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜: ื–ืึธืœ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทืจื’ืŸ". 

ื“ืขื 12-ื˜ืŸ ืืคึผืจืขืœ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ื™ืง. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืก- 
ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืจื•ื™ื. 

0 ืื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฐื™ืึธื–ื“ื ื™ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืžืืกืŸ-ืคืฒึทืขืจื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท 
ืื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ -- ื ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื‘ืขืœื™ืกืง , ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก". ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืึธ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ- 
ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• 
ืงืฐื•ึผืจืข ืก. ืคึผ. ืงืึธืจืึธืœื™ืึธื•ื•. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงืฐื•ื™ืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ื˜ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ืืœืข ื‘ืืžื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง ืืฃ ืฆื• 
ืจืขืืœื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืืžืข ื’ืจืื ื“ื™ืขื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜. 

ื™ื•ืจื™ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืขืžืœ-ืคึผืืœืืฅ, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“- 
ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึทื ืืฐื˜ื™ืง: ,ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึทื ืืฐื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืจื™ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืข ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ื 
ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืจื•ืคื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืืฃ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืžืึธ-ื ื•ืงืœืขืืจืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. 
ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืŸ ืืจืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜". 

ื“ืขื 15-ื˜ืŸ ืืคึผืจืขืœ. 

ืืฃ ื ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึธื’ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืื›ืืงืœืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 23-ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื•- 
ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื™ื•. ื. ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืœื™ื˜ืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื ืื–ืฉ-ืืคึผืืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืกื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
3-ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ. 

ื“ืขื 16-ื˜ืŸ ืืคึผืจืข?. 

ืืฃ ื ื‘ืืจืื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืฆึทื•- 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืฒื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืœื•ื’ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ , ืกืึธื™ื•ื–". 

ืกืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ืจื™ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคืœื•ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ,ืกืึธื™ื•ื–', ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืงืึธืžืืจืึธืฐืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื’ืื’ื- 
ืจื™ื ืขืŸ -- ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืคืืจืŸ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ,ืกืึธื™ื•ื–-2", ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืœืก ืงืึธืžืืจืึธืฐืก 
ื“ื•ื‘ืœื™ืึธืจ. 

ื’ืื’ืจื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’. 

ื“ืขื 19-ื˜ืŸ ืืคึผืจืขืœ. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืœื•ืงื™ืื ืึธื•ื•ืก ื‘ื•ืš , ืžื™ืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ืื– ืงืืจืื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืจืืงืขื˜ืขืก..". 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื™ื•ืจื™ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ: 

,ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื’ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืžืืจืฉ ืฆื• ืจื•ื, ืฐื™ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ. ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืœืฒื’ืŸ, ืคื™ืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจื’ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืฑืกืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืŸ 
ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืจื•ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืืฐื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืืœ. ืขืก ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืœืึธื–ืฅ ืœื™ื‘ืข, ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืฒึทืฉืืคื˜ 
ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™, ืฆื•ื ืคืึธืœืง, ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข 
ืื•ืคื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืืœ...* 

ื“ืขื˜ +6-1ื™ื™: 

ืื™ื ืขื ืงืจืขืžืœ-ืคึผืืœืืฅ ืคืืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 25-ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•- 
ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’. 


114 


ื™ื•ืจื™ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืขื ื˜ื™ื ืข ื˜ืขืจืขืฉืงืึธื•ื•ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ื™ึดื•ื ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ. 

ืืœืขืงืกื™ื™ ืœืขืึธื ืึธื•ื• ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ื™ื•ื ื“ื™ ืคืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฆืง ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืงื™ื•ืค. 

ื“ืขื 18-ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒื™. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืืŸ ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง-ืžืื˜ืึธื ืข -- ื ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืคึผื•ื˜ื ื™ืง. 

ื“ืขื 19-ื˜ืŸ ืžื™. 

ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื™ื•ืจื™ ื’ืื’ื- 
ืจื™ืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ึดืึธื ืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืจืฑื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ. 

,ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ืฆื• ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, -- ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืคืœ- 
ื˜ืื‘ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื– ืื™ืจ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก. ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžืขืงืื ืข, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœืขืš. ืžื™ืจ ืคืœื™ึดืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ื- 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืข ืฐืขืœื˜ืŸ. ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืืœ, ืืฒึทืš, ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืœึถืข- 
ื ื™ื ืฆืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืกื˜ืืคืขื˜ืข". 

ื“ืขื 20-ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒ. 

ื“ืขืจ 25-ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ื™ื•ืจื™ 
ื’ืื’ืืจื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืืœืขื ื˜ื™ื ืข ื˜ืขืจืขืฉืงืึธืฐื•ื, ืืœืขืงืกื™ื™ ืœืขืึธื ืึธื•ื• ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐื™ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืก 
ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœ-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜. 

ื“ืขื 21-ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท. 

ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜-ืคึผืืœืืฅ ืืฃ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขื•ื•, ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื 
5-ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’. 

ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืง ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืงื™ื•ืค ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฐืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ืกืžืขื ืขืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื . ืคึผ. ืงืืžืื ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืืงื˜ื•ืขืœืข ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ-ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ. 

ื“ืขื 27-ื˜ืŸ ืžื™. 

ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืคืจืื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง: ืฐืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืœื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ืขืจ? ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ืคืœื•ื’? ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืœื•ื’? 

-- ืคึผืœื™ึดืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื’ืื’ื- 


ืจื™ืŸ. -- ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ: ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืœื™ืขืจ-ืื•ื™ืกืคึผืจื•ืฐื•ืœืขืจ, ื 
ืคืจืึธื ื˜ืึธืฐื™ืง, ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœ... ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ? ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก... 

ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื™ ืืœืขืงืกื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืึธืจื’ื™ ื˜ื™ืžืึทืคื™ื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 
ื‘ืขืจืขื’ืึธืฐืื™ืขืŸ. 

ื™ืึธ, ื‘ืขืจืขื’ืึธืฐื•ืึธื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืœื™ึดืขืจ-ืืฑืกืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืœืขืจ, ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ , ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜- 
ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ึดืขืจ-ืืฑืกืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ". ื™ืึธ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜, ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื”ืข- 
ืจืึธื™ึดื–ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื’ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. ื™ืึธ, ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื 
ื ืฒึทืขื ืคืœื•ื’. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐื™ ื’ื- 
ื’ืืจื™ืŸ... 


ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ --ื‘. ื’ ืขืจ ืฉ ืžืืŸ 


ืœืขืึทื ืขืœ ื“ืื“ื™ืื ื™ 


ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ื˜ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ 


ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผื- 
ื’ืื ื“ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืกื˜ืืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืฆื• 
ืฉืืคืŸ ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ-ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข". ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธ-ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก-ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ (ืžืื™, 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืžืืคึผืื™) ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืืจื‘ืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ-ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ (ืžืืคึผืื). ื–ื™ื™ ืืคื™- 
ืฉื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืข ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ 
,ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืืจืฒืŸ-ืงืึธืึธืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข" ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื ื“. 

ื“ืขืจ ืžืืจืงืกื™ื–ื-ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ื–ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœืื ื’ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ืž- 
ืคึผืขืจื™ึธืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธ-ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื’ืข- 
ืžื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืก ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืŸ 
ืื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉ-ืžืึธื ืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœื™ื–ื. ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืข 
ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืง (ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ 
,ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒื™ืŸ-ืงืึธืึธืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ" ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื‘ืข- 
ืจืึธืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜) ืงืฒื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข, ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืข- 
ืกื™ื•ื•ืข ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ืืฆื™ืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒืŸ-ืงืึธืึธืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ" ืกืขืง- 
ื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืขืจื™ึธืึธื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื- 
ืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ื ืคื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืง- 
ืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ืข 
ืื™ืŸ 1920 ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ -- ,ื“ื™ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืข- 
ื“ืขืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื”ืึธืจืขืคึผืืฉื ื™ืงืขืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืขืจืขืฅ-ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ". ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ, ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืฉื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืฆืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ 
ื ืฉืึธืฐื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ, ืื ื˜ื™-ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืื™ืจืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืื ืฆืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 1959 ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ. 


116 


ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืขืจ ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜- 
ื‘ื•ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืคืŸ ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœื˜-ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืกื™ื’ื ื™ืจื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜- 
ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, 

ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™- 
ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืฐ. ืขืจืœื™ืš 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืง- 
ื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜: ,ื“ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืืžืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ 
ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกื™ืึธื ืขืœืข ืคืืจื™ื™ื ืขืŸ; ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืคืœื•ืก ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจืขืคึผืืฉื ื™ืงืขืก 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืจื™ื™ื“, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ". ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืืจื˜ืฒ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1921 ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1923 ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข ,ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ- 
ืคืจืืงืฆื™ืข", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข 
ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืขืงืฐืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ 
ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึธืจืขืคึผืืฉื ื™ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืืก- 
ืงื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฉืึธืจืขืžืื›ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœ- 
ืฉืึธืฐื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืœืคื™ืจืขืจ. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒืŸ- 
ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจืฉืืคื˜ (ืืฃ ื ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’) ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืคึผืจืขืœ 
4 ื ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ,ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืคืจืืงืฆื™ืข". ื“ื™ ืจืข- 
ื–ืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ืœืื ื’ืŸ ืืงืฉืึธ- 
ื ืขืกื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื ืงืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 1944. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒืŸ-ืงืึธืึธืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ" ืกืขืง- 
ื˜ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1948 ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื‘ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืœืื›- 


ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ,ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืง, ื ืึธืจ ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื ืขืœืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•- 
ื ืขื ืœืื ื“. ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืืจ- 
ืงืœืขื ืขืจื˜, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืึธืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืคึผืื™---ืžื (1948--1977). 

ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ื•ื ื’, ืื– ืื™ืŸ 
ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 70-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืืคืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ืคืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒืŸ-ืกืขืง- 
ื˜ืึธืจ" ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 2570 ืคื•ื ืขื ื ื- 
ืฆื™ึธืึธื ืืœืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืึธ-ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš 3070 -- 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื“ืขืก!, ื“ืืจืฃ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆื™ืคืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืฆืืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืืจื”ืขื›ืขืจื˜. ืื–ื•ื™, 
ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ืึธ- 
ืœืึธื’ ื“ื–ืฉ. ืงื™ื™ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1970, ืื– ื“ื™ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืืŸ ืขืจืขืš 
ืคืืจ 2070 ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ึธืก- 
ืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ ื“. ื–ืึธื”ืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื›ื™ื™- 
ืœืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜-ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืึธ-ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 
6 ื™ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงืœืขื ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 21,4 ื‘ื™ื– 
2. ืœื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืกื˜ ื›. ื‘ืืจืงืืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 21,170 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืึธ-ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜-ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ -- 20,970. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ืคืืจื”ืขื›ืขืจื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืืš ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜- 
ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™ืขืก ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืืงืฆื™ืขืก 
ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ (ืงื•ื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ื“ืขื ืืžืขืจื™- 
ืงืื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ, ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ื“ืฒึท- 
ื˜ืฉื™ืฉืŸ) ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืจื™- 
ื•ื•ืื˜ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืื–ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ื–ื 1. ืฐืฒึทื ืกื˜ืึธืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ 1969, ืคืืจื•ืคื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’, ืื– 9370 ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื“ื•- 
ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืœืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜ืŸ ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ 7670 ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืœืข ืืจื‘ืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข. ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ,ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ-ื‘ืื ืง" ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืคื™ื ืื ืฅ-ื’ืจื•- 
ืคึผืขืก (ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 


: ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆื™ืคืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ 
0 ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ,ืื ื˜ืจืขืคึผืจื™ื–?"-- 
ืึธืจื’ืืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืื˜ืจืึธื ืื˜ (ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ืกืข ืžืึธื ืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืื ืงืจืฒื™ืš). 


ืฐืึธืœืคืกืึธืŸ- ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืื™ื– ื ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื - 
ื“ื™ืฉืข) ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจื˜ 3/4 ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจื•ื ื’. ืืคื™ืœืข ืœื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ึดืขืœืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜ืขืจ ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ 70-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื 7070 ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ 
ื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก-ืงืจืืคื˜, ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจื˜ 
ืงื™ืžืื˜ 9670 ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืœืข ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื ื“,: ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ืจื˜- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆืœ-ื”ืื ื“ืœ. 
ืื–ื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืืฆืขื•ื• ืื™ื ืขื , ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ" 
ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืง. 

ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ 
,ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืกืึธืฆื™ึธืืœื™ื–ื', ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืจืขืงืœืืžื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ 
ืืคืŸ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ? (ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœึดื™- 
ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืึธ- 
ื ืืœ, ื™ื•. ื‘ืจืื•ื ื˜ืืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื”ื™- 
ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืืŸ , ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธืฆื™ึธื- 
ืœืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜, ืฐื™ ื ื ืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืงืืžืฃ ืคืืจ ืจืขืืœื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธ- 
ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื", ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ,ื ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืข 
ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจืึธืฉ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜" 
ืืื•ื•.). 

ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืขืžืขืกืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ื 
ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœ-ืจืขืคืึธืจืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข. ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืข- 
ื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ-ืจืขื’ื™ืจืขืจ ืื’ืจืข- 
ืกื™ื•ื•ืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืืคึผืื™--ืžื, ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืกืœืขืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœ-ืจืขืคืึธืจืžื™ื–ื, ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“- 
ืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆื•- 
ื’ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึธืก- 
ืจืึธืขืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื”ื™ืœืฃ-ืึธืจื’ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืข- 
ืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืŸ ืืคึผืืจืื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืžืื ื“ืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก-ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ื”ืึธืจืฅ- 
ืคึผืืฉื ื™ืงืขืก. ืกืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ ื ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™- 
ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœืขืจ ืกื˜ืจืื›ื™ืจื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœืŸ 
ืงื•ืจืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืข- 
ื›ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœื˜-ืžื™ื˜- 


1 ืืคืŸ , ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒื™ืŸ-ืงืึธืึธืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ืฐื•ืŸ? ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ 4290 ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข 
ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืœืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ -- 0,392. 


117 


ืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฆื™ืขื ื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“. ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืจื•ืคืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืฆื•ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ืืืจื‘ืขื˜ื•ื ื’" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืื™ื ืขื ืœืื ื“ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ, ืืฒึทื ืฐืึธืจืฆ- 
ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข, ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœ-ืจืข- 
ืคืึธืจืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ืึธืคึผืฐื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืงืœืืกื ืงืืžืฃ. 
ืืœืข ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขื ืข ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืขืก ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืจืง- 
ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื™ืœ- 
ื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ-ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข. ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
9 ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜-ื‘ื™ืจื–ืฉืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืฉื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจืข ืืงืฆื™ืข, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ' 

ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึธืกืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ื“ื™ ืคืืจ- 
ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืžืื ื“ืื˜ืŸ-ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืขืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ-ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืงืึธื ืคืœื™ืงื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธึทืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื ืขืกื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ืคืขืœืงืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืื ื•ื ื’, ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ, ืคึผืจืึธื™ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’. 


ืื™ืŸ 1959, ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืงืฉืึทื ืขืก- 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื•ืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืงืฑื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜; ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืืจืื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขื’, 
ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ 
ืืคื™ืฉื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
,ืฒื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ืืจื˜". 

ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืขืžืขืกืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื‘ืืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืง- 
ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜. ืžืข 
ื‘ื™ื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขื ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืขืฆืขื ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืึทืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ืžื™- 
ื ืืฆื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜-ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืืœ- 


? ื“ืขืจ ืจืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจื™ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืœืžืื›ื˜ืŸ. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™- 
ื–ืืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืข ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื•ืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ืฐื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ. 


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ืฆื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดึธื“ื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ ื ืงืœืข- 
ื ืขืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ืŸ. ื ืกืืš ื–ืืฐืึธื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ. ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ืžื™ื ืืฆื™ืข ืœืขื’ืื‘ืข ื“ื™ 
ืืจืื‘ืขืจ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™- 
ืœื•ื ื’ืก-ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจืข, ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ืฐืข, ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜. ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจื™ื 
ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืื ื“- 
ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ -- ื“ืขื ืคื™ืœื™ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืื’ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืึธื“ื ืก. 

ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื“ื™ ืกืคืืจื“ื™ื, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, 
ืขืžืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ืจืขืคึผืจืขื–ืขื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ 
ืžืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึธืจืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื ืข- 
ืกืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืŸ ืืคึผืืจืื˜. ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผ- 
ืฉื˜ืืžื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืคืจืึธ-ืื–ื™ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื“ืขืœืขื’ืื˜ืŸ -- ืึธื - 
ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืžืืืจืืš" -- ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆื•ื–ื- 
ืžืขื ืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜. ืื™ืŸ 1981 ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ 6092 ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืจืื˜ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืฃ ืืฒึทื ืคืœื•ืกืจืฒึทื›ืข 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจืืฆื™ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืืžื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืงื ืืคึผ ื•ื™ื™- 
ื ื™ืง. ืื™ืŸ 1981, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 55 
ืืžื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืื›ืืงืœ ืคื™ืจ ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข ื™ึธื“ืŸ. ืื™ื ืขื 
ืจืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจืืฆื™ืข ืคืืจืžืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื–- 
ืจืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงืึธืจืขืฐื• 
2 ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืื ื“, 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 2170 ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœ- 
ื˜ืขืจืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜-ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- 
ืกืื›ืืงืœ 490. 


ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื–ืื›ืœืขืš ื ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒื ื™ืฉืข ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข. ื‘ืื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ- 
ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืืจื‘ืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืขื“ืขืจืืฆื™ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืื ื˜ื•ื•ืขืจืงืขืจ, ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื ื™ืงืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืฉืื•ื•ื ื™ืงืขืก!, ืงืœื™ื™ื -ื”ืขื ื“ืœืขืจ, ืกื˜ื•- 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทืข ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกื™ืขืก, 
ืฉื˜ื•ื‘-ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืขืก. ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ- ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืœ-ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืจ, ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืงืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืง. ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืœืืกื™ืคื™ืงืืฆื™ืข ,ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข", ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ื- 


: ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื ื™ืงืขืก--ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืึธืคึผืขืจื- 
ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืœืื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืžื™ื ื“ืข-ื™ื™ึทืฉื•ึผืฐื™ื -- 
ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜ืข ืคื™ืจืžืขืก. 
ืžืึธืฉืืฐื ื™ืงืขืก--ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคื–ืืฅ-ืงืึธืึธ- 
ืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืฉืืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืืœืขื’ื•ืคื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืึธืœืง. 


ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืกื›ื™ืจืขืก, 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคึผืจืึธืคื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ื“ืŸ. 

ืื–ื•ื™ืืจื•ื, ืคืืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืœืื’ืข ืคื•- 
ื ืขื ืกื˜ืื˜ื•ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ืืฃ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืฆืึธืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืงืกืคึผืœื•ืื˜ื™ืจืŸ 
ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืžื™. ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ื ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืคื™- 
ื ืื ืฅ-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืœื™ืงื•ื“', ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืจ 
ืื™. ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืฅ. ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืข- 
ื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื–ื™ืŸ. ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœื™ืกื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขื-ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
,ืœื™ืงื•ื“" ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืกื˜ืืจืขื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฐื™ ืจื™ื˜ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจื- 
ื˜ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ- 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™- 
ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืืงืกื™ืžืืœืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ื–ื. ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ. ืฐื™ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข, ื“ืขืจืœืึทื–ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜-ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธื - 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฐืึธื›ื™ื. ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืขืจ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืกืืš ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืืจืฒื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
,ื•ื•ืืœืŸ" ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจืก. 

ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜-ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืžืขืœื“ืขื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ื•ืขื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืงืŸ ืืœืก ืื•ืž- 
ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืœืขื›ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืึธื - 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœื ืขืžืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ึน ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืœื˜-ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืง-ืคืึธื ื“. ืื›ื•ืฅ 
ื“ืขื, ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืงื ื“ืข ืฆื• ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜. ืกื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืคืืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืงื ื“ืข ืคึผืึธื˜ืฉื˜-ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืคืŸ- 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ืื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคืื˜ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจืึทืขื˜ 
ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒืŸ. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึธืก- 
ืจืึธืขืœ-ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜-ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืงืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ืœืงื™ืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืžืึธื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, 


ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœ-ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืึธืœืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืฐื™ ืก'ื“ืืจืฃ ืฆื• 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ึธืืœ-ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข 
ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข. 
ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜-ืคืึธืจื˜ืจืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœ- 
ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืืคืŸ 11ืฉื ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ 
(ื™ื•ืŸ, 1972) ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ: , ื’ืจืึธื“ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื•- 
ื ื™ืฆื™ืคึผืืœืข ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืืจืคื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืจื•ื›ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™- 
ืจื•ื ื’, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืคึผืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜-ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจืฉืืคื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื - 
ื“ื™ืงืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืืคืŸ-ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืจ ืืฐื™ืืฆื™ืข, ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฉื•ืœืŸ, 
ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืงืขืจ-ืจืขื ื˜ื’ืข- 
ื ืึธืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืคึผืึทืจืืฆื™ืฅ 
,ืงื•ืจ', ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™ืขืฅ 
ืืื•ื•. "... 

ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธ-ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืจื™ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœ-ืจืขืคืึธืจืžื™ื–ื ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืกืืžืข ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒื ื™ืฉืข 
ื‘ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื™ืคืึธืœืงื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™- 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’. 

ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืงืœืืกืŸ-ืฉืึธืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืืกืŸ- 
ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื•ืœื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื™- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™- 
ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืžืื ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื’ืจืขืกื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืื - 
ืกื™ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ 
ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืจืก ืกืฒึท ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ื™ 
ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืคึผืื™--ืžืื™ ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ืฐืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืื ื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืจืขืคึผืจืขื–ืขื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืžื™ื˜ืœื‘ืืจ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก-ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ, 

,ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธืคื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ 
ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜-ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจืฉืืคื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืงืขืžืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจืขืคึผืืฉื ื™- 
ืงืขืก, -- ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜-ืคืึธืจ- 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœ-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ื“ืขื 
9ืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ (1981). -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืžืืืจืืš"-ืคืจืืง- 
ืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืžืขื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืงืืžืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืข- 


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ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืœื˜ืข ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ , ืงืœืืกืŸ-ืฉืึธ- 
ืœืขื". ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื’ื ืึธืจื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ , ืœื™ืงื•ื“"-ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’. 

ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ- 
ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฆื™ึธืืœ-ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื™ื˜ืœื‘ืืจืข ืงืึทื ื˜ืืงื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื - 
ื“ื™ืงืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืจืืคื™ื ื™ืจ- 
ื˜ืข ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงืืžื•ืคืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืกืŸ ื˜ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึนึผืึทืœึดื™- 
ื˜ื™ืง. ืœืขืžืึทืฉืœ, ืฉืคึผื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ , ืงืขืž- 
ืคืขืจ" ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื™-ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืคืึธืœ- 
ืงื™ืฉืข ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ื‘ื•ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜- 
ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื™ืงืข ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœ-ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืืงืฆื™ืขืก, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืกื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ืงืึธ- 
ืœืขื’ืŸ, ืงืฑื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืื ืฅ-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจืŸ (ืœ. 
ืขืฉืงืึธืœ, ืคึผ. ืกืืคึผื™ืจ, ืื™. ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ), ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜-ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจืืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืคึผืื™---ืžืื™, ืฆื•ืžืึธืœ 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ื“ืขืžืื’ืึธื’ื™ืข. ืื–ื•ื™, ืœืขืžืึทืฉืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ-ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื- 
ื“ืจื•ื˜ ืื™. ืžืขืฉืœ, , ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง" ืืคืŸ ||-ื˜ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื™ (ืžืืจื˜, 1977) ื“ืขื ืคื™- 
ื ืื ืฅ-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืคืืจื ืขืคึผืœื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜: , ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืึท- 
ื™ืืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคืึธืœืง, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš... ืกืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจื•ืš ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ (ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก-ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™,--- 
?. ื“) ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื“-ื™ื•ื ื™ืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ..". ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ, ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืงืึทืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื ืืคึผืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ- 
ื“ืขืœืขื’ืื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื ืจืขืคึผืœื™ืง; 
,ื“ื•, ืžืขืฉืœ, ืฉื˜ืขืœืกื˜ ืคืึทึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืงืœืืก, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื“ื• ื˜ืจืขื˜ืกื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก". 

ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ 
ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึนึผืึท- 
ืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืคืจืื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ , ืœื™ืงื•ื“" 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืื™. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜- 
ืกื™ื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืคึผืึทืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœ- 
ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื ืขืกืขื˜:ื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
7, 1981 ืื•ืŸ 1984. 

ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืืง- 
ืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™ืขืก (ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืืกืฉื˜ืื‘ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขื ืข ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืข- 
ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข), ื˜ืจืขื˜ 


120 


ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืืก ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก- 
ืงืึทื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ,ืฆืฐืฒืคึผืขื ืขืžื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืื ื•ืก". 
ืื•ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ืืœืก 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขื ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื ืื, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขื“ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ 
ืืœืก ืคึผืจืึทืคืืจืฒืŸ. 

ื ืงืึทืžืคึผืื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขืฉืืคืขื ืข ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 1924 , ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืื˜ ื”ืืึธื•ื•- 
ื“ื™ื" (,,ืงืึทืžืคึผืื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข"). ื’ืจืึธื“ 
,ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืื˜ ืึทืฐื•ื“ื™ื" ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืก 
ืงืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ,ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ" 
ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข. ,ื“ื™ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืื ืกื™ืขืœืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ , ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืื˜ 
ืึธื•ื•ื“ื™ื" ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ืฐื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืึธืคึผืขืจื- 
ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืœืื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ 
ืืœืก , ืงืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื", -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื–ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™. -- 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจ-ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ืš- ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืขื“ื™ื˜-ืงืึธืึธืคึผืข- 
ืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืœืข- 
ื ื™ื ืก ื“ืขืคื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืข, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืึธืคึผืขืจื- 
ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืืœืก ืืœื˜ืขืจื ืื˜ื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืœืืกื ืงืืžืฃ, ืฐืข- 
ืžืขื ืก ืฆื™ืœ ืื™ื– -- ืืจืึธืคึผืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™- 
ื˜ืืœื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื", 

ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจืขืกืข-ืžืื’ื ืื˜ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื - 
ื’ืขืจ , ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜" ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข 
ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ,ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ 
ืื™ื– ื ื’ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจ ืคืืจ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™- 
ืฉืข ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ-ืื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืื“ืื ืง ื“ืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืึธื ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกืงืจืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืขื ื˜ืขื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืจืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืึธื’ืžืข".. 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 1921 ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื- 
ืฆื™ืข ,ื‘ืื ืง ื”ืืคึผืึทืืœื™ื" (,ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืื ืง")1 
ืื™ื– ืจืขืงืœืืžื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฐื™ ืื–ื, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ,ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜" ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ,ื 
ืคื™ื ืื ืกื™ืขืœืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ- 
ืงืœืืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ- 
ืงืœืืก" ืืื•ื•. ืื“ื’. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึธืก- 
ืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ ื“. ืงืื“ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื ืจื•ืคึผืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืก-ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ,ืืคื™ืœืข 

?: ื“ืขืจ ,ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจื™ื‘ืื ืง", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื - 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜, ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 


ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืœืฑื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื- 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืื ืง ืื™ื ืขื ืœืื ื“. 


ื™ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืื ืง" 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜", ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜ ---,ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืขืจ 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ืื ืง"... 

ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ (ืคืึธืจืžืขืœ ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
!437 ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืœืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืื ื“) ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืงืึธืึธืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ืจื˜- 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืื–ืขืจ ืžืข- 
ืœื•ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜-ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืขืง- 
ื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ื‘ืื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื ื‘ืื–ืข ืืฃ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืง- 
ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื“ืขื ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉ-ืžืึธื ืึธืคึผืึธืœื™- 
ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœื™ื–ื, 

ื“ื™ ืึธื ืฐืขื–ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืืœืฉืŸ 
,ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจื™ื™ืŸ"-ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขื’ื™ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืคึผืื™---ืžืื™-ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืงืึธืžืขืจืฅ-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข. ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื–ื™- 
ืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืคึผืื™---ืžืื™ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™- 
ืงืข ืžืืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืขื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื- 
ื“ืจื•ื˜: , ืงื•ืคึผืื˜ ื›ืึธืœื™ื" (, ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ-ืงืืกืข"), ื“ื™ 
ืกื˜ืจืื›ื™ืจ-ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜, , ื›ืืกื ืข" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ,ื ืืืžืื˜" (,ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ") ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข , ื”ืื ืึธืืจ 
ื”ืืึธืฐืขื“ ื•ื•ืขื›ืืœืึธืžืขื“" (,, ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜'). ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืœ 
ืื•ืžืคึผืืจื˜ืฒื™ื™ึดืฉืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ื“ืืจืคืŸ, ืœื•ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืคึผืื™---ืžืื™, ืžื™ื˜ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœ-ืฆื™ึดืข- 
ื ื™ื–ื. 

ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ืืง- 
ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึธึทื ื˜ืฒืœื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืœืึท- 
ื ื™ืืœืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืึทืงื•- 
ืคึผื™ืจื˜ืข ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก. ื“ืึธืก ืจืึธื• ืฆื™- 
ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดืฉื•ึผืฐื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ืข ื‘ืึธื“ื ืก, ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื- 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜. 

ื ืจื™ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜-ืคื™ืจืžืขืก, ืงืฑื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ึดืขืœืข ืงืึธืจืคึผืึธืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•- 
ื ืขื ืœืื ื“ , ืงื•ืจ" (,ืจืขืืงื˜ืึธืจ") ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื - 
ื“ืขืจืข, ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื- 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืœืŸ ืงืึธืž- 
ืคึผืœืขืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ. ื‘ืขืจืึธืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกืืš ืงืึธืž- 
ืคึผืื ื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜, 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขืžื™ืกื™ืึธื ื™ืจื˜ืข ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข 


ืึธืคื™ืฆืขืจืŸ. ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ ืž. ืืžื™ื˜, 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืฑื™ืกืฉืคึผื™ืจ- 
ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฐืึธืคื ื˜ืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืžืข- 
ืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•- 
ื ืขื ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจืŸ , ืงื•ืจ". ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื 
ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื’ื™ื ืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื•ื•ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืœืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืข- 
ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืžื™ืกื™ืข ืื™. ื’ืื•ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืž. ื’ื•ืจ. ืืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜- 
ืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืก ืื™ื ืขื ืงืึทื ืฆืขืจืŸ , ืงื•ืจ" ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœืŸ. ื‘ืขืจืึธืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื•ื™ื- 
ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™ืข ,ืขืœ-ืืœ" (,ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ") ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ ืข. ื‘ืขืŸ-ืืจืฆื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืคึผืึธืœืงืึธืฐื ื™ืงืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ื-ืืžื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื™. ื”ืืจืขืœ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžื™ืกื™ืข ื“ื™- 
ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ืึธืจ-ื–ืืฐืึธื“, ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžื™- 
ืกื™ืึธื ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ ืื™. ื˜ืื‘ืขื ืงื™ืŸ -- ื“ื™- 
ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜-ืงืึธืž- 
ืคึผืื ื™ืขืก, ืืื•ื•. 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ืขืœืข ืื•ื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ื•ื™ื›ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืœืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜-ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื™ ื‘ื™ื ื“ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ึฐืืœ- 
ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ืื™ื ื“ื•ืก- 
ื˜ืจื™ึทืขืœืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืืจืžื™ื™ื™ืฉืข ืงื ื•ืคื™ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื 
ืงืืœืืกืืœืข ืจืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•- 
ื ืขื ืœืื ื“, ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขืกืึธื“ ืคืืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฃ, 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืข- 
ืžื™ืขืจ-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ืึธืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืึธืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึนึผืึทืœึดื™- 
ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืจื™ื™ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื™ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงืข, ืื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืื˜ืฒึทืŸ-ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ื‘ื- 
ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆื™ืœืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืกื•- 
ืžืขืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜- 
ืคืขื“ืขืจืืฆื™ืข, ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืจืขื“-ื™ื•ื ื™ืึธื ืขืŸ, โ€ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืŸ 
,ืขื‘ืขืจื˜-ืคืึธื ื“', ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืืจื™ืฉืŸ , ืคืึธื ื“ 
ืคืืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ", ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืงืื ื“ื™ื ืื•ื•ื™- 
ืฉืข ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœ-ืจืขืคืึธืจืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื , ื‘ืขืฉื•ื˜ืคืขืก- 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืืจืง" ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ืžืึธื ืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืฉื ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฆื™ึธืืœ-ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ 50-ืขืจ -- ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ 60-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืข- 
ื›ืข ืœืขืจืŸ-ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื ื“ ืคึผืจืึธืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ- 
ื“ื™ืงืข, ืื ื˜ื™ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืงืื“ืจืขืŸ--- 


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ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืค- 
ืจื™ืงืข, ืœืื˜ืฒึทืŸ-ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื™ืข. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข 
ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ืœืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜-ืฆื˜ืึธื’ ื“ืขืจ 
, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ืคืขืœืงืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื ื’ืก-ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’, ืงืึธืึธืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ื•ืขืจ 
ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜", ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ืคืขืœืงืขืจ- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœืขืจืŸ-ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื“ืข-ืืžื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ 
ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ" 
ืื™ืŸ ื›ืฒึทืคืข, ,ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืึธืึธืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื˜ืฒึทืŸ- 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข", ,ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ื - 
ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื. ืจื•ืคึผื™ืŸ", ,ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื - 
ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดืฉื•ึผืฐื•ื™ื', ,ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื - 
ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’". ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœืข 
ืœืขืจืŸ-ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึฐืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜, ืฐื™ ืคื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงื- 
ื“ืจืขืŸ, ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ื–ืื›ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืจื™ื ื’, 
ืคืืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ื™ึดืฉืข, ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒื ื™ืฉืข, ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืฉืข, 
ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข, ืงืึธืึธืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ื•ืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข , ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜", 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื’ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืŸ- 
ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœืข ืืžื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ. 

ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื ืืžืข- 
ืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืŸ ืืฑืกืฉืคึผื™ืจืขืจ ืค. ืื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืข ืื•ื™ืกืฉืคึผื™ืจ-ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐื“ื™ืง-ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒื ื™ืฉืข ืงืื“- 
ืจืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืจื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ืฐื•ื™ืงืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืคึผืืœ- 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข, ืคึผืจืึธ:ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืืงืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ืคืขืœืงืขืจืœืข- 
ื›ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’. 

ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืืจื›ื™-ืจืขืืงืฆื™- 
ืึธื ืขืจืข ืื ื˜ื™ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก, ื ืขืžื˜ ืืŸ 
ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื™ืœืขืกื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืจืึธืฐืึธืงืืฆื™ึทืึธื ืขืœืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื. ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ืคืขืœืงืขืจ- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืคืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืคืคืœืื ื’, ืคื™ืจื˜ ื ืจืข- 
ืืงืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื•ืจืก. 

ื“ื™ ืคึผืฉืึธืจืขืžืื›ืขืจื™ืฉืข, ืื ื˜ื™ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ- 
ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜-ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืื ื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืขืงืกืคึผืื - 
ืกื™ืึธื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ. ืื–ื•ื™, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ 


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ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืคึผืื-ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืคึผ. ืžืขืจื›ืื•ื• 
ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ , ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื“ืขื’ืจืื“ื™ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคื™ื ืื ืฅ-ืžื™ื ื™- 
ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื". ,ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกื˜ื™ื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืžืขืจื›ืื•ื•, -- ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ 
ื–ืขืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืŸ ืื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืข- 
ื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’". 

ืงืขืžืคื ื“ื™ืง ืงืึธื ืกืขืงืฐืขื ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืข- 
ืžืืกืงื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜- 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก, ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ 
ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื ื˜ ืคืืจ ืฉืึธืœืขื ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื‘ืืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจืืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื™ืœื“ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขื 
ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒืŸ-ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ. ,ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืข ืืจื‘ืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืขืžืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื- 
ื“ืจื•ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืขืžืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒืŸ-ืคืขื“ืข- 
ืจืืฆื™ืข, -- ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜- 
ืคืึธืจื˜ืจืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ-ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•- 
ื ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœ-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึทืขืœื“ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืž. ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ื•ื•ืฆื ืคืืจื˜ื™ืฒ-ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ. -- ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœ, ืื– ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข-ืงื•ืฑื›ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืขืงืฐืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ื–ืืš, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืขืžืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืงืืžืฃ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ืืฃ ืืœืข ืื ื˜ื™ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืึธื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, 
ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜-ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจืฉืืคื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึธ- 
ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ". 

ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ 111ืขื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืข ื“ื™ ืœื™ื ืงืืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฐืึธื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜". ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืึธืŸ, ืื– ืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืขื’ืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื—ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ. ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’-ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœ-ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื , ืœื™ืงื•ื“". 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜-ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจืฉืืคื˜ 
ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืืžืฃ, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ 


ืื™ื ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ- 
ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืงืฆื™ืขืก, ืืคืŸ 
ื™ืขืกืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ืืฒื ื”ืฒึทื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜, 
,ืื•ืžืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™- 
ืงืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืึธื ืฉืฑื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ". 

ืืคืŸ 18 ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึทืขืœ- 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื’- 
ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึทื›ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ,ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืŸ- 
ืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืขืš", ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ื‘ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึธืจืขืคึผืืฉื ื™ืงืขืก. , ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜, ืฆื• 
ืคืืจื™ื•ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืขืžืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืœืืกืŸ- 
ืึทืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื“ืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ื™-ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ, --- ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก-ืคืืจื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืื™ื ืขื ืึทืจ- 
ื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื ื“ืจื•ืง ืืฃ ืื™ืจืข ืคื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ื - 
ืกื˜ืื ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ -- ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืงืึทืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ. ืื–ื ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืืœืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• 
ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘ ืฆื• 
ืžืื™--,ืžืืืจืืš" ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœืึธื™ืืœืขืจ ืึธืคึผืึท- 
ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ,ืœื™ืงื•ื“" ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืืžืคืก-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•- 
ื ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืงืœืืก, ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืžืืกืŸ". 

ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืึธืคึผืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ื ืขื ืœืื ื“ ืคึผืจืึธืคื- 
ืจื™ื™ื ืขืŸ -- ,ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ื”ืืึธื•ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœืขื•ืžื™ื˜" 
(,ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืคืขื“ืขืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™- 
ืงืข")!, , ื”ืืคึผืึธืขืœ ื”ืืžื™ื–ืจืื›ื™" ืื•ืŸ , ืคึฐืึธืืœึตื™ื™ 
ืื’ื•ื“ืื˜ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืืขืœ"? ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืขื“ืข- 
ืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขืืง- 
ืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœ-ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’-ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒ- 
ื ืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืื™ื’ื ืึธืจื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื“ืฅ- 


: ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืขื“ืขืจืืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 1934. ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืึธืจ 1948, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ื™ ,ื›ืขืจื•ื˜". ื–ื™ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืฆืขื 
ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜, ืคืืจ ืฆื•ื•ืื ื’ืก- 
ืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืจืื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกื™ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™- 
ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœืข 
ืกื˜ืจืื›ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืฉื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข. 

? ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ. ,ื”ืืคึผืึธืขืœ ื”ืืžื™ื–ืจืื›ื™? ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœ-ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ืฒ, ืื•ืŸ ,ืคึผืึธืืœืฒ 
ืื’ื•ื“ืื˜ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืืขืœ? -- ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื-ืึธืจื˜ืึธื“ืึธืงืกื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ,ืื’ื•ื“ืื˜ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืืขืœ? (,ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ"). ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืžืึธื’ืŸ, ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืึธืจ 1953, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืึธืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒืŸ-ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืึธืคึผื™ 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœืขืจ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืœืขื’ืื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจืข ืฆื•ื–ื- 
ืžืขื ืคืึธืจืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฒืœ, 


ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืž- 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื‘ืœืึธืงื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื• 
ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ- 
ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื•ืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒืŸ- 
ืึทืจื’ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, 
ื“ืขืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทื ืคืœื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืฆื•ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื”ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜-ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜- 
ืคึผืึทืคึผื•ืœืขืจืข ืืงืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœืข ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืื–ื™ืข ืกืฒึท 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“, ืกืฒึท ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืื•ืžืฆื•- 
ืคืจื™ื“ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ , ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื’ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืœืื’ืข" 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก-ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ ื•ื•ื™ืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืึธืœืขื ืžืื›ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฅ ื‘ื- 
ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื- 
ื“ืจื•ื˜, ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ, 
ืื“ืื ืง, ืงืฑื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืจืขืกืข- 
ืจืขืจ ืžืื“ืจื™ื™ื’ืข ืื•ื™ืกื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒืŸ"- 
ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื - 
ื“ื™ืงืข. 

ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก- 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ, ืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ , ืœื™ืงื•ื“" ื ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืจื™ืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜. ื‘ืขื’ื™ื ืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืืžื™ืจืก ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืกื˜ืืจืขื˜ ืคื•ืœ- 
ืงื•ื ื‘ืื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜-ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ืื™ื ืขื ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงืึทื ืึธืžื™ืฉ-ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœืข 
ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข, ืคืืจืงืœืขื ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืข ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ืขืก ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื , ืคึผืจืึธืคืืจืฒื™ืŸ"-ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจืŸ ,ื›ืข- 
ื•ื•ืจืื˜ ืึธืฐื“ื™ื". ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ , ืœื™ืงื•ื“" 
ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืงืืžืคึผืื ื™ืข ืฆื• 
ื“ื™ืกืงืจืขื“ื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืึธืกืžื™ื˜- 
ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜-ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
,ืžืืืจืืš" ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื , ื›ืขืจื•ื˜", ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืคืืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืฅ-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ 
(ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืก-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ) ื’ืขื ืข- 
ืจืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžื™ืกื™ืข ืž. ืฆื™ืคึผืึธืจื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ -- , ืžืืคื™ืข". 

ื“ืขืจ , ืœื™ืงื•ื“' ืคื™ืจื˜ ื ืงืืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ 
ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ ืืฃ ืืŸ ,ืื™ื ื“ื–ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ึทืืœื™ื–ื", ื ืึธืจ 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜, ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืึธืคึผืฉื•ื•ืื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืงืึทื ืงื•ืจืขื ื˜ -- ื“ืขื ื‘ืœืึธืง ,ืžืืืจืืšืจ? 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฆื™ืœ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืžืืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื ืจ 
ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœืข ื“ืขืจืึธื‘ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืœืืกื ืงืืžืฃ. 


ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืกืึธืฃ ืฆื•ื ื’ืขื ืึธืฆื™ื“! 


ืฆื• ืจืขืจ ืึทืงื•ืคืึทืฆื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ. ื“-ื•ื-ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืืœ-ืคืึทืœืงื•ืฉืข. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ = ื = ื“ืขืžืึทื ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ื˜ 


ื™* 5 * 
ืคื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ 


: " 
*. ืงืขื’ื ื’ืขืจืฉืึทืคื˜ 


: 5 
ืื™ ืคื™ื ื“ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืึทืœืึทื’ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืืค 


124 


ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืข ืึธืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข 


= ื•*=ืฆื™ื™ ืื™ ื•ื™ ื™ื™ 6 - ื™"ื" ** =ืื•ื ื™.ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื 5 + ื™ื 
ืืœืžืกื˜ื™ื ืžืจ ื‘ืžืคืึทื ื’ื˜ื ื˜ ื“ื ื™ืจ ื’ืžื‘ืจืึทืžื˜ โ€ ืฆืจ- ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื™ื˜ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื ื’.. ื ื™ื˜ื ืœื™ื™ื– 


ืื™ื’ 


2 ื™ื™ื’ : ื•ื™ ืจืฉื™ 4 ื™ื™ืจื˜ ื–ื“ึธ *ืืจ ืืžื™ืก 
ื–ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ = ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ืŸ | ืึทืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข./(ืชืข ืึทืจืกื™ืคึฟืœ. ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื“ื•ืง) 


ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ, 
ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืจื“; ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื™ืขืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื- 
ืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’; ืงืึธื ืฆืœืื’ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงืŸ 
ืฒ ื”ืขืจืึธื™ืฉืข ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืœืง... 


129 


ืื™ื•ื ืฆื“ื–ืขืจืฆ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื™ื•ืขืŸ 


ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ืฐื•. ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ -- ืืฐื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก. ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’. ืก'ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. 


ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจ 


ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1910, ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข) 


,;ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“": ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– 


ืขื ื’ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. 


ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจื- 
ืฆื™ืขืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืขืฃ 
ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง-ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืคึผืขืจืขืฆืŸ, ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื•ื™ื›ืขืจ- 
ืกืคืึธืจื™ืžืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืฃ ,ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืึธืœืขืจืฒึท-ืงื•ื ืกื˜"? 
ื”ืขืจืฉ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจ: ืกืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืืฃ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื ืกื˜. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ื‘ื ืงืึธืœืขืจืœืฒ ืงื™ื ืกื˜- 
ืœืขืจ, ืื•ืžืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืึธืคึผ- 
ืฉื˜ืืžื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ืืฆื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื˜ืข, ื“ื™ ืขืฆืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ โ€ ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืก-ืžืื ื™ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืคืืกื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืข- 
ืฆื™ืคื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึธืœืขืจืฒึท-ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื‘- 
ืจื™ืจื˜ ืืžืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจืง ืฉืื’ืืœืก ื‘ื™ืœ- 
ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธื“ื™ืœื™ืื ื™ืก ืกื˜ื™ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื˜ ืฐื™ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื ืื˜ืืŸ 
ืืœื˜ืžืื ืก ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจืืคื™ืง", ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืึธืกื›ืขืจ- 
ื‘ืขืจ ืจื™ื‘ืืงืก ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ,ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ", ืื™ืŸ 


126 


ืขืœื™ึดืขื–ืขืจ ืœื™ืกื™ืฆืงื™ืก ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืขืก ืฆื• , ื›ืื“- 
ื’ืื“ื™ืึธ" ืืื•ื•. ืžืึทืœืขืจืฒึท ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืืš ืคึผืจืึธื˜ื™ื 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืง. ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืขื ืœืขืš ืืฃ ื ืคื™ื“ืœืขืจ-ืฐื™ืจื˜ื•ืึธื–, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจืก ื ืขืฉืึธ- 
ืžืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืŸ ื ื•ืกืขืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื“ืขื ืกืึธื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื•ื™ืขืš-ื”ืื“ื™ืžื™ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืืœืื ื˜. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉืืคื˜ ื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ืกืžืขืŸ, 
ื ื’ื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืฉ, 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื ื’ื•ื™ืœืขื, ืึธืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืฉืืคื˜ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงื–, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืฑื’ืŸ, ืฉื•ื•ืืš, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืกื™ืข. 

ืก ื”: ืžืึธื“ื™ืœื™ืื ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืกืคืืจื“ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ึธื“. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืงืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืจืขื“ื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืื’ืืœืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื›ื•ื-ื”ืืžื•ื™ืฉืขื•ื•? 

ื” ืื™ื ื’ืขืจ: ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื™ื– ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืก? 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึทืš ืื•ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื›ื•ื- 


8* 


ื”ืืžื•ื™ืฉืขื•ื•. ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืืคืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืืš, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ. 

ืก. ื”.: ืฐืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึธืœืขืจืฒึท? 

ื”. ืื™ื ื’ืขืจ: ื™ื™ึดืกืึทืกื›ืขืจ-ื‘ืขืจ ืจื™ื‘ืืง, ื ืื˜ืืŸ 
ืืœื˜ืžืืŸ, ืจืึธื‘ืขืจื˜ ืคืืœืง, ืขืœื™ึดืขื–ืขืจ ืœื™ืกื™ืฆืงื™, 
ื˜ืื ื›ื•ื ืงืืคึผืœืืŸ, ืžืืจืง ืขืคึผืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืืง- 
ืกืขืœืจืึธื“, ืžืขื ื“ืœ ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ, 


ืก. ื”.: ืฆื™ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ืคืืจ 
ื ,ืจื™ื™ืŸ" ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ? 

ื”. ืื™ื ื’ืขืจ: ืื™ืš ื ืขื ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉืืฆืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ื•ืกืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืข- 
ืกืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš. 


ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืงืœืคื˜ืึธืจ 
ืคื™ื™ืกืขืš ืงืจื™ืฐืึธืจื•ืฆืงื™ 


(ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1920, ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“) 


ืกืึธื•ื•ืขืžื™ืขืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“: ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืœืึธื‘ืืœืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข. 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ืœ- 
ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืก-ืงื•ื ืกื˜? ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืื–ื 
ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืข ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฐืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™- 
-ื˜ืขื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™? 
ืคื™ื™ืกืขืš ืงืจื™ืฐื•ืึธืจื•ืฆืงื™: ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืึธื‘ืืœืขืจ 
ืฉืฒึทืœืฅ" ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืœืึธื‘ืืœ 
,ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื•ืขืฅ". ื›'ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืขื›ื˜ืข ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ- 
ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœ, ืคืืจืืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉึนื‚ืข- 
ื™ืคืขืจ. ืคืืจืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฉืขื“ืขื•ื•- 
ืจืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืกืœืื ื’. ื“ื™ ืฉืขื“ืขื•ื•ืจืขืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ 
ืื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืคืึทืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ: 
ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, -- ืืœืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ (ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืฉืืคื˜, ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื‘ื ืก- 
ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึท- 
ืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืžืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
:ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืืžื•ื ื’); ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก -- ืจืขืืœื™ื–ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


ืก. ื”.: ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทืœืขืจืฒ? 

ื”. ืื™ื ื’ืขืจ: ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืคืืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื™ืžืœ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ืฒึทื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคืึธืจ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื- 
ืคื•ื ื’, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ืฐืขืœื˜, ืฐืขืœื›ืข 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืื•ืžืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคืืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืืฃ ืื–ื 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืืฆื™- 
ืึธื ืืœืŸ ืงื•ื•ืืœ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื- 
ืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง. ืื–ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ืื’ืขื•ื•, 
ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืืœืขืžืขืŸ. 


ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื•ื ื’; ื“ืจื™ื˜ื ืก โ€ -- 
ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืขืจืคึผืขืงื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœื•ื ื’. 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืื™ื–, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ื“ื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืึธืก 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืขืก. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜- 
ืœืขืจ, ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒืขืจ ืขื ื’ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ืœืขื‘ื˜. 

ืก. ื”.: ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื™- 
ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื›ืข- 
ืžืข? 

ืค. ืงืจื™ืฐืึทืจื•ืฆืงื™: ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืืฃ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง. 7 ืงืœืืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืงื•ืœืคึผ- 
ื˜ื•ืจ-ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืจืฒึทื–ืœ 


127 


ื‘ืื ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึผื™ึทืึธื ืขืจืŸ-ื”ื•ื™ื–. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึธื’ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืš ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืŸ. ื‘ืข- 
ืฉืืก ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกืŸ. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜- 
ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืื“ื”ืฒึทืขื ืœืขื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืฃ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข. ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึทื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื- 
ื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืงืฑื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ืจืึธื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืจืขืžื‘ืจืื ื“ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืŸ. 

ืก. ื”: ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง? 

59 ืงืจื™ืฐืึทืจื•ืฆืงื™: ืื™ืŸ 1946, ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื 
ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 2-ื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜- 
ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ื•ืจ- 
ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืขืŸ. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื ืฆื™ืงืœ ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ื•ืจ-ืคึผืึธืจื˜- 
ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืข- 
ืœืขืจ -- ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื ื“ืจืึธืฃ, ืืฐืจืึธื ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ, 
ืืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก, ืžืึธื˜ืœ ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ืืŸ, ืื™ืจืžืข ื“ืจื•- 
ืงืขืจ, ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื˜ื™ื™ืฃ. 

ืก. ื”: ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’? 

9 ืงืจื™ืฐืึธืจื•ืฆืงื™: ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืžืื›ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ื•ืจ-ืคึผืึธืจื˜- 
ืจืขื˜ืŸ , ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ", ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜. ื ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ืกืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ึดื“ืŸ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื ืึทืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, 


ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจืŸ-ืงืขืจืืžื™ืกื˜ืงืข ืขืœืข ืจืขืžืขื ื™ื•ืง 


(ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1939, ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกื™) 


ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“: ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข: ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ 


128 


ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง. 

ืก ื”: ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง? 

5 ืงืจื™ืฐืึธืจื•ืฆืงื™: ืื™ืš ื–ื•ืš ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ืืคืงืข 
ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜. 

ืก ื”. ืฆื™ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขืœื›ืข-ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืฒื™ืžืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™- 
ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•? 

9 ืงืจื™ื•ืึทืจื•ืฆืงื™: ื™ืึธ, ืื•ื•ืื“ืข. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืคื™ืจ ืื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜-ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจืึธืฐื• ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ื“ืขื ื“ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืžื•ื–ื™ื™, ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ื•ืจืŸ, ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ื’ืขืžืขืœืŸ. 
ืื’ืขื•ื•, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ื“ืขืจ ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ืึธืจ, ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™, ื‘ืขืฉืืก ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ืคื•ืŸ 8 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขืžืขืœืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
2 ื˜ืฑื™ื–ื ื˜ -- ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข. 

ืก ื”: ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ,ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ" ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืข- 
ืจืข ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ื•ืจ-ืฐืขืจืง? 

5 ืงืจื™ื•ื•ืึทืจื•ืฆืงื™: ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ. 
38 ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“. ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ 42 ื“ืขื ืงืžืขืœืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜. 

ืก. ื”: ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฉืœื•ืก ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื’ืข. ื“ื™ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜- 
ืœึถืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืŸ 
ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง? 

5 ืงืจื™ื•ื•ืึธืจื•ืฆืงื™: ื˜ืื ื›ื•ื ืงืืคึผืœืื ืก. 


ื‘ืฒึทืœืื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 

ืขืœืข ืจืขืžืขื ื™ื•ืง: ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ึดื ืข; 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข -- ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืข- 


8--169 


ื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™. ืื™ืŸ 1942 ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜. ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข-ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ืข. ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงืขืจืืžื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกืขืจ 
ืงื•ื ืกื˜-ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข ืื™ืŸ 1951. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ืŸ -- ื“ื™ ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืึธืจึนื’ื™ 
ืกืขืกื™ืืฉื•ื•ื™ืœื™ โ€ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืืงืœื™ ืืงืจืึธืคึผืขืจื™ื“ื–ืข. 
ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื 1967, ืฉืืฃ ืื™ืš, ื‘ืื ืื ื“ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืœืขืก, ืงืขืจืืžื™ืฉืข ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ-ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ื•ืจ, 

ืก. ื”.: ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš , ืคืืจืงื•ืงื˜" ืืฃ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง? 

ืข ืจืขืžืขื ื™ื•ืง: ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ. 

ืก. ื”.: ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก? 


ืข. ืจืขืžืขื ื™ื•ืง: ืฐื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•- 
ื–ื™ืข. ืึธืŸ ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ืจืขืžื˜ ืคื™ืœ 
ืฐืขืจืง ืžืฒึทื ืข. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืฃ ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืข ืžืื ื™ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืก, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืึธืจื’ืขืฐื•ื“ื™- 
ืงืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื‘ื- 
ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืข- 
ื ืขืจ, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข. 

ืก. ื”: ื ื”ืคืฉ ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืง ืงืขืจืืžื™ืฉืข ืกืงืœืคึผื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ืคึผืขืจืกืึทื ืื–ืฉืŸ. ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ืฆื™ืคืขืœื™ืง? 

ืข ืจืขืžืขื ื™ื•ืง: ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง. ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™- 
ื›ืขื ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฉืขืคึผ ืื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’. ื”ื- 
ื’ืื ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืœ. ืื™ืš 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึธื“ื™ืฉ, 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึทืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฆื•ืžืึธืœ --- ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจ- 
ื ืืœ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", -- ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืฆื•- 
ืœื™ื‘ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ืื™ืš --- ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทืœืื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขื–ื™ื•ืžืข ืืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื˜ืขืื˜ืจืืœืข ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ืข ืืฃ ื’ืืกื˜ืจืึธืœืŸ. 

ืก. ื”: ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก 
ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ? 

ืข. ืจืขืžืขื ื™ื•ืง: , ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืขืจ" 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื - 
ืกืืžื‘ืœ, ,ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืฆืฒึทืžืœ ืคืืจ ื ืฐืฒึทืก 
ืคืขืจื“ืœ" ืื•ืŸ , ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืืœืข ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœืŸ ืงืืžืขืจ-ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ, ืื•ื•ื- 
ื“ืข -- ืกื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืืœ, 


ืก-ืขืจ 


ืก. ื”: ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื 
ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข ืึธืก- 
ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึทืœื™ืขืจ. ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืจืฉืขื ื–ืึธื ืก ืคึผื™ืข- 
ืกืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืกื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ืข ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื ืกืืžื‘ืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื - 
ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ ืงืืžื™ื ืกืงื™? 

ืข ืจืขืžืขื ื™ื•ืง: ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืžื™ื - 
ืกืงื™ืก ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืข- 
ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืฐืฒึทื– ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข 
ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืขืจ. 
ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, -- ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืขืŸ. ืื›ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืคึผืฒึทื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื 
ืกืืš ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ ืคืืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐื™ 
,ื•ื•ืืจื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืก" ืื•ืŸ ,ืื™ืฆื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืืกืขื ืข 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜". 

ืก. ื”: ืื•ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืœื™- 
ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืคืืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืขืจ. ืกืื™ื– ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื•ื•ืข, 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื• ืื™ื– 
ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึธื“.. 

ืข ืจืขืžืขื ื™ื•ืง: ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงืขืจืืžื™ืฉืข ืกืงื•ืœืคึผ- 
ื˜ื•ืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืขืก ืฆื• ืฉืึท- 
ืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ืฐืขืจืง. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืžื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผ- 
ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ---ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐื™ 
ืื™ืš, ืืœืก ื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื• ืื™ื– ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™- 
ื›ืขืžืก. ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื™ืืจื™ื“. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืข ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืง- 
ืœื™ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜. ืื•ื‘ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก, 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื˜ืขื›ื ืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ื–ืฒึทื˜: 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก-ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ื. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ... 

ืก. ื”: ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ื ื™ืฉืข 
ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ืื–ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืœื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืกื˜ื™ืง ื’ื•ืคืข. ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืื™ื– ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ? 

ืข. ืจืขืžืขื ื™ื•ืง: ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ืกืฒึท 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข. 
ื™ืขื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜. 

ืก. ื”: ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ืข, 
ืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืืฒึทืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืึธืก ื’ืขืฐื™ืจืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืขืฆืขื ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืื ืฅ 
ืจืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืง? 


129 


ืข. ืจืขืžืขื ื™ื•ืง: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื˜ืื™ืกื™, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผ- 
ืฉืข ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’. ืกื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”. ื‘ืืื–ืึธื•ื•ืŸ, ื“. ืื“ื–ืฉื™ืืฉื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื’. ื‘ืื˜ื™ืืฉื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืก ืคึผื™ืขืกืข ,ื“ืขืจ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื•" 
ืืื•ื•. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฉืงืขื ืื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ- 
ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข. ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš 
ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืจืึธื˜ื™ืžื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 


ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ื™ึดื“ืŸ, 
ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืข- 
ืจืืžื™ืง. 

ืก. ื”: ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง 
ืื›ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื? 

ืข ืจืขืžืขื ื•ืง: ืื™ืš ื‘ืื˜ื•ืื›ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœืก 
ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ-ื’ืืœืขืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืขืจืกืึธ- 
ื ืื–ืฉืŸ. ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื- 
ืœืขืจื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜. 


ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธื-ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 


ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื˜ืขื“ืจืข ืคืืจ ืขื˜ื ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ- 
ืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืืฃ ื. ื. ื–ืฉื“ืื ืึธื•ื•ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธืกื™ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ- 
ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข ืึดื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1923--1982 ืืคืŸ ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืข. 
ืื™ืจ ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ, ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื“ืœืึธ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธืกื™ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸื™ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืข 
ื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื ืืฆื™ึทืึธื ืืœืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืข: ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืขืจ, ืจื•ืกืŸ, ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืืงืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ืึธืœื™ืข. ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 60 ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ืข ื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ืฆืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ื•ื™ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ืื›ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื 40 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ื ืฒึทืข ืคึผืึธืจืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœ-ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ืข. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืขืจืขืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื ื ื™ืฐืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ 
ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ืข ื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืงืœืขื ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืจื•ืกืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืคึผืึธืœื™ืืงืŸ. ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ืข ื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืœ ื‘ืื ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธืกื™ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื- 
ื ืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืœืงืกืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ื™ืืงื˜ืŸ. 

ืืœืก ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืึธื ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ื“ื™ื“ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ื’ืืœื™ื ืข ืกื˜ืืจืึธืฐื•ืึธื™ื˜ืึธืฐืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึทืืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœ- 
ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืข (ื“ื™ืกืคึผืขืจืกื ืข) ื’ืจื•ืคึผืŸ, 


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ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื™ื ื–ืึธืŸ 


ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง | 


ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข 
ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ 


ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืชืข 


ื ืœืฒึทื“ื’ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื“ 


ืฉื™ืจืข ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืื ืก ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš: ืขืคื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืืœืก ืจืึธืžืืŸ. 
ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ืขืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ ื‘ื- 
ืฐื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื ืึธืฐืขืœืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืืŸ ,ื›ืื ืขืก ืฉืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ" ืื™ื– 
ื˜ืฒืœืฐืฒึทื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ , ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ 
ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ. ืกืื™ื– ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื‘ืจื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืœืฒึทืฐื ื˜, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ 
ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืŸ ืึทืคึผืฉื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื‘ืื ืื ื“ 
ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ืืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธื‘ื™ึดืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐื™ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ืจืข ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ. 

ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืื ืก ืืœืข 
ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืืœื ืคืืœืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ื–ื™ ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื 
ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ื ืฉืืคื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜,. ืฆื• ืฉืืคืŸ ืคืืจืŸ 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื ื ืฒึทืข ืฐืขืœื˜, ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืข- 
ืจื™ืฉืข. ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื- 
ืžืขืจืงื˜ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ืขืจ, , ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืื˜ื•ืจืืจื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜". ืืœืฅ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืขืืœืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืงื™ืฉืขืคื“ื™ืง ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงื•ื ืกื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืืŸ ,, ื›ืื ืขืก ืฉืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ" 
ืงืึธืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ. 
ื•ื™ึทืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื›ืื ืข, ื ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฉ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืฉืจืฒึท- 
ื‘ืขืจืŸ? -- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืืŸ. 
ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธื ืก ,ื‘ืื 
ื“ื ื™ืขืคึผืขืจ", ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ 


- ืฉื™ืจืข ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขื• ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืš. 
ืคืืจืœืื’ โ€ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคึผื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ?, 1984. 


ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 
ื›ืื ืข -- ืฉื™ืจืข ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืื ืก ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœ ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ -- ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื™- 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขื ืขืง, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืฆืขื ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืข 
ื‘ืื’ืื‘ื•ื ื’. ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืฉื™ืจืข 
ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ. ื‘ืื ืฉืืคืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธื ืก ืขืคึผืึธืคึผืฒืข, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™- 
ื’ืขื ืข ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื“ืขืจืคืืจื•ื ื’. 

ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืื ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื•ื˜ 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืฑืœื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืงื•ื™ืขืš-ื”ืื“ื™ืžื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืข ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื ืึทืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข, ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื›ืื ืข ื‘ื ืื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฃ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืก ืฐืขืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ: ,ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื›ืื›ืึธืžืข ืžืฒึทื ืข? ืืœืขืžืขืŸ 
ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื–ืฉืืœืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฉืืœืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืงื™ื ื“ 
ืžืฒึทื ืก, ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ... ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื›ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื‘ืขืจื™ืข ืžืฒึทื ืข, ืงืึธื–ืืง 
ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ". ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื•ื™ ื ืฐืขื’ืฐืฒึทื–ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืื ืงืขืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 

ืฉื™ืจืข ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคึนึผืืคึผื™ืจ ืื™ืจืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื›ืื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื–ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืฆืขืจืฒึทืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืฐืฒึทื˜ 


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ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ- 
ื˜ื•ืขืจ. ืฉื™ืจืข ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ ืคืœืขื›ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืจืึธืžืืŸ ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ -- 
ื™ืขื›ืขื–ืงืœ ื“ืึธื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืงืฐื™ื˜ืงืึธ, ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐื™- 
ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ืจืึทืžืืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื›ืื ืขืก ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ. ืคื™ืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐืขืจืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืคื™ืจ ื˜ืงื•ืคืขื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ืŸ- 
ืœืื ื“. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ 
,ื›ืื ืขืก ืฉืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ" ื’ืฒื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืื - 
ื“ืขืจืฉืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฒึทืข ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ื™ืขืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื›ืื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ -- ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื›ืึธืœืขืžื˜ ื ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘- 
ื˜ื™ืฉ, -- ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜- 
ื’ืืกื˜ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ, ื”ืืจื‘ืŸ ืงืจื™ืžืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืคึผ, ืฐื•ึผ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืฐืคึผืื˜ืึทืจื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื•ื ืข ;ื ืฒึท ืœืขื‘ืŸ' (ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื•ื ืืจืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ,ื•ื•ืื™ื ื ืึธื•ื•ื" -- ืืฃ ืขืกืคึผืข- 
ืจืื ื˜ื™ืฉ; ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืกืคืขืจืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืจื“ืข- 
ื ื•ื ื’, ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ืข ืฐื™ ื ืคืึธืจ- 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜ 
ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ). 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื•ื ืืจืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฆื™ืœ, ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืขืŸ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืžื™ื ื™ืจืŸ โ€ ืขืก ื“ืึธืžื™ื ื™ืจื˜ ื 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืืœืขืจื™ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืงืึธืžื•ื ืืจืŸ, ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืข ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืื™ื“ืขืืœืŸ 
(ื›ืฒึทืขืœืข ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืคืจืึธื™ึดื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืื‘ืืŸ, 
ืœื™ื™ื‘ืงืข ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืืงื˜ืึธืจื™ืกื˜, ืฉืื›ื ืข ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžื™ื“, 
ืจื™ื•ื•ืงืข ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืขืจ, ืฉื™ืžืงืข ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ื™ื•ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข). ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื”ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜- 
ืฉืืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ, -- ื‘ืึธืจ- 
ื•ื•ืขืกืข, ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขืจื™ืกืขื ืข ืคืืจืœืื˜ืขื˜ืข ื‘ื’ืึธื“ื™ื, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ืขื ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืื–ื. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉืขืจืขื ื’ืข ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืจืฒึทื˜ืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืคืขืจื“, -- ื›ืื ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื’ื- 
ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืœ-ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืข. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืจื™- 
ืขืจื“ื™ืง ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื ืืคึผ. ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื ืึธืš ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืข- 
ืจื™ืฉ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื ื”ืึธืจืขืคึผืืฉ- 
ื ื™ืฆืข, ืื™ื– ื›ืื ืข ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


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ืื™ื“ื™ื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืžื•ื ืข-ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ืืจืงืข, 

ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ืข ืื™ื– ื‘ื 
ืฉื™ืจืข ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘. ืื™ื ืขื ืจืึธ- 
ืžืืŸ ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข-ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขืš 
ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื ืขื›ืขืžื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื›ืื ืขืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืš, ืื™ื– ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ืจืขืืœืข. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข, 
ื•ื™ ื™ืขื“ืข ืœื™ื‘ืข. ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืข 
ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื‘ืื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืึธืคืขืง ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขืืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข. ืื–ื•ื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืคึผื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ืข ื“ื™ ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืžืข. ื ืึธืš 
ืžืขืจ --- ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื™ื– 
ืื‘ืกืึธืœื™ื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึท- 
ืžื™ื ืข, ืฐืฒึทืœ ,ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืขื’ืฒึทืฅ, ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ื’ืฒึทืฅ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ- 
ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื’ื ื ื•ืฅ'. ื“ื™ ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืœืฒึทื“ื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื›ืืจืืง- 
ื˜ืขืจ. 

ืคืืจืœืึทื–ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื•ื ืข, ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื›ื- 
ื ืข ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืœืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข. ื“ืขื ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืืคืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืงืขืจ 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจ: ,ื“ื™ ืงื ืืคึผืข 
ืคื™ืจ ื™ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืื ืข ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืจื•ืคืŸ ,ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ"... ื’ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืื ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืืจืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืข 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜. 

ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœ- 
ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืขืฐื•-ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข-ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข-ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืจืึทืžืืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ืงืึทื ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•. ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ื- 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืขื ื“ื–ืœ-ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง. ืฆื• ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, 
ืœืขืžืึทืฉืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืื ืขืก 
ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืœืข. ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ, ืคืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ืขืคึผื™- 
ื–ืึธื“ืŸ, ืงืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- 
ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืจืึทืžืื ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืข ืคึผืจืึทื–ืข. 

ื›ืื ืขืก ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจืขืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื“ืึธืจ ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื- 
ื‘ืขืจ-ืจืขืฐืึทืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืึธื - 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื ื“. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฉื™ืจืข 
ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ืฒึทืขื ื‘ื•ืš ื ื ืึทืฐืขืœื™ืกื˜. 


ื’ืจืึธื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืฐืขืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš, ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืžื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืจืข ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ- 
ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐื• ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืš" ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฒึทืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื ืึทืฐืขืœืŸ, ืจืฒึทื–ืข-ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ืฉื™ืจืข ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืื ืก ืคึผืืœื™ื˜ืจืข ืื™ื– ืคื™ืœืืจื˜ื™ืง, 
ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคืืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื- 
ื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืฉื™ืจืข ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืื ืก 
ื ื•ืกืขืš ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ืœื- 
ืงืึธื ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืฒื™ื“ื ืงืฒึทื˜. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืขืœืข 
ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืœืข , ืขืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜", ืฐื•ึผ 
ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื™ื•ื–ืืก ืื‘ืœืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ-ืงืึธืœืึธื ืข ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ืœ. ืกืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืœืข , ืื•ืžืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ืจืฅ". ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืฉื™ืจืข ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื’ืขืจืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธื–ืืก ืกื˜ืจืื•ืคื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื›ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืงื•ืคืืฆื™ืข ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ืขืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืื™ื™ื ืฆืœื ืข 
ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืืงืึทื ื™ืฉ, 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืืฆื™ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒ. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคืืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ 
ืคืืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื“ืื ืง ื“ืขื ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืŸ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืงืกืคื•ืœ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜. ืกืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื ื™ื’ ืึธื ืฆื•ืจื•ืคืŸ ,ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ืžืืœืงืข", -- ื 
ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ 
ืื™ื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ื™ึดืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื ื•ืกืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™- 
ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ, ืื– 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ืžืืœืงืข ืื™ื– ื ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. 
ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– 
ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ,ืืคืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืืคึผืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธืฆื™ึธืืœืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ', ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ 
ื ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ืœืขื ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืึทืจืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืœืข. ืขืžืขืก, 
ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื‘ืข- 
ื ืขืจ ื–ืืš --- ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจื ืก ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื ืฒึทืข ื ืขืคืืฉืขืก.. 
,ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึธืœ ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ืึธืจื ืก ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื', -- ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ื ื˜ ืืœืก ื ืžื™ืŸ ืึธื - 
ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืข- 
ืจืึธื™ึดืฉืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ืžืืœืงืขืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืฆื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš, ,,ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ืึธืจื ืก, ื‘ืจื™ืกืŸ, 
ื›ืืกืขื ืขืก, ืœืขืฐืฒึทืขืก... ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ืึธืคึผ- 
ื’ืขืžืขืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ". ื“ื™ ื‘ืึท- 


ื‘ืข ืžืืœืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข-ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืฆื• ืึธื ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืืจืขืžื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืฒึทื˜. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ -- ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืกื˜ืืจืึธืก- 
ื˜ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื‘, ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขื ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•- 
ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืœืขื›ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ื“ืขืžืœื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื›ื- 
ืจืืงื˜ืขืจ -- ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืจืขืฆื™ื™ืขืš. ืื™ืจ ื ืขืงืึธืžืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขืš ื ื”ื™ื™- 
ืคึผืขืš ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ. ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ื‘ืึธื‘ืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืคืึทืจืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื, ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื•ึผื•ื•ึนืœ. ืื™ืจ ื˜ืื˜ ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ-ื”ืื ืขืคืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ืžืืœืงืข ื‘ืืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื”ืขืจืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜, ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื‘ืืฉืฒึทืž- 
ืคึผืขืจืœืขืš, ืื– ืคืืจ ืฉื™ืจืข ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืื ืก ื ื•ืกืขืš ืื™ื– 
ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจืขืžื“ ื ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืคึผืื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงืก- 
ืคึผืื ืกื™ื•ื•ืข, ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืคึผืื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง, ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืจืืคื˜. 

ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืึธื ืฉืฑื•ึผื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืŸ, ืฐื™ 
ื–ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืื™ื– ื 
ื”ื™ื™ืš ื”ื•ืžืื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜ื™- 
ืฉืข. ื“ื™ ืกื™ื ืข ืฆื•ื ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืืŸ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื•ืžืื ื™ื–ื. ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืจืข ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื™ื ืคืึธืœืง, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก- 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขืกื•ื™ืจืขืก. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืžืึธืก ืฉืขืคึผื˜ ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืฆืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฉืคึผืจืื“. ืื™ืจืข ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื’ืœืฒึทื‘- 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœืขืš, ืžืฒึทืกืขืœืขืš, ื›ืึธื›ืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคืึธืœืงื™ืฉืข ืจื™ื™ื“ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ื–ื™ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ืขื ืคืื ืื˜ื™ื–ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื›ืžืึธ, ื“ื™ 
ืึธื ืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืึธื‘ืขืจื’ืœืฑื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื“ืžื•ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืฆืœื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืื˜ ืื™ื– ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืื ืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•- 
ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš 
ืฆื• ื ื•ืš -- ,ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜-ืขืกืขืจ". ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืงื˜ ื‘ืืฉืฒึทืžืคึผืขืจืœืขืš ืื•ืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื˜ืจืื’ื™ื–ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืืžืึธืœ, ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜, 
ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืืžืขืจืืฆื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืื ืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืื•ืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืงืฐื™ื˜ืงืึธึท, ื“ืขืจื–ืฅ- 
ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“, ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: , ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ื•ื™ ืžืืžืขืก ื›ืืœืขืฉืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ืคืขืกืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ 


133 


ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืื– ื ืžืืžืข ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื˜ืจื•ืคืข, ื“ืขืจ ืืคืขื˜ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื ื“ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื ืขืจืŸ". 

ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื 
ืคึผืืจืื“ืึธืงืก. ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘, ืขืžืขืก, ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืงืืคึผืฆืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข, ืงืืคึผืฆืึท- 
ื ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืขืงืืคึผืฆืึธื ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ื’ืขืฉืขื˜, 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืืจืื“ืึธืงืกืืœืข. ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ืฅ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก -- 
ืคื™ื ืฃ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ. ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ, 
ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืึธื ื–ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืืœืฅ ืขืกืŸ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืžื™ื˜-ืขืกืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ (ืื’ืขื•ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
800847ื 406, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื’ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืŸ, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจ ื‘ื- 
ืฉืœืึธืกืŸ, ืื– ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง ื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืžื™ื˜- 
ืขืกืขืจ). ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜-ืขืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืง, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืืจืฑื™ืกื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื 
ื›ืึธืกืขืจื“ืฒืขื ื™ืง. ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืงื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืฐื™ืœื“ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก 
ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื˜ื™ืฃ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ 
,ืจืฒึทื–ืข-ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ'. ืฉื™ืจืข 
ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ ื“ืขืงืœืืจื™ืจื˜ ืึธืคืŸ -- ,ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘ 


ืืจื•ืžืคืึธืจืŸ" (ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™" 
ื›ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืœืก ื ื‘ืฒึทืœืื’ืข ืฆื•ื 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ , ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“"). ืืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™- 
ืงืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ, ืคืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืœืื ื“, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ --- ืืฃ ืฆืึธืคืŸ -- ื‘ื ืœืขื ื™ื - 
ื’ืจืื“, ืืฃ ื“ืึธืจืขื --- ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœื“ืืฐื™ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืฃ 
ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐื• --- ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, ืงื•ืงื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ืฆื• ืฆื•ื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ื ืฉืืจืคืขืจ, ืื™ืจ ืื™ืขืจ -- ื 
ืคื™ืœื‘ืืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืข. 
ืก'ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืข- 
ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฐื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜. ืฆื• ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื˜ืฒึทื ืข -- ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ืจืฅ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ืขืกืงื™ื–ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืื ื™ืจ -- ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ืจืึธื ื™ืข (;ื ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ"), 
ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ื ืกืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ 
(ื™ื•ื•ึผ ืกืื™ื– ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ"), ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ืงื™ื 
ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื‘ืืจืขืจ ืกืื˜ื™ืจืข (,ื ื™ื ืึธ'). ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื ื“, ืฐืขื ื“ื˜ 
ืฉื™ืจืข ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืžืืฆืขื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื - 
ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืื“ื™ืงืืœ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืึธื ื‘ืœื™ืง. ื–ื™ ื‘ื- 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืจ, 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข. 
ื ืœืฒึทื“ื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืฉื™ืจืข ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขื•. 


ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืขืจืœ ืจื•ื™ื–ืŸ 


ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 


(ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’-ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ 


ื–ืขืœืžื ืžืขืขืจื‘ืื•ื-ืืฒึทื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ -- ืฉื™ืœืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 10-ื˜ืŸ 
ืงืœืืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ 
40--1941 ืœืขืจื ื™ืึธืจ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืข- 
ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 1968 ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื“ืขืจ- 
ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื ื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ืฅ ื–ืฒึทื“ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืคืฆื•ื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืกื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืืจื˜ื™ืจืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธื ืฆืœืื’ืขืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื“, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ 600 ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื ืึทืžืขืŸ ,ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจื˜"ื’. 


,28 ,"ืช86:316 142116 416 ืช! 100:6 ื’ืกืŸืกืฅืฅ. ื’ 
1968 ,ืž26:1 


ื–ืขืœืžื ืžืขืขืจื‘ืื•ื-ืื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ) 


ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืœึดื™ืš 0ื–106, 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืขืœืŸ, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื˜ื™ืฃ-ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืฅ- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืฒึทืคืงืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ึทืึทื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื–ืขืœืžื 
ืžืขืขืจื‘ืื•ื-ืืฒึทื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ. 

ืฐืขืจ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ 
ื–ื™? 

ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึท- 

ื˜ื™ืฅ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืึธืฐื™ื ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“, ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธืฐื•ื™ืฆืขืจ 5-ื˜ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฉื•ืœ. ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš; 

..ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืืคื“ืขืจื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ 1941. ื“ืขืจ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐ- 
ื“ื™ืง-ืคืืจืคึผื•ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื–ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคื•ืœื˜. ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข ืงืœืืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกืŸ 
ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ื”ืึธืคืฉื˜ืฒื ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ื’ืืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•. ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืฉื™ืœืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก, ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ- 
ืื•ื ื™ืคืึธืจื ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ืฉื™ืจืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ 
ืืฃ ื ืงืึธืœ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื˜ืข ื”ืึธืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก 
,ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืกื™ืข": 


ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืคืึธืจื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, 

ืฉืคึผืื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ืฒึทื˜ -- 

ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืข, ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืข, ื–ื•ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืืœื˜ืข -- 

ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื˜ืจืึธื˜! 


ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื‘ื- 
ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’, ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืื•ืžืจื•, ืื– ื‘ื ื”ืึธืค- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืืœื˜. ื ืึทื›ืŸ 
ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืืก-ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉ ืกืขื’ืืœ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื: 

-- ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ืขืœืžื ืžืขืขืจื‘ืื•ื 
ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืงืœืืžื™ืจืŸ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึธื“ื™ืฉ, ื–ื™ 
ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ... 

ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: 

-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ืงืึธื ืกื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฐื™ 


139 


ื“ืขืงืœืืžื™ืจืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 

ื‘ื ื–ืขืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืืจื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืจืฑื ื˜ ืคึผืึทื ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืฉืขืžื˜ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: 

-- ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ. ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ. 

ื”ืึธืคืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื’, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธืฐื™ืฅ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 

ื ,ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืึธืœ" ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ -- ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึทื–ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ืœืขืจืŸ ื–ืขืœืžื ืžืขืขืจื‘ืื•ื-ืืฒึทื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ. 


ื–ืขืœืžื ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ืืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 17 ื™ืึธืจ. ื 
ื™ื•ื ื’ ื›ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืฒื™ืžืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 


ื–ืข, ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ื•ื ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืœื™ืคืŸ ื•ืืจื˜, ืœืื›ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืขืŸ. 

ื ืึธืจ ืืฃ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึทืฐื•ื™ืฆืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ. ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจืคืึธืœื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืคื™ื ืฆ- 
ื˜ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืขืœืžื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: 


ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืื ืึธื ืขืŸ? 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ? 


ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืขืจืœื“ื™ืง-ืฆื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงืกืื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืคื“ืขืจื ืื›ื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืงืื ืขืฆืœ, ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื‘ืึธื ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ 
ืกืื›ืืงืœ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื™ืง 
ืžืื ื’ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”. ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืœืขืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ ืืฃ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืืจืขื, 
ืื™ื ื˜ื™ื. ืขืก ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึธืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ื•ื- 
ืจืขืžืข ืœื™ื‘ืฉืืคื˜ ืฆื•ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ; 


ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืš, 

ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. 

ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš, 

ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธืคืŸ. 

ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ, 

ืคื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืœื˜ - ืขืก ื•ืขืชืจ"ื›ื” 


16 


ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื ืฒึทืข 
ื’ื–ื™ื™ืจืขืก, ื ืฒึทืข ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื–ื™ื™ืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืข- 
ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืืฆื™ืข, ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืื’ืขืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืฑืขืจื™ืง-ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ,ื˜ืจืื ืกื ื™- 
ืกื˜ืจื™ืข". ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืขืœืžื ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืฃ-ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ (ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข-ื ืึธืžืขืŸ) ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉืืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ 
ืคืืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™: 


ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, 
ื›'ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืŸ. 
1 

ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืจื•ื™ื˜, 
ืžืฒึทื ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ... 


ืื•ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืฐื•ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึทืฐื•ื™ืฆืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ /, ื“ืขืคึผืึธืจื˜ื- 
ืฆื™ืข", ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืกื ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืข ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืž- 
ืกื˜ืข ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ--,ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœืึธื•ื•ืงืข" -- ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธื ืฆืœืื’ืขืจ ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื‘ื•ื’ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืžืฉืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ. ื“ื™ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืืงืขืจืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ-ืื•ืคื’ืื ื’ ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื•ืŸ- 
ืคืืจื’ืื ื’, ื‘ื ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื– ืื™ื– ื‘ื- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื•ืคึผ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. 
ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืฉืึธืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ืœืื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ืขืœืžื ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ 
2. 

ื–ืขืœืžื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœืืžืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืื™ืจืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก. ื“ืจืฒึท ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืžืึธืจืืœื™ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื - 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืคึผื™ ื ืขืก ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ 
ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืจืขืจ ืฆื• ื ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืข: 

ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, 
ื”ืื’ืื ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš: ื“ืึธืก 
ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ืžืขืจ ืื™ืก- 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื™ 
ื–ืืžืขื ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ". 

ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืงืขืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื“ื™ ืœืื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก- 
ืงืจืื ืงืฒึทื˜. ื–ืขืœืžื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜. ืื™ืจ 
ืฉืœืืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 16 ื“ืขืงื- 
ื‘ืขืจ 1942 ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึธ- 
ืžืข: 


.-ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ -- 
ืื•ื‘ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทืกื˜, 


ืคื ื•,? ื™ืฉ : 
: / 

4 8 

ืื™ 4 


2 ืืข 2 

2 
| ื : ืฉื 4/10ื˜ 
ืื–ื |-ื•ื“ื•ื•ื•ืืœืœื–ืฉื™ืฉืŸ, ื’ื•ืก 6 ื–ื 79 


ืื•ื˜ ืŸื•ื˜ 0 ื ื™ื˜ 
)ื 511 ืื™ ื™ืข ืฉื™ ื™ื™ 
ืจ ื•ื“ืฒื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ {/ื• "ื–ื™ : 
11 :)ื™ื•ืœื• ื™ื™ ื™ื• :ื 
ื•ื•ื !1111 ืคื™ืืจ ื•ื• 264611610165) 7 2 * 

1ืื–ื’ื’ื™ืฆื•! ื•ืื•ื•ื ื•ื• 08ืฐ6 1261 ื•ื™ 4 
ื•ื•ื• ืžื™ืื•ืื™ืืืฉื˜ื•ื˜ื˜ โ€ - ื™ืข 4 2 
11ืขื•ื™)' 4 ื™ื™ ื™ื™ 

ื™ืจื•ื˜ ื•ื™ื– ื•ื•. ื—ืก ื™ื™ 

ื™ืฅืจื“ื–ื’ื’ ) (ืื—ื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื” ื–ื–ื•ื•ืกืŸ ื™, 


ืฉืืจื‘ืœ : : 
ืœืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืžื™ 
ื–. ืžืขืขืจื‘ืื•ื-ืืœื™ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื 


ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืึธืœืขืจ ื“ืื’ืื ื™; 
ื–ืขืœืžืืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ 
ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืจืขืก 


137 


ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืืจืฉืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ, 
ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืœ?ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜... 


(,ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื') 


ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœืึธืฐื•ืงืข, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธ- 
ืœืขืจ ื“ืื’ืื ื™, ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื - 
ื“ืึธืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืœื- 
ื’ืขืจ-ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื–ืขืœ- 
ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ื•ืš ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืจืข ืื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธื˜ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’: 

,ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืจ-ืคืืคึผื™ืจ". 

ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื›ืข- 
ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 2ื’42164, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืื’ืื ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึทืœื˜, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืขืœ- 
ืžืืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐื™ืงืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื“ืขืง, ืฐืขืจื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ื ืืจืขืก. 

ื“ืขืจ ืœืื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื• ื”ืืงืŸ ืงืฐืึธืจื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™- 
ื›ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืœืขืงื˜. ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื™- 
ื‘ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ื•ืžืคึผื™ืง 
ื˜ืฒึทื›ืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ื’. 


ืคืืจืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืกื ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ืขืœืžื ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืืœื‘ืึธื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข 
ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ืฉื™ืœืขืจื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉื•ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืคึผืึธืจื˜ืืฆื™ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื (ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืจืขื•). ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื›ืืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ืขืœืžืืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ืืœื‘ืึธื ื˜ืจืฒึท ืึธืคึผื ืขื”ื™ื˜ 
ืืฃ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฐืึธื’ืœืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. 

ืื™ื– 1968 ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืขืจืฉ ืกืขื’ืืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื•ื•ื™ืฆืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ืฉื•ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืกืึธืฃ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืจืขื›ืึธืฐืึธื˜ (ื™ึธืก- 
ืจืึทืขืœ), ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ื‘ื ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืข ืื ื˜ืึธืœืึธ- 
ื’ื™ืข ,ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจื˜" ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื•ื ื’ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœึดื™ื“ "ื’ื–106,, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืœืขืจืŸ ื–ืขืœืžื ืžืขืขืจ- 
ื‘ืื•ื-ืืฒึทื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ื”ืื’ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– 
ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ 
ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืขื’ืืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืœืข ื–ืขืœืžืืก ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ื™ืคืขืจื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 


138 


ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœืžืืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ืฉื™ืœืขืจื ืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ืืจื•ื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข- 
ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข. 

ืืฃ ื”. ืกืขื’ืืœืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
6 ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื‘ื•ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ 
131616601656,, (ืงื ืึธืกืคึผืŸ) ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›- 
ื˜ืขืจื ืก ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข -- 57 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธื›ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืขื’ืืœ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜, ืงืข- 
ื“ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืคึผื•ืจืœืึธื– ืื•ืžืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื™ื ื’ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ". 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืคืืŸ ื”ืขืจืžืœื™ืŸ (ื“ืฒึท- 
ื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง) ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืขืœ- 
ืžืืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ , ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื™ื›- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืกืขื’ืืœืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: 
,ืกืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ืŸ 
ืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืื– ื ืฆืืจื˜ืข, 
ืงื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ื ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื•ืจืœืึธื– 
ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ". 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉ ืกืขื’ืืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืขืœืžืืก ืœื™ืš 
'ืžืขืกืก2,, ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข. 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื•ืจื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขืจ- 
ืงืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื•ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขื ืขืจ ืœื™ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื“ื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืข 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื. ื . , ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ- 
ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜", ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ- 
ืœืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ 1980. 

ืื™ื ืขื ืคืึธืจืฐืึธืจื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื™ื•ืจื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขืจืงืข: 

ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ืจืขื“ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื ืคืจืื ืง, ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœืžื ืžืขืขืจ- 
ื‘ืื•ื ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜. ืื ื ืคืจืื ืง 
ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 15 ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืืจื˜ 1945 ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืฆืœืื’ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืงื™- 
ืœืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš-ื–ืฒึทื˜", 

ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืจื•ื™ืฉืขื 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื™ื–ื™ึดืข. 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืขืœ- 
ืžื ืžืขืขืจื‘ืื•ื-ืืฒึทื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืืจืฃ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉ 
ืื•ื™ื’. 

ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืื ื˜ื™ืง, ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ืžืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜; ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึธ- 
ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืฒึทื“ื ืฉืืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ. ืฆืืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืข-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื›ืึธืœืขืžื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืœื™ื‘ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืžืืžืขืฉ ื˜ืคื™ืœืขื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืฉืขืจ ืฆื ื™ืขืก. 


ืื™ืŸ. ืื™ืจืข. ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืœื˜ ืฉื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืข ืœื™ื‘ืฉืืคื˜ ืฆื•ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืขืก ืฐื™? ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืฉืœืึธืค. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื™ ืžื™ื“ 
ืžื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐื•ื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง. 
ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ -- ืืคื™ืœืข ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœึดื™ืš 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™? ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. 


ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืงื•ื™ื 18 ื™ืึธืจ ืืœื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืกืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื“ืื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืงื•ื, ืคื•ืŸ ,ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ื™ืš'. ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืขืจ ื ืื™ืฐื•ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื‘ืื ื˜ืืœื™ืขืŸ: 


ื“ื• ืฐื™ืœืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ื”ืืจื’ืขื ืขืŸ, 
ืคืืจ ืฐืึธืก? 

ื‘ื ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจืึธื–.. 


ื‘ืจืื ื™ืง, 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทื ื˜ 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ -- "ื’ื–ืกืก?,,. , ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืœื™- 
ืจื™ืง, --- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›- 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ืข ื“ืึธืžื™ืŸ, -- ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืจืขื’ื•ื ื’; ืื–ื•ื™ ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ... ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ", 

ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœืžื ืžืขืขืจื‘ืื•ื-ืืฒึทื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ 
ืืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธืฉืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืื ืกืืžืข ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืฐืขื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ. 


ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคืืจ ืกืœืืฐื™ืฉืข ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ 


ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธืงืืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคืืจ ืกืœืื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœืงืื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜- 
ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืคืึธืจื˜ืจืึธื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืจื˜ืจืึธื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืง- 
ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ -- ื“ื™ ืงืื ื“ื™ื“ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื•ืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืจืข 
ืืฒึทื›ืขื ื•ื•ืืœื“. 

ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ- 
ืœื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื• ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืฆื•ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืข ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืึธืจืคืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ ื“ืขืจืœืฑื™ื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื 
ืžืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึธืจืขืฐื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ื‘ืฒื’ื•ื ื’-ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ. ื. ื‘ืืจื•ืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื. ืืฒึทื›ืขื ื•ื•ืืœื“ 
ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืคืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 3 ื‘ื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 16, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ื‘ืขื ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื’ืจืื ื“ืข. ืฉืืคื ื“ื™ืง ื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืœืึธืœื™ื, ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืคืืจื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ 
ืืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ. 
: ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืืฃ ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœืขืจ ืกืขืกื™ืข ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืจื˜ืจืึธื’, 
ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ืจื˜ ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื˜, ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืกื™"ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ืคึผืืจืืœืขืœ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื˜ ืขืœื™ึทืขื–ืขืจ ื‘ืขืŸื™ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขืคืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืฉืคืจืื›ืŸ, ืงืฑื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžืขืจืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’-ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ 
ื–ืืžืขื ื”ืึธืฃ, ื“ืขื ืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืกืคึผืขืจืื ื˜ืึธ. ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืขืกืึธื“ --,ื‘ืื–ื™ ืœื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ืจืื™ืงื? (ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ -- ืœืขื ืฅ) ืื•ืŸ , ืœืืกืึธืŸ 
ืขื‘ืจ" (ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธืจ -- ื ืขืœืกืึธืŸ). 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ืจืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืคืื›ืœืฒึทื˜. 


ืžืืงืก ื’ืึทืœื“ื™ืŸ, 
ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืึธืจ 


ื›ื‘ืŸ-ื›ืœ-ืœ-ืœืœ-ืฉื™ืŸ 


ืฉืึธืœืขื:ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ืจ 


ืฉืึทืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื - 
ืฆืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืืœืก ื’ืขื ื™ืืœืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื–ืื™- 
ืงืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื ื‘ืืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคืข, ืกืฒึท ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ืœืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืจื™ืขืŸ 
ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ืฉืืคืŸ (ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
0ืขืจ -- ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ 90-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ) ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ , ืคืึทืœืงืกื‘ืœืื˜". ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ,ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืขื–ื™ืข", ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื - 
ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ , ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ื›ืŸ", ืึธื“ืขืจ , ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืœื™ืžืื–ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึทืขื˜". ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉืึทืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ 
,ืžื•ื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’". ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึทืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ 
ืกืื˜ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืืœืขื’ืึธืจื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืŸ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžืืกืŸ, ืฉื ืขืœ ืคืืจืคืึทืœืงืœืึธืจื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืึธืจื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื•ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžืฒึทืœืขืก ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“ 
,ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“", ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืŸ. 
ื ืึธืจ ืงืฑื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธ- 
ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ืจืขืฐืึทืœื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืข ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข. 
ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืืž- 
ืคืœืขื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ืข ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ื”ืขืจืฉื•ื ื’: ,ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžื•ืžืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข", ,ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื’ืื‘ืึทื™ึดื', ,ื“ื™ ืจืขืฐืึธ- 
ืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืกืืžื‘ืื˜ื™ืขืŸ", , ืงืืคึผืึท- 
ืจืขืก", ,ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜", 
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“ , ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืืœืขืงืกืข". ืืœืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืŸื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจ- 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“ , ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืืœืขืงืกืข", 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
5, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืจืฑื ืคึผืจื™ื ืฅ ืืœืขืงืกื™ื™. ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
3 ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืขืก, ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืึธ: 


10 


ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืืœืขืงืกืข, ื™ื•ื™ืจืขืฉ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ! 

ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ื‘ืขื ื™ืึธื›ื™ื“, ืงืื“ื™ืฉ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ! 
ืฉืœืึธืฃ ื–ืฉืข, ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ! 


ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื›ืึธื›ืขื, 
ืงืœื™ื’ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, 

ืื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ื™ืœืขืš-ืฉืขื‘ืขืžืœืึธื›ื™ื, 

ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืื ื“ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ. 


ื•ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ืื™ืžื™ืจืฆืขืฉืขื ืคืืจืžืึธื’ืŸ 
ืจืขื ื˜ืขืก ืคื•ืœืข ื–ืขืง, 

ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, 
ืงืœื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืก ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืขืง. 


ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉืื ื“ืืจืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธื–ืืงืŸ, 

ืฉืึธืžืจื™ื ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, 

ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืึธืงืŸ, ื”ืืงืŸ, 

ืฉืžืฒึทืกืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ. 

,ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืืœืขืงืกืข" ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 

ื“ืจืฒึท ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืข- 
ืœืึธื“ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืึธื•ื•ืก ,ืฉื‚ืœืึธืฃ, ืงื™ื ื“ ืžืฒึทื ืก 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืก" ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจ 
ื. ื’ืจืขื˜ืฉืื ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ืก ืœื™ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืืœืจื•ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ืึธืจ..." ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ 
,ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืคึผืขืœืข". ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ ืคืืจืคืึธืœืงืœืึธ- 
ืจื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“. 
ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืืจื™ืื ื˜ืŸ: ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ. ืœืขืžืื ืก ื–ืืžืœื‘ื•ืš, ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืž. ื‘ืขืจืขื’ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก ื–ืืžืœื‘ื•ืš:. ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืจืข- 
ื’ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก ื•ื•ืืจื™ืื ื˜: 


1 ืฉ. ืœืขืžืืŸ. ,ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜", ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข, 
1. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 9-ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื. ืื•. ืื™" 
ื“ืขืœืกืึธื ืก -126661 1160141800-0116012115050061; 
2 1,602 ,"3026 ืž. ื‘ืขืจืขื’ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™. ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ. 4, ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืข, ื ื•ืž. 83. 
ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจื™ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืฐื•ืจืึธื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืžืืŸ, ืื™ืŸ 1930. 


ื‘ืฒึท ืฉืคื™?2 ื ื•ืžืฃ }1 


-ืž/ื• // 510 .ืŸืฉ ืื•ื— 8056 36 161 


)+ 


ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืฐื™ึดืขืก-ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜- 
ืœืขืจ ืื™ื– , ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืืœืขืงืกืข" ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืึท- 
ืคึผื•ืœืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ืฆื™ืึท- 
ื ืขืจ-ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึทื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ืฅ. ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืฉืืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข ืื™ื– 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืคึผืืกื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื“ืื ืง ืื™ืจ ,ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“ื™ืฉ- 
ืงืฒึทื˜", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืืžืคืœืขื˜. 

ื•ื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™- 
ื›ืขืžืก ืคึผืืžืคืœืขื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื’ืขืœื™ืขื ืข ืžืข- 
ืœืึธื“ื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ, ืื’ืขื•, ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืงืึธื ื˜ืืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“. ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข, ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ , ืคืืจื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉื˜" 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™- 
ื’ืขื ืขื ืึธื ื‘ืœื™ืง. 

ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืข ืคืึธืœืงืกื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื- 
ืœื™ืฉ-ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก 
ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“ , ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“". ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืœืขืคึผืึทื›ืขืก ืคื™ืจ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื•ื•ืืจื™ึธืื ื˜ืŸ. 


ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืœ, 
ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ, ื–ื•ื ืขื ื™ื•, 

ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ; ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœ, 
ืœื™ื•ืœื™ื ืงืข ืœื™ื•-ืœื™ื•. 


ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืคืืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธ- 
ื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ืืœืก ื ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ, 
ืงืึธืฐื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื‘ืกืงืขืจ, ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœื˜ื- 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืขืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ 


ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1898--1899, 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืขืงืก ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ ืื™ื– 
ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก 
ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข 
ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืืžืœื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืึธื - 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 20-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜:-ืฆื•- 
ื˜ืึธื’. ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื’- 
ืœื™ื“ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืงื˜ื•ืขืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข ืคืืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืงืกื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืืกื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืข 


0 ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 


ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื- 
ื˜ื•ืจ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึท- 
ื’ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 80-ืขืจ ืืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืขืคึผื™ื“ืขืžื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืงืจืืคื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ื›ื•ื. ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“ 
ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข-ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืข, 
ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืœืขื›ืข ืคืื–ืข ืื™ืจืข. ืขืก ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ื›ื•ื-ื”ืืžื•ื™ืฉืขื•ื• ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžื™ืฉ- 
ืคึผืึธื›ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื™ื•ื ื’, 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืงื™ื ื“ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืกืื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ืึธืš 
ื ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืึธื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ.. 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื ืึธืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ, 
ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืฐื•ึผ ,ืžืข ืขืกื˜ ืงื•ื™ืœืขื˜ืฉ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฐืึธื›ืŸ . ื“ืึธืก ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืจืŸ ืืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ 
ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉืข ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ื›ื•ื-ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ ืื™- 
ืœื™ื•ื–ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืฐื™ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืœืื ื“, ืฐื•ึผ ,ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืจืฒึทืจ". 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง. ืืŸ ืขืจืขืš 20 ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ (ืืจื•ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ 40), ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืึธืจ ืขื›ื˜ืข ืฉืขื“ืขื•ื•ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฉืืคืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ืึท- 
ืจื™ืฉืข ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืงืœืืก. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืึทืขื˜ืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ื‘. ื“. ื ืึธืžื‘ืขืจื’ (,ืก'ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืก"ืึธื’ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข 
ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก'), ืž. ืจืึธื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“ (,ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืœืข"), 
ื. ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ (,ื”ื•ืœื™ืขื˜, ื”ื•ืœื™ืขื˜, ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ, 
ื™.-ืœ. ืคึผืขืจืขืฅ (,ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ ื ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืœืข"), 
ื. ื’ืึธืœื“ืคืื“ืŸ (,ืจืึธื–ืฉื™ื ืงืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืžืื ื“ืœืขืŸ"), 
ืž. ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื˜ื™ื’ (,ื™ืื ืงืขืœืข"), ?. ืจื•ื“ื ื™ืฆืงืื™ื 
({ืขืก ื“ืจืขืžืœืขืŸ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ'). ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ืื ืึธื ื™ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ 


141 


ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข. ื“ืึธืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ื“ื™ 
ืืœื˜ืขืจื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืืœืื“ืข ,ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ืžืฒึทืกืข", ,ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืกืขืจืก ืื•ื™ืฆืจืขืก", , ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื™ืื ืงืขืœืขืก ื•ื™ื’ืขืœืข", ,ืคื™ื™ื’ืขืœืข, ืœื™-ืœื™ื•", 
ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ", , ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, 
ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ"ื–. 

ืœื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ื•ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื’ืจื•- 
ืคึผืขืก: ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืงืึธ- 
ืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื“, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก 
ืฐืขื˜ ื’ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ; ืฐื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜ ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆื•- 
ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื ื“: ื ื–ื•ืŸ ื ืฆืื“ื™ืง, ื ื–ื•ืŸ ื 
ื‘ืืœื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ื ื–ื•ืŸ ื ืกื•ื™ื›ืขืจ (,ื ืกื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฐืขืกื˜ื• 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื˜ืฐื•ึผืขืก'). ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืึธ- 
ืฆื™ืืœ-ืคืืจืฉืืจืคื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืข- 
ืฐืึทืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜: ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจืฉื™ืงื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ, ืขืจ ื’ืจืึธื‘ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื‘ ืคืืจืŸ 
ืฉืขืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜: ,ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ, ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืึธืจืขื.." ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธ- 
ื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื‘ืืจ ืื ื˜- 
ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืื–ื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืกื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ืฉ. ืงืึธ- 
ื˜ืฉืขืจืงื™ื ืกืงื™: , ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ, ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ 
ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ืœ. ืจื•ื“ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืก ,ืขืก ื“ืจืขืžืœืขืŸ 
ืคื™ื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ", ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜. 

ืฉืึทืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคึผืืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก. 
ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืข ืฐืึธืจืฆืœืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืคืืœืง ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜. ื“ืึธืก 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื‘ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื•ื™ื’ืœ, ืื™ื– 
ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฉ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜, ืขืก ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืž- 
ืงืฒึทื˜, ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ืงืฒึทื˜. ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืคึผืึธืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคื™ืจ ืฉื•ืจืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœืขืคืขืจื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ืคืขืœืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืืจื˜ืข, ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืขืคึผื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ื“ืจืฒึท ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืขืก (ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืฉื•ืจืขืก) ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ 
ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืืœืก ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืขื ืข. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ื•ื™ืจืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืข ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืจื™ื™ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืก. 

ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ, ื“ืขื ืคืึธ- 


: ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ , ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืงืข- 
ืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ? ืื™ื–, ืึธืŸ ื ืกืึธืคืขืง, ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืคึผื™ 
ืฉื˜ืืžื•ื ื’. 


1482 


ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื™ื ื“, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคืื‘ืœ- 
ื”ืืคื˜-ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข -- ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืจ. ื“ื™ 
ืกื™ื‘ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืฆืฑื’ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– -- ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืœืขื™ื‘ืขื“ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืขื˜ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืฒื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืจื™ืคืžื™ืจื˜ืข ืคึผืจืึทื–ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืคืึธืœ- 
ืงื™ืฉ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜, ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืฉ ืขื›ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ- 
ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข. ืฉื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื“ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฅ ื–ื™ 
ืฆื• ืคืืจืงื™ืจืฆืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืจืข- 
ื“ื•ืฆื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 13 ืืฃ 9. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื’-ืกื˜ืจืึทืคืขืก ืืœืฅ ืงื™ืจืฆืขืจ, ื‘ืื’ืจืข- 
ื ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืจืฒึท 
ืกืืžืข ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ืงืึทื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜:ืื™ื“ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ 


ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ, 
ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ื ืขื ื™ื•! 

ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ, 
ืœื™ื•ืœื™ื ืงืข, ืœึดื™ื•ื™ืœื™ื•. 


ื‘ื ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข, 
ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื ืœื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื ื˜; 

ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜. 


ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข 
ื“ืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื–ื•ื ืขื ื™ื•; 
ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ืงื™ื ื“, ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืœืขืกืื˜ืข, 
ืฉืœืึธืฃ ื–ืฉืข, ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืœื™ื•-ืœื™ื•... 
ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืก. 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ-ืคืึธืจ ืฉืขืจืŸ ืจื•ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ1, 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืงืื•ื•ืื ืื•ื•ืกืงื™ ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™- 
ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืจื™ืื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืฆื• ืฉืึธึท- 
ืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ื˜ืขืงืกื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฉืข 
ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“-ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืื”ืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืื˜ื™ืจ- 
ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’: 


{ 14 ื 


ื“ื™ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื–ืืžืœื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจื™ื–ื™ืจื˜, 
ื‘ืืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคืืจ ืฐืึธืงืืœืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจืŸ ืงืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืก ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื ืึทื ื™ืžืข. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื 
ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืืจื™ืื ื˜ืŸ, ื ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ื‘ื- 
ืงืื ื˜ืข ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“?. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ 
ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“. ื–ื™ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ื- 
ืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกื™ืžืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจืึธืžืื ืก. 
-7014 ืžืฆืฉืกืŸ }0 1/645016 {; .ืžื–ื˜ืชื ืžื•ื ืกื˜ืืŸ * 
.014 }'-ืฉื•ืก) .0ืž1 0045 ืช046ืž5 ,1950 , 8ืž0ืค 


2 ื™ืข. ืกืขืงื•ืœืขืฅ. ื™ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ", ื‘ื•ืงืื™ 
ืจืขืฉื˜, 1959, ื ื•ืž. 21, 22. 


05 


ืขื˜ 1 2 ืกืช!1ื—68ื—1 


, 0 | 0 ื“ื™ - ื”ื– ื–ื™ ,ืกื ื—|ื’ื—ื–, ืืœ 


: ื™ื™ 


: ื™ื™ - ืืข 


ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ 3, 4. 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืคืืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 0 1 
ื‘ืึทื˜ืึทืฉืืŸ (ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืข)!: ืก?6061ื–8 
6 ื—ื™ = 


= 206 2 ื’ 5 ื”ื•7ืก6 


= = ืขื ื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืจ 
ืฉืึธืงื—ื– 2 ืŸืคื—ื–, 66 ื—ื•ื– ื = ืœืข ืื‘ืจ ื ื™ื™ 
=+ -= == = ืŸ : ื™ืง 
, 304 , ื™ื•ืกื— ื™ื™ 
ื—|ึฟื—ื–, = ืจ ื—ื• ื”ื™ += | === = ื 
ื™ืฉ - ื 8 ื 
ื ื 
ืงืข = ื™ื˜ ื™ื™ 4 
ื– ื™ืข ืŸ, 6 ื™ื™ื’ 2 ื™ื™ : 
ื•ื’ื• 5004 .ื ! = 6ื. === 2 = ,ืฅืง 
ื™ื• 


+ื—'ืฉืข ื”-ื™ : 
2 ืื˜ ืงืฉื— 
ื• ,ื—ืฉื” -(ืก = 5 2 1 : = ื“ื™ ื™ืง ืงืข 


ืงื” ื™ื– 
ื™ื™ ืขื™ ื 


ื”ื™ = ืจ ื ื”ื™ 


3 ื•ืึธืจื˜, ื’ื•ื, 24 {ื—ืกื—ื– - ืงืฃ }ืกื•ืจ 21 08ืกืข 


ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข ืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื™ืขืกืึธื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืขืก. ืื“ืื ืง ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื–ื™ 
ืžืขืจ ืื ื˜ืฐื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืข 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขืจืŸ ืขื›ื˜ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“-ืื™ื ื˜ืึธื ืืฆื™ืขืก. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“. ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืื ื’ ื’ื™ืกื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื•ื™ื– ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจ-ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ ืž. ืคึผ, 
ืžื•ืกืึธืจื’ืกืงื™ ,ืกื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืื ื’ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜" ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืึธื ืืฆื™ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืื™ื ื˜ืึธื ืืฆื™ืข- 
ืงืจืฒึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“-ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืืฃ ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ: ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ื’ื˜ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืืžืข ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ืคืขืœืข, ืึธื˜ 
ื’ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืืจืฅ... ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืคืข- 
ื ื•ื ื’, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืคืึธืจื. 
ื“ื™ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืง, ื–ื™ ื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ 
ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืกืฒึท ื‘ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื™ืงืืœ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™- 
ื›ืขืžื™ืฉืข ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืฃ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืึธืœืงืกื˜ื™ืžืœืขืš. 


ืžืืœืื›ืึธืฐืงืขืจ ื’ืืกื˜ืจืึธืœืŸ 


ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืกื˜ืจืื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื˜ ื“ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืช-ื™ื™ืฉืขื•, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืกืื›ืืงืœ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ืงื™ืœืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœืŸ 
ืงืืžืขืจื™ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฐืึธืš ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื–ื•ืžืขืจ-"ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ-ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ , ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืืœืข ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื" 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืขืจืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ื˜ื•ืื™ื‘ืืœืืœืฒึทืงืข?. 

ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ-ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืžืืœืื›ืึธื•ื•ืงืขืจ ื“ืื˜ืฉืขืก. 


9--1469 


ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืžืฑืฉืข ืžืฒึทืžืึธืŸ 


ืžื™ื˜ 125 ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืžืฒึทืžืึธืŸ (1860--1924). 
ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืฐืึธืœืงืึธืฐื™ืฉืง, ืกื•ื•ื•ืืœืงื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืข. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคึผืจืืฆืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื˜, ื‘ื ื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจืžืื›ืขืจ ืืื•ื•. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืžืฒึทืžืึธืŸ ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืœืฒึทืกื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื•ื•ื ืข, ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข. ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 20 ื™ืึธืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ 
ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื™ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข, ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ืžืขื“ืืœ ืื™ืŸ 1887. ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืขื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆืฐืขืง ืฆื• ื‘ืืงืื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงื•ื ืกื˜. ืื™ืŸ 1893 ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ,ื“ื™ ืื ื•ืกื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข" ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื™ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข. 

ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฉืืคื˜ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืžืฒึทืžืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจื™ืืœื‘ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข 
ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ? ืื•ืŸ ,ืžืขื ืขืจื™ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืื ืืš", ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœ ,ืกืฆืขื ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธืจืขืš ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข, ื ืื˜ืืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ืึธื›ืขื, ืื•ืจื™ึดืขืœ ืืงืึธืกื˜ื ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“. ื“ื™ ืœืฒึทืฐื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข 
ืžืฒึทืžืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธื ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ืคื™ืœืฆืึทืœื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืื ื“, ื”ืึธืœืื ื“, ืขื ื’ืœืื ื“, ืคืฉื. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ (ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“) ื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื ืกืืš ืžื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ืœืขืจืŸ-ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“, ื“ืขืจื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจ -- ืืœืก ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืกื™ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜". ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก. 

ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืกืฒึท ืืœืก ืžืึธืœืขืจ, ืกืฒึท ืืœืก ืคึผืข- 
ื“ืื’ืึธื’. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœืขืจืฒึท ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืžืฒึทืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื‘ืขืงืึธืฐืขื“ื™ืง ืึธืจื˜. 


ื ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื™ื™ื–ืื–ืฉ 


ืœืขื•ื• ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึทื™ 


ืืฃ ื ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ื•ื•ืขืจืงืขืจื™ืฉื•ืœ 


ื–ื•ืžืขืจ 


ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข 


ืคืึธืœืงืกื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืข ืงืื˜ืึธื•ื•ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืฆื™ืงืข ืžืฒึทืกืขืก 


(ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ) 


ืžืฒึทืกืขืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก 


(ืคืึทืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’) 


ื“ืึธืก ืžืื–ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืึทืจืขืžืืŸ 


ืืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืืœืข- 
ื‘ืึธืก ืืœืข ืคืจืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื ืงืึธืคึผื™ืงืข. ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจืข- 
ืžืืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ืคืืจืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ื‘ื™ื›ื“ื™ื™ 
ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉืคึผืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจื›ืข ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืคืจืฒื™- 
ื˜ื™ืง. 

ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก: 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ, ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืกื˜ื• ืคืืจืŸ ื™ืึธืจ? 

ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจึนืขืžืืŸ: 

-- ื ื•, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืื–ืœ. 


(ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืืจืกืงืึธื™ืข ืกืขืœืึธ, 1886, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืื•ื•ืืจืขื“ืึธืงืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื- 
ืคืขืจ) 


ื“ืจืฒึท ื‘ืจื™ื™ืจืขืก 


ืืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื›ืกืื ื™ืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืึธื›ืŸ. ืกืึธืคึผืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื‘ืืฆืึธืœืŸ. ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผืฆืึธืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ื. 

-- ื’ื•ื˜, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืจืขืš, -- ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืื ืฆืข ื“ืจืฒึท ื‘ืจื™ื™ืจืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜. ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื - 
ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ื•ื™ื•ื•, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืข- 
ื›ืข ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื ืขื“ืึธื•ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผืฆืึธืœืŸ. ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฆึทื•- 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ? 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื™ืจืข, --- ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 


ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืืคึผืฆืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื™ืจืข, --- ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ. 


(ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืงื•ื˜ืกืง, 1919, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืขืกืืจืื‘ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ) 


ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ืึธืจืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ 


ื ื‘ืขื˜ืœืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืžืึธืœ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืจืึธื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื ืขื“ืึธืฐืข. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืฅ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ึดืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืœ, ืื– ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืึธื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืกื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืจืึท- 
ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืจืึท- 


ื“ืœ 
ื‘ื™ 


ื 
ื™ื˜ 


ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. 
ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึธื“; 


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-- ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื 
ื ืขื“ืึธืฐื•ืข. 

ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืจืึธื˜ืฉื™ืœื“; 

-- ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื ื ืขื“ืึธืฐืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ? 

ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึธื“; 

-- ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ, ืื“ื•ื™ื ื™ ืจืึธื˜ืฉื™ืœื“! ื 
ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืฉื ืึธืจืŸ, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ. 


(ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ) 


ื ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, 
ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืึธื™ึดื 


ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. 

ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืคืืจืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ื“ืืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืืจืึธืคึผ. ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืฅ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืฑืขืœื˜. ืกืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš 


ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืกืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืš ื ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก. ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ? 

ืื™ื– ื’ืจืึธื“ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ืž- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜-ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ, ื‘ืึธื ืงืข, ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืื™ื: 

--- ื›ืึธื ืงืข, ื–ืฒึท ื ื›ื•ื•ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฑืขืœ ื‘ื 
ืื™ื, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืืจืึธืคึผืงืจื™ื›ืŸ. 

ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืึธื ื™ืข ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ื ืงื™ื ืขืœืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืก ืฆื•ื ืžืขืฉื•ื ืข- 
ื ืขื: 

--- ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ ืืจืึธืคึผ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ืฆืขื–ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. 


146 


ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื“ืืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืจื™ื™ืคืข. 


(ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœืฐืฒึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืื•ื•ืืจืขื“ืึธืง) 


ื ืžืฒึทืกืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืึธืžืขืจืŸ 


ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืงืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ืฉืึธืžืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืžืฒึทืกืขืก. ื™ืขื“ืข ืžืฒึทืกืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืจื˜ืฉื™ื ืกืงื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืกืง. ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืฐ ืจืขื‘ 
ืขืœื™ึดืขื–ืขืจ-ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึธืœืขืจืœืฒ ืžืฒึทืกืขืก. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืฒึทืงืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื ื•ืžืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืกืง ืฆื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืืกื˜ 
ืฆื•ื ืจืึธื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: 

--- ื•ื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžืฒึทืกืขืก? 

ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืฐ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš, 
ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ, ืื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื›ื™ื‘ื™ืจื™ื. ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืฐืึธืจื™ื, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ: ื“ืึธ ืœื™ื’ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ,ื˜ื•ื™ืกืคืขืก-ื™ืึทืžื˜ืขืฐ", ื“ืึธ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,ืฉื- 
ืื’ืขืก ืืจื™". ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงืœืขืจื˜: ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ, ืื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ื“ืึธ 
ืœื™ื’ื˜ ,ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืžื•ื™ื“", ื“ืึธ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ,ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืขืฅ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืง". 


(ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืงื•ื˜ืกืง, 1920, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืคึผื™ื ืกืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืกืข 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืืœืก ืคืืงื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ื™ 
ืงืขืจ ืจืึธืฐื• ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืืœืก ื•ื™ืฆืœื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืงืขืจ) 


ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืึธืŸ ื ื˜ืฉื•ึผื•ื•ืข 


ื ื™ื™ึธื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื ื’ืžื™ืœืขืก-ื›ืขืกืขื“ ื‘ื 
ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉื•ึผื•ื•ืข. 

ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืคืืจื™ื‘ืœ ื’ืขื”ืื˜: 

--- ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืกื˜ื• ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜! 

ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: 

--- ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง 
ื ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื•ืข, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ- 
ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืœื˜. 


(ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ" 
ืงื•ื˜ืกืง ืื™ืŸ 1905) 


ืžืึธื˜ืงืข ื›ืื‘ืื“ืก ื™ืืฉืขืจ-ืงื•ื™ืขืจ 


ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื›ืื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื“ืื•ื•ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืœื™ืืจืขืžื˜, ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, -- ืกืืงืึธื ืขืก-ื ืขืคืึธืฉืขืก. ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืงืึทืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 

ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื“ืื•ื•ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื 
ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ, ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืื“ืœืขืก 
ืืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื, ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ืืฉืขืจ-ืงื•ื™ืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืฅ- 
ืจื•ืงื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื™ึธื“. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ 
ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜-ืฐื™ืฆืœื™ื ื’ ืžืึธื˜ืงืข ื›ืื‘ืื“. โ€ ืฉื˜ืืจืง 
ื–ื™ืคืฆื ื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื›ืื–ืŸ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 

-- ืื•ื™, ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืฉืขืœื•ื™ืœืขื, ืื™ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™- 
ื˜ืขืจืข ืคึผืืจื ืึธืกืข!.. 

ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื›ืื–ืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: 

-- ืฐืึธืก, ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื›ืื–ืŸ? 

ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ืขื‘ืขืš-ืคึผืขื ืขืžืœ 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžืึธื˜ืงืข ื›ืื‘ืื“: 

-- ื™ืข, ื™ืข, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื‘ืึธื ื“ืขืจ! 

(ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืงื•ื˜ืกืง, 1901, 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธื•ื• ืจืขื‘ ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืงื™ื ืึธื˜ืข ืžื- 
ืฉืื•ื•ื™ืฆืงื™). 


ื“ืขื ืจืขื‘ื ืก ืžื•ืžืข 


ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืจืคืกืžืืŸ ื ืงืจืขื˜ืฉืžืขืจ, ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืงืืจื’ืขืจ. ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 


ืืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืคืœ ืงืืœื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื ืึธืš 
ืžืขืจ ืงืืจื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘. ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ื–ืฉืืœืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜. 


ืฉืฒึทืงืข ืคืฒึทืคืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืขื˜ืฉืžืข ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื•- 
ื ื™ืฆืข ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžืึธืœืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืฆื• 
ื ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื’ืขืœื˜. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™- 
ืฉืขื•ื•ื ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, 
ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื‘ืืœืขื’ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืคืขืจื“, ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื’ื•- 
ื˜ืขืจ-ื™ื™ึดื“, ื ื›ืกื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื‘ืข, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข-ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ืœื™ื™- 
ืฆื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืจืขื‘ื ืก ื’ื- 
ื‘ืึธื™ึดื, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืื™ื– ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. 

ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืื‘ืึธื™ึดื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข, ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืขื˜ืฉืžืขืจืŸ, ืื– ืขืก 
ืคืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืจืขื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืึธื ื’ืจืฒื˜ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืจืžืขืก, ืฐื™ ืก'ื“ืืจืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื‘ืข ืื™ื– ืคืืจืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืจืขื˜ืฉืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื 
ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžืขืงืื‘ืœ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื‘ืœืขืš ื ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ: 

-- ื ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืžื•ืžื™ื ืงืข ืžืฒึทื ืข? 

ื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ืื– ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื‘ืข, 
ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืŸ ืžื•ืžืข, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืฆืขืฉืžืึธืœืฆืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื›ืขืก. 

ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื•ื•ืืจืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืฐืข- 
ื˜ืฉืขืจืข ืงืขื™ืื“-ื”ืืžืขืœืขืš. ืฉืฒึทืงืข, ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืื‘ืึธื™ึดื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื - 
ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก, ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืขื’ืึธืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืืกื˜. ื”ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ื”ืึทื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืฉืืœืข- 
ืฐืขื˜ -- ืกืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœืฒึทึธื”ื•ื“ื™ื. 

ืคืืจืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดืฉืขืฐ- 
ื ื™ืฆืข ื“ื™ ืงืจืขื˜ืฉืžืขืจืงืข ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืขื‘ืŸ 
ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืคึผื™ื“ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, 
ืื– ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื™ืจืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื - 
ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื 
ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ืคึผื™ื“ื™ืขืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืจืขื‘ืŸ: 

-- ืจืขื‘ืขื ื™ื•-ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื™ื‘ืœ, 
ื•ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ื ืžื•ืžืข? 

ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื‘ืข, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉืฒึทืงืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: 

-- ืžื•ืžื™ื ืงืข, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืขืกื™ืข ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš. 
ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืกืข ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™.--ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ื“ื- 
ื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื“ืึธืจืฃ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฑืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืึธืกืœืึธ:, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 


: ื ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืืจืฒึทื ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ. 


1 


ื•ื•ืืจืขื ืคืืจืงื ืขืคึผืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืฆื•ืฉืคึผื™ืœื™ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฑืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืขื‘ื™ื™ืจืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ,ืื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื 
ื–ืฉืข ื˜ืฐืึธื™ื ื˜ื™ืึธื˜ืงื?!'1. ื ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ืืงืข 
ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืข 
ืžืฒึทื ืข.: 

ื‘ื ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื“ืขื ืจืขื‘ื ืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื’ืึธืœืข ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ื ืคืฒึทืฃ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ื˜ืข ืกื•ืกื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืคึผืฒึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืงืืจื’ืข ื™ึดืฉืขืฐื ื™ืฆืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืฑื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืจืขื‘ืข ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžื•ืžืข ื–ื™ ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืŸ. 


(ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื‘ืกืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 1930) 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืจืขื‘ ืœืฒื™ืฐื™-ื™ื™ึทืฆื›ืึธืง ื‘ืืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ 


ืจืขื‘ ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ื™-ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง ื‘ืืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื–ื›ื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื•ื ื’ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืœ-ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจืข. 

ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื ื™ื™ึธื“ 
ื ื–ืึธืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื›ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืžืื“ื˜. 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืจืขื‘ ืœื™ื™ืฐื™-ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืึธืŸ: 

--- ืึธื•ื•ื, ืึธืฐื! ื–ืข ื ืึธืจ ื–ืข, ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืขืฉืขืœื•ื™- 
ืœืขื, ืื›ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื™ื“ ืงื™ืขืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. 


9 


ืจืขื‘ ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ื™-ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง ื‘ืืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืžืึธืœ ืฉืื‘ืขืก ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืก ื 


ื 
ื ื•ึฐ 


- ื 
ื ื•ื˜ = 
6 ื“ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ 


ื™ื•ื ื’ื ืžืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ื’ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ. 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืจืขื‘ ืœื™ื™ืฐื•ื™-ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง: 


ื•ื 
ื• 


1 ืื•ื™, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ื›ืื–ืขืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืข ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืข ื“ืฒึทื ืข! 


148 


--- ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ, ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ 
ืื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉืื‘ืขืก. 

ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื ื™ืžืขืก ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื’ืขืจืžื 

--- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื’ื•ื˜, ืื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉืื‘ืขืก. 

ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื‘ ืœื™ื™ืฐื•ื™-ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง: 

-- ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืฉืื‘ืขืก 
ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ. 

ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ: 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืจืขื‘ืข, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ืื– 
ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜. 

ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื‘ ืœืฒื™ืฐื™-ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ: 

--- ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืฉืขืœื•ื™ืœืขื, ื–ืข ื ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ 
ื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืง ืคืึธืœืง ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฒึทื“ ืงืขืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ 
ืžื•ื™ื“ืข. 


(ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืงื•ื˜ืกืง, 1925, 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื•ื•ืขืจ- 
ื–ืฉื ื™ืข, ืจืึธื”ืื˜ืฉืึธึทืฐืขืจ ืงืจืฒึทื–, ืžืึธืœืข- 
ืฐื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜) 


ื ืึธืจ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืšืจ ืขืจื’ืขืจ 


ื ืฉืื“ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื ืฉื™ื“ืขืš ื–ื™ืขืจ 
ื ืคืฒึทื ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ื ืžืืŸ, ืื– ืึธื ื’ืขืคืึธืจืขื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜- 
ืคืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืื“ื›ืŸ, ืื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืกื•ืœ 
(ืคืขืœืขืจ) ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ. 
ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืื“ื›ืŸ; 
--- ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื–, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืื˜ืข ื ื’ืขืฉืžืื“ื˜ืขืจ? 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ: 
-- ืืฒึท, ื ืึธืš ืขืจื’ืขืจ. 
ื“ืขืจืฉืจืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉืื“ื›ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง: 
-- ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ, ื›ืึทืœื™ืœืข-ื•ื•ืขื›ืืก, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“, ื ืžืืžื–ืขืจ? ืื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ืžืืžืข ืืฒึทืขืจืข, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื–ื•ื™ื ืข? 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื•ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืืจืฉืขืžื˜: 
-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ? ื ืึธืš ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืจ.. 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืื“ื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™- 
ืœื™ื: 
--- ื ื•, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื 
ื’ืื–ืœืขืŸ, ื ืจืขืฆื™ื™ืขืš, ื›ืึทืœื™ืœืฅ? 
-- ืืฒึท, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืกื•ืœ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืขืจื’ืขืจ. ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ืื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืื™ื– 
ื ืงืึทืฉืขืจืข ื™ื™ึทึดื“ืขื ืข. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ, ืจืขื‘ ื™ึทื“, 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืฐืฒึทื‘, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ... 
(ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืงื•ื˜ืกืง, ืืจื•ื 1910, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืจื•ื–ืฉื™ื ืขืจ, ื’ืจืึธื“ื ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื ื™ืข) 


ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ ื’ื•ื˜ืก ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ืขืŸ 


ื ืฉืื“ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ ื. ืฉื™ื“ืขืš ื 
ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคืŸ ืฉืื“ื›ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื‘ืœ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜. 

-- ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึธืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืืŸ ืืžื”ืึธืจืขืฅ. 

ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืื“ื›ืŸ: 

--- ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ, ืื– ืจืึธื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืื™ื– 
ื™ืึธ ื ืœืืžื“ืŸ? ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืจืึธื˜ืฉื™ืœืš 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืœืืžื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื’ืข- 
ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื–ื ืื™ื™ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืจืึธื˜ืฉื™ืœื“? 
ืขืžืขืก? 

ืงื•ื•ืขื ืงืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœืขืก ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ: 

-- ื ื•, ื’ื•ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึธืกืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืืŸ 
ืึธืจืขืžืืŸ. 

ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืื“ื›ืŸ: 

-- ืืฒึท, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืขืคืฉืขืจ 
ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืื– ืจืืฉืข, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ืข-ืœื™ืฐืจืึธื›ืึธ, ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืฉืขืจ? ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื“ืึธืš ืื–ื ืื™ื™ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืจืืฉืข ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ื”ื? 

-- ื™ืึธ, ืื•ื•ืื“ืข, -- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืืœืขืก ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึธืกืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš 
ื ืžื™ึดืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ื”ื•ื™ืงืขืจ. 

ืœืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืื“ื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืก: 

-- ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ, ืื– ืจืขื‘ ืžื™ืฉืข 
ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืกืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืงืจืืกืื•ื•ืขืฅ? ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืืคืงืข ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ึดืขืกืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื”ื•ื™ืงืขืจ. ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธ 
ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืื™ื™ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ 
ืจืขื‘ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืกืึธืŸ? 

ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืก: 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ืงืจืขืฆื™ืงืขืจ! 

ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืื“ื›ืŸ ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืก: 

-- ื ื•, ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข 
ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื ื›ืึธืกืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ืึธืŸ ื ื›ื™ืกืึธืจืŸ, ื˜ืืงืข ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืœืขืก?! 


(ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 1930) 


ืื™ื™ื ืก ืฆื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 


ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ืกื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜. 

ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืœ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื– ื ื’ืจืึธืฉืŸ. 

ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืื“ืื - 
ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืžืื˜ืึธื ืข ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, 


ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืž ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: ืคืืจ- 
ืฐืึธืก? ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: 

--- ื ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืข ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ 
ื’ืขืœื˜. ืคืืจ ื ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืื ืง ื ื™ื˜. 

ื‘ืขืฉืืก ื“ืขืจ ื™ึดื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขืจ 
ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกื•ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ื 
ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ืฐืขื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜. 

ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืกืข-ืกืึธื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื 
ื’ืจืึธื“ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜. 

ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ: 

-- ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“, ืฐื™ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ -- ,ื”ืืฉืึธืฐืขืก ืื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืข" (ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขื ืข) ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ -- 
ื’ืื ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ? 

ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜? ,ื”ืืฉืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืืก ืื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืข" ืื™ื– ื ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืืจื ืึธืกืข. 


(ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืจืœื™ืš-ืคึผื™ื ืกืง, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 
5 ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืจืขื•ื• ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ) 


ื ื ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึทืกื˜ืข 


ื ื›ืื–ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื›ืกืื ื™ืข 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืฆืึธืœืŸ 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืขืกืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื”ืืœื“ื–, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืจ 
ืึธืคึผืฆืึธืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืฅ. 

ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืื–ืŸ: 

-- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืก, ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข? ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื•. ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืœื–ืžืืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื›ืื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืึทืœืขืจืœืฒ 
ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืžื™ื-ื ืฑื™ืจืึธื™ึดื. ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืื‘ืึธืกื™ื, 
ื™ืึธืžื˜ืฑืฐื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืืกืขื ืขืก, ืกื•ื“ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืื˜ 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืืœืฅ: 

-- ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืก'ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืก'ื ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ื›ืื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉืœืขื›ื˜. 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขื ืคืจื™ืœืขื›ืŸ ื ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ: 
-- ืืฒึท, ืืฒึท, ื›ืื–ืŸ, ื›ืื–ืŸ, ืžืืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืœ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก 
ืงื™ืžื˜ ืื™ืจ... 


149 


ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ; 

-- ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืžืขืจ ื’ื ืขืคืขืœื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืืงืข ื™ืึท! 

--- ื ื•, ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ! 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืง, ื’ืขื ื•ื’ 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


(ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 1930) 


ื“ื™ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ 


ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืœื™ึดืขืŸ ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ 
ื ืœืขืคืœ. ืืคืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ืึธืค- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœืขืคืœ -- ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™- 
ื ืขื. ืคืืจ ื ืฉื™ืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื™ืกืœืขืŸ -- ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข. ืื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: ืคืืจืฐืึธืก? ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื™ื 
ืžืขื•ื‘ืขืจืขืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืงื™ื ื“, 
ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืกืขืœืข; ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืคืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืงื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืคืขืœืข. 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื˜ืึทืžืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืจ ื ืึทืš 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืœืฒึทืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ื˜ืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืœ- 
ื”ืืงืึทึธืฐืขื“. 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฆื•ื ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜: 
-- ืœืฒึท ืžื™ืจ, ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื–ื™ืœ- 
ื‘ืขืจื ืข ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžืืš ื ืžืึทืœืฆืฒึทื˜. 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืข 
ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืข ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืกื™ืžื›ืข, ื•ืฐืึท- 
ืจืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืืฃ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืงื™ืž- 
ืคึผืขื˜, ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ืขืŸ. 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื˜ืึธื’, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืฒึทื‘- 
ื˜ืขืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืฐืึธืš -- ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœ 
ื•ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื ืข! 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ืงืืœืขืžื•ื˜ื ืข ืืคืŸ 
ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธื˜ืฉ ืกืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ 
ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 
-- ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜? ื“ื™ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ืขื‘ืขืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืงืจืื ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, 
ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื•ื™-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ. 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืึทืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ; 
-- ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืฐื™ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ? 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ: 
--- ืžื™ืžืึทื ืขืคืฉืขืš ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– ื 
ืœืขืคืœ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืคืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืกืœ -- ืฉื™ืก- 
ืœืขืŸ, ื˜ืึธ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื–ืฉืข, ืื– ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ. 
(ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทืš: ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืœื™ ื™ืขืงื‘? ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ื•ื‘" 
ื ืขืจ ืžืื’ื™ื“ --ืจืขื‘ ื™ืื ืงืขืฐื•. ืงืจืื ืฅ --ืืฃ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืŸ, 1881. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึธืฉืœ 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืืœื˜ืข ื•ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข" ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ืŸ. 
ื–ืข ,ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืก", ืžืึทืกืงืฐื•ืข, ืคื•ื ืขื 12 ื™ื•ืœ 
7, ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืš , ื ืืกืจืขื“ื™ื ืก ืื ืขืง- 
ื“ืึธื˜ืŸ", โ€ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข 
,ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ื", ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 1936, ืžืฒึทืกืข 24), 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข = ืฉืึธืœืขื ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ 


ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืึธืจื™ืงืŸ (ืคืืจ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ ื“. 
ื™.) ื ื•ืžืขืจ , ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจื˜ 
ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืก ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขื ืขื, ื”ืื’ืื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1941 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ืขืžืขืก?" ื‘ื•ืš. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืœืื’-ืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืกื™ื’ื ืืœื™ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœื™ืืจ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืžืขืจืงื˜: โ€ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื•ืง ื“ืขื 20 ื™ื•ืœ 
1,, 

ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ 
ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš, ืืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืจื™ื™ 
ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ (ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข 
ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืœ 1942 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื˜ื•ืœื•ืŸ, ืื™ืจืงื•ื˜- 
ืกืงืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 85 ื™ืึธืจ). 


150 


ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฐื™ืึธืจืกื˜ืข- 
ืฐืขื˜ืŸ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœื™ืืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืก ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื. ืก. ืฐืฒึทื ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืœ. ืก. 
ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืข-ืงื™ืจื–ืฉื ื™ืฅ (ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ -- ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™- 
ื ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืจืขืก). 

ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ 
7 ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื ืึธืฐืึธื”ืจื•ื“ืึธืง, ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกืœืื ื“. ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ืื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืึธื“ืจื™ืื“ื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ืกืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืจื™ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื ืคืืจืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขืงื•ื™ืขืš ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืขืœืฃ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืคื•ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™" 
ืžืขืœืขืก ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจ 


ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜-ืื•ืคื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืžืืžืข --ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืข ืคืจื•ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคึผืืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฐืขืจื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื›- 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ื‘ืื ื•ืฆืŸ. 

ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืฉืฒื™ื“ื ืงืฒึทื˜, 
ืฉืขืžืขืฐื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ืจืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจื™ ืงืึธื ืฆืขื - 
ื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืืจื•ื ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ, ื‘ื- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ื–ืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคืื ื’ื™ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื 
ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆ:ืึธื ืขืœืข -- ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึธืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ (ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืขืจ) ื ืฉืœืืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืฆืŸ, ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื™ 
ื“ืขื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ืจืขืืœื™ืฉื•ืœ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืืœื™ืฉื•ืœ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื• ื“ื™ 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข 
ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื™ืœื’ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ-ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจื™ืกื˜, ื ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื“ืื ืง ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜- 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’, ืื“ืื ืง ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืžื™ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืจืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™ ืืœืก ืคืจืฒึทื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ึทืฉืขืฐ 
ืฆืืจืกืงืึธื™ืข ืกืขืœืึธ (1883--1890); ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืงืื–ื™ืึธื ืขื ืจืื‘ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืจืึธ- 
ื’ืื˜ืฉืึธื•ื•, ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ (1891--1900), ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืจืงื•ื˜ืกืง (1901--1920), ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืข,. ื“ื™ ืจืืกืขื ืขืก, ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืข; 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืงื™ืžืื˜ 
ืืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื˜ื•ืœื•ืŸ --ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืœ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฅ 
ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ -- ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื‘ืœ -- ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืค- 
ื”ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื–ืืžืœื™ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืืจืคื–ื™ืŸ-ืื•ืคื‘ืœื™ืฆืŸ 
ืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœืึธืฉืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื- 
ืœื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืจื•ืฃ. 

ื“ื™ ืืฑืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืก ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืกืงืฒึทื˜, ืึธื ืฒื™ื’ื ื ื•ืฆื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ืฆื•ืฆื•ึถืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืคื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ื•ื™ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืขื›ืขืจืขืฅ 
ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžืคึผืื˜ื™ืข. ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจืงื•ื˜ืกืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ 
ื”ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืกืฒึท ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืกืฒึท ืคืืจืฉื™ืงื˜ืข, ืกืฒึท ืคึผื•ืข- 


ืจื™ื-ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจื™ืืงืขืก, ืืคื™ืœืข ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืข- 
ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืข- 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ืฐื™ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ืขื˜ื ืึธื’ืจืืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒึทื–ื -ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ ื’. ื . ืคึผืึธื˜ืื ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜- 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืกืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืขื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ืคืขืกื™ืึธื ืขืœืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ. ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืกื™ืœืึธืฉืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื™ืขืจ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฆืื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข ื™ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ" ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืงืืžืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ,ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืกื˜ืŸ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื–ื•ื’- 
ื“ืขืจืก ืคืืจืฉืืจืคื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ึนื“ืขื 
ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. 

ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆืฒื™ืึธื ืขืจืขืจ 
ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื™ืงื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžืขื’- 
ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืืจื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจืงื•ื˜ืก- 
ืงืขืจ ื–ืฉืื ื“ืืจืžืขืจื™ืข-ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจ- 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธื›ืจืื ืงืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฑื™ืกื’ืขืงืœืึธืจื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืืœืก ,ืื•ืžืคึผืืจ- 
ื˜ืฒื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ึทืึธื ืขืจ?. 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืก ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืคืืกื˜, ื“ืืจืคืŸ 
ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืื›ืžืขื ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืžื•ื– ื‘ืื˜ืึธื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืกื˜ื™ืžื•ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’, ืื™ืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืฐืึธืจืฆืœืขืŸ ื–ืขืขืŸ ื‘ืข- 
ืกืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืก ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืึธื˜ 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ืขืก ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื‘ื™ื™- 
ืœื™ื ืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืœ. ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืข: ,ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืžืขืฉืึธืœื™ื, ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืกืขืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงื•ื™ืขืš- 
ื”ืื“ื™ืžื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ, ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืขืคึผืึธืก, ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ื–ืื›ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžื•ื™ืกืฉืขืคึผืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ืื™ื ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืืคื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ ืืœืก ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื“ืขืจ ืื ืขืงื“ืึธื˜, 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืข ืžืฒึทืกืขืœืข".. 

ืื™ื ืขื ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืขื™ืืจื›ื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื“ื ืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ 1941 ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ 1942. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ,ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืืžืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืœืึธืฉืŸ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื•ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ.. 


ื“. ืงื™ืจื–ืฉื ื™ืฅ 


ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ึธืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข 


1 ื ืกืขืจื™ืข ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื ืืœื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืกืขืœืขืš. ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืžืึธืจืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืกืข-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. 
ืื™ืŸ ,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“", 1895. 

2 ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืžืฒึทืกืขืœืขืš, ืึธื“ืขืก, 1897. 

3. ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™- 


ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื- 
ื˜ื•ืจ. ืื™ืจืงื•ื˜ืกืง, 1907, 


4 ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืžืฒึทืกืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ืœ- 
ื ืข, 1898. 

5 ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ื•ืื ื’ืขืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืืœืžื•ื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึธืจืืœืŸ. ืื™ืจืงื•ื˜ืกืง, 1905. 

6 ืฉืคึผืจื™ื›ืฐืขืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืื™ืจ- 
ืงื•ื˜ืกืง, 1913, , ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืขืจ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ". 

7 ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ. ,ื™ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืกืงืื™ื ืกื˜ืืจื™ื ื", 1909--1914. 


8 ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ (ื“ื™ ืคืจืื–ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ). , ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ", ื‘. 1, ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 1928. 


9 ืื ืขืงื“ืึธื˜ืŸ, ืฉืคึผืจื™ื›ืฐืขืจื˜ืœืขืš, ืฉืคึผืจืืš:ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ. , ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜", ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ 2--2, ืžื™ื ืกืง, 1928, 


0. ืœืืžื“ืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืืกืงื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืฐื™ืฆืŸ. ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธ- 
ื’ื™ืฉืข ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’. ื‘ืื ื“ 2, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืฐืึธ, ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, 
9.9 
ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฉ. ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข, ื‘. 4 

ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืกืงืื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ึทื, ื‘. 1. 

ื–. ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื- 
ื˜ื•ืจ, ื‘3ื™4 


ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ึทืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืœ. ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืข-ืงื™ืจื–ืฉื ื™ืฅ 


ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ 


ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ 
ืœืขืฐื™ื ืกืึธืŸ 


ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืœืขืฐื™ื ืกืึธืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
4. ืื™ืŸ 1958 ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืกืง- 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืก- 
ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคืืจืœืื’ืŸ ,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ 
ืคึผื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ?, ,ืจืื“ื•ื’ื", 
,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ืึธืšืฃ" 
ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“. ื ื”ื•ื›ืข ืึธืคึผื™ 
ืฉืืฆื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืžื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ (ืืจืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก --,ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืฃ 
ื‘ื™ื– ื˜ืึธืฃ", ื ืึธื˜ืข ืœื•ืจื™ืข -- 
ื™ืื ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ', ื›ึนืื™ึดื 
ืžืขืœืืžื•ื“ --,ื•ื•ืืจืขื ืืฉ", 
ืฉื™ืคืจืข ื›ืึธืœืึธื“ืขื ืงืึธ -- 
,ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜?, ื“ืึธืจืข ื›ืœ- 
ืงื™ื ืข -- , ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ? ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“.). 


ื™ืฉ 
/04 /05 


152 


1 ื›ืื™ึดื ืžืขืœืืžื•ื“. ื•ื•ืืจืขื ืืฉ 


2. ืืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก. ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืฃ 
ื‘ื™ื– ื˜ืึธืฃ 


3, 4. ืฉื™ืคืจืข ื›ืึธืœืึธื“ืขื ืงืึธ. 
ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ (ื”ื™ืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืฅ- 
ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ) 


5, 6. ื“ืึธืจืข ื›ืฒึทืงื™ื ืข. ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ (ืฉืžื•ืฅื™ื˜ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ) 


7 ื ืึธื˜ืข ืœื•ืจื™ืข. ื™ืื ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ 


ื™ื™ 
ื’ืฆ 
55 ื™ื™ =ื™ืขืข 


5 


* ืงืื• ืข 


2 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื˜ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ,885 
* 7 5 


ืงืขื˜ 


ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก 


ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืึธื™ึดื–ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืžืฃ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืฉื™ื–ื ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“, ื‘ืขืกื•ื™- 
ื›ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื™- 
ื‘ื™ืง ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื–ืึธืจื’ื–ืื ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข. ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืงืžืขืœืขืจ, ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ืžืขืžืึธืจื™ืืœ-ื˜ืึธืฐื•ืœืขืŸ, 
ืกื˜ืขืœืขืก. 

ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 57 ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืจื•ืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืฅ- 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืึธืจืœื™ืงืึธืฐ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื›ืฒึทืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื“ืขื 5 ืžืฒึท 1919 ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ 
ื“ืขื 7 ืžืฒึท 1945. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™- 
ื‘ืขืจ-ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. ืืคืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ื–ืืฐืึธื“ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจืขืจ 
ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืขืก 
ืคืืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืืฃ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง ืืœืก ืฉืœืึธืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืืœืขืง- 
ืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจืœื™ืงืึธื•. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืืฃ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง ืคืืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื˜ืœืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜, 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขืคืจืฒื™ื˜ืึธืจ ืึธื˜ืฉืขืจืขื˜ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื™ืึธืกื™ืคืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื 5 
ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1926 ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื 8 
ืคืขื•ื•ืจืืœ 1945. ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึท- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืงืื– 
ืคื™ื ืขื ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ื™ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืืฑื‘ืขืจ-ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืกืกืจ ื“ืขื 31 ืžืฒึท 1945. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ื™ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืึทื•ื•ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
4 ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ 1966 ืฆื•ื’ืขื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™- 
ืจืขืจ 23-ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ 
ืคื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืึธื˜ืฉืขืจืขื˜ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื™ืึท- 
ืกื™ืคืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. ื‘ืื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ื– 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื ืžืขืžืึธืจื™ืืœ-ื‘ืจืขื˜, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœ- 


ื›ืขืจ ืกืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜: ,ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
4--1941, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ืึธื˜ืฉืขืจืขื˜". 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ืืœื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืงืื‘ืืจื“ื™ื ืึธ- 
ื‘ืืœืงืืจื™ืฉืข ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืข ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง, ืื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื•ืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 10 ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืื™ืœืื–ื- 
ืจืึธื•ื• โ€ ืื™ืกืฒึท ืื™ืœืื–ืืจืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (5 ืคืขื•ืจืืœ 
0+--6 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1944). ืื•ื™ืš ื ื’ืืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ืืœื˜ืฉื™ืง ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืœืื–ื- 
ืจืึธื•ื•ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื‘ืกืง, ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, 
ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื’ืืก ,ื‘ืึธื’ืึธืจืื– ืกืขืžื™ืึทืŸ ื ืื›ืžื- 
ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ" (ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ื’ืข- 
ื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื 17 ืืฐื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1907), 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ืืœื˜ืฉื™ืง ืื™ื– ื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื’ืืก ืึทื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื‘ื•ืžืื’ื™ืŸ 
ื™ืึธืกื™ืฃ ืจืึธืžืื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (8 ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1907--24 
ืืคึผืจืขืœ 5). ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืžื™ืงืจืึธืจืื™ืึทืŸ. 
ื‘ืื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ ืืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ื–ืืฐืึธื“ 
,ื“ืืœืกืขืœืžืืฉ" ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ืœืขืงืึธืฐืขื“ 
ื‘ื•ืžืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขืš, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜, 
ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ื ืžืขืžืึธืจ:ืืœ-ื‘ืจืขื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืื˜. ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึทืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธืŸ- 
ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฉื•ืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 1 ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืกืขืฐืขืจืึธ-ื™ืขื ื™ืกื™ื™ืกืง ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืžื•ื–ื™ื™, 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ 
ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ื™ืขืคื™ื ืกืขืžื™ืึธื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (25 ืžืืจื˜ 
5--16 ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ 1944). ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ืืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืคึผื™ึทืึทื ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืจื•ื–ืฉื‚ื™- 
ื ืข. ื“ื™ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืื›ื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ 
ื‘ืื‘ื•ืจืึธื•ื•, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืจืข ืฆืขื˜ืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ 
ื™ืขืคื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™. 


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ื ื’ืืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื™ืขืœื’ืื•ื•ื, ืœืขื˜- 
ืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืกืจ, ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•- 
ื ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข- 
ืคึผืึธื“ืคึผืึธืœืงืึธืฐื ื™ืง ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืœืขืึธื ื™ื“ ืืคื- 
ื ืืกื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (1908--1944). 

ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืคึผืึธื“ืคึผืึธืœืงืึธืฐ- 
ื ื™ืง, ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื‘ื™ืจืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื 
ื™ืืงืึธื•ื• ืื‘ืจืืžืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (12 ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1908-- 
7 ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1943) ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ึดืึธื ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืึธื˜ืจื™ืื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึธืกื˜ืขืจ, ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ื’ืึธืฐืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ืืคืŸ 
ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™ืจืขืจ ืžืขื‘ืœ-ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืื˜ ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ื 
ืกื˜ืขื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืขื ื‘ื•ื™ืžืก 
ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืื˜. 

ื ืกื˜ืขื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ื’- 
ื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ื‘ืขืœื™ืื•ื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขืฐื•ืขืœ ืกืืžืฑืœืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (3 ืžืฒึท 1920--10 ืกืขื - 
ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1972) ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ื ื•- 
ืžืขืจ 2 ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึธืจื™ืกืึธื•ื•, ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. 

ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ืึธื˜ื“ืขืœืกืงืึธื™ืข, ืžืื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ืขื•ื•-ืงื•ืจื’ืื ืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ, ืจืึธืกื˜ืึธืฐืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืืกืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ , ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ืจื•ืง ื’ืืจื“ืขืžืืŸ ื’ืจื™- 
ื’ืึธืจื™ ืื™ื•ื•ืื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ" (11 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1907-- 
9 ืžืืจื˜ 1942). 

ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืื ื’ ื’ืึธืจืขืœื™ืง ืกืึธืœืึธืžืึธืŸ 
ืืจืึธื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (7 ื™ื•ืœ 1913--22 ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 
1) ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื’ืืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืœื’ืึธืจืึธื“. 

ืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื• ื™ืื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉื™, ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื‘ืงืขืจ 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื’ืืก ,ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืืจืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืืจืคื•ื ืงื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™- 
ื’ืึธืจื™ ืกืึธืœืึธืžืึธื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ? (6 ื™ื•ืŸ 1930 -- 22 
ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1943). 

ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืžืึธืจื™ืืœ-ื‘ืจืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ 
ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜, ืื™ื– 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืืœืื ื˜- 
ืคื•ืœืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, 
ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืจืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ื’ื•ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ 
ืœืฐืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (31 ืžืืจื˜ 1904--18 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 
3). 


ื ื’ืืก ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜ 
ื“ืฐื•ึผื›ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ ืื™ืกืืง ืฉืฒึทืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (15 ืžืืจื˜ 
2 -- 5 ื ืึธื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1943) ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื˜ืืœื ืึธื™ืข, ื˜ืฉืขืจืงืืกืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื™ืืงื™, ืงืจืืก- 
ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดืฉืขืฐื• 
ืงืจืืกื ืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืข, ืžืึธื’ื™ืœื™ืึธืฐืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืก- 
ืœืื ื“, ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืœื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ื•ื•ืืงืกืžืืŸ ืื™ืกืืง ืคื™ืึธื“ืึธืจืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (25 
ื™ื•ึนืœ 1922--19 ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ 1943), 


154 


ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื - 
ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืึธื’ืจื- 
ื“ืึธืฐื• ื’ืจื™ื’ืึธืจื™ ืืจืงืื“ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (5 ืžืฒึท 1912-- 
5 ืคืขื•ื•ืจืืœ 1963) ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฒื™ื‘ื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืงืจืึธืœืขืฐืขืฅ, ืกื•ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ื 
ื’ืืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 1, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืฐื™ื ืึธื’ืจืื“ืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜, ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืœืขื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ 
ื ืžืขืžืึธืจื™ืืœ-ื‘ืจืขื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืžืขืœื™ื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืขืจ 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื’ืืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ื“ืขื ื™ื ื’ืขืจืŸ 
ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื“ืขืœืก ืื‘ืจืื ืžืึธื™ืกื™ื™ืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (14 
ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ 1915 -- 22 ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1943). 

ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึธืจื™ืึธืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืจืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ 
ื–ืœืึธื˜ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื’ืึธืจื™ โ€ ื‘ืึธืจื™ืกืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (15 ื™ืœ 
3 -- 12 ืคืขื•ื•ืจืืœ 1945) ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ืœืึธื˜ื™ื ืก ื‘ื™ื•ืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœืขืจ 
ืกื˜ืขื ื“ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืื˜, 

ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื˜ืืจื ืึธืคึผืึธืœืกืงื™ 
ืื‘ืจืื ืื™ืกืืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (12 ืžืืจื˜ 1912 -- 
7 ื™ื•ืœ 1944) ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ืืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ 
ืœืขืงืึธืฐืขื“ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืœืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืคืืจ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื‘ืจื™ืกืง. 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืก-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืกื˜-ืงืึธื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื˜ืืจื ืึธืคึผืึธืœืกืงื™ืก ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืขืฐืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 83, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื - 
ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜ ื˜ืึธื•ื•ืืจืึธืฐืกืงื™ ืคึผื™ืึธ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืœื™ื˜ืฉ (1923--1943), ืื™ื– ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธ- 
ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ืคึผื™ึดืึธื ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธื˜ืจื™ืื“. 

ืืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืื ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ื’ืฐืืจื“ื™ืข-ืคึผืึธืœืงืึทืฐื ื™ืง 
ื˜ืขืžื ื™ืง ืื‘ืจืื ืžืื˜ื•ื™ื™ืขืฐื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (1907 -- 
85. 

ื ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ื“ืขื ืžืื™ืึธืจ ื˜ืฉืืคึผื™ื˜ืฉืขืฐ 
ื™ืืงืึธื•ื• ื™ื•ื“ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (31 ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ 1909 -- 
9 ืžืืจื˜ 1945) ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืื ืงืึทื™, ืงืจื™ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ืืฃ ื˜ืฉืืคึผื™ 
ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ 
ื ื•ืžืขืจ 1. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืฐืจืึธืฆืœืื•ื• (ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข 
ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง) ืื™ื–: ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืคึผื™ืึธื ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืึธื˜ืจื™ืื“ , ืžืื™ืึธืจ ื˜ืฉืืคึผื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•". 

ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื - 
ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื˜ืฉืฒึทืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ื™ืึธืกื™ืฃ ื™ืขืคื™- 
ืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (2 ืึทืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1923 --- 15 ืคืขื•ื•ืจืืœ 
5) ืื™ื– ืคืืจื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื- 
ืกื˜ืึธื•ื•, ืงื™ึดืขืฐืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ -- ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ 


ื ื˜ืฉืฒึทืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™-ื’ืืก. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฉื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืจืฃ ื‘ืขืจืขื–ื ื, ืžืขื ืกืงืขืจ ืจืื™ืึทืŸ, ื˜ืฉืขืจ- 
ื ื™ื’ืึธืฐืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืคึผื™ืึธื ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืึธื˜ืจื™ืื“ ืืฃ ืืึธืกื™ืฃ ื™ืขืคื™ืžืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 

ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืึธืฐื•- 
ืกืงื™" ืื™ื–ืจืื™ืœ ืกืขืžื™ืึธื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ (24 ืึทืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1924 -- 10 
ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1944) -- ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืืžืืจืงืื ื“. 

ืื™ื ืขื ื“ืึธืจืฃ ื‘ืึธืจืึธื“ื™ึทืขืฐืงื (ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคึผืจื- 
ืฐืึธื‘ืขืจืขื–ืฉื ืื™ื), ืฐืขืจื›ื ื™ืขื“ื ื™ืขืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงืขืจ 
ืจืื™ืึธืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื’ืืก ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•- 
ื ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื™ื•ื“ืืฉืงื™ืŸ 
ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื›ืืฆืงืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (20 ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1915 -- 
4 ื™ื•ืœ 1943), 

ื“ื™ ืจืขืžืึธื ื˜-ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื›ื™- 
ืžื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืืฐืึธื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื›ืืกื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ื™ืืงืึธืฐื•ืœืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (20 ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1915--14 ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ 1944) 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืข. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทื•ื•ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื. 

ืืฃ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืคืืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื˜ืœืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื›ื™ืจื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ืœืฐืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (14 ืื•ื•- 
ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1909--5 ื™ืœ 1941). ื’ืืกืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึธืจึนืฉืข, 
ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ึดืฉืขื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื™ื˜ืฉื™, 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื‘ืกืงืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ื– ื ืคึผื™ืึทื ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•ื–ืฉื™ื ืข ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ , ื›ื™ืจื’ื™ื ืก ื“ืจื•ื–ืฉื™ื ืข". 

ื ืกื˜ืขื ื“, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึท- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ืžืื™ืึธืจ ืœื™ื‘ืžืืŸ ืžื™- 
ื›ืื™ืœ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืจืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืฉ (19 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 
1 -- 12 ืคืขื•ื•ืจืืœ 1945), ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ 29-ื˜ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฉื•ืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 
6 ืื™ื– ื ืกื˜ืขื ื“ ื’ืขืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื’ืฐืืจื“ื™ืข-ืคึผืึทื“ืคึผืึทืœืงืึธืฐื ื™ืง 
ืœืขื•ื• ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ื“ืืฐื™ื“ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (17 ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1911-- 
1 ื ืึธื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1971). 

ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ืŸ- 
ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืคึผืึธืœืงืึธื•ื•ื ื™ืง ืžืื ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืœืขื•ื• ื™ืขืคื™- 
ืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (20 ืืฐื’ื•ืกื˜ 1898--9 ืžืฒึท 1945) 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื˜ืฉืื•ืกื™, ืžืึธื’ื™ืœื™ืึทืฐืขืจ 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ื ื’ืืก, ื ืคึผื™ืึทื ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทื˜ืจื™ืื“, ื 
ืฉื•ืœ, ื ื–ืืฐืึธื“, ื ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืžื™. ืืคืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜, ืื™ื– 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื ืžืขืžืึธืจื™ืืœ-ื‘ืจืขื˜. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื ืงื™ื ืึธืคื™ืœื, 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืงืืจืฉื™, ืื•ื–ื‘ืขืงื™ืกื˜ืืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ื ื’ืืก ืึทื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ื•ื•ืืจ- 


ื“ื™ืข-ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืžืืฅ ื’ืจื™ื’ืึธืจื™ ื–ืขืœืžื- 
ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (2 ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ 1920--4 ื™ื•ืœ 1977). 

ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืžืึธืจื™ืืœ-ื‘ืจืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก, ืœืขื 
ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผืขืจืข-ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืกื™ืขืก: , ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืขืฅ- 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืžืขืœืืš ื™ืขืคื™ื ืœืฐืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (26 ื™ืœ 
8--11 ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1979'). 

ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ื™ืขืคื™ื ืื™ืœื™ื˜ืฉ 
(18 ืคืขื•ื•ืจืืœ 1924 --- 13 ืžืืจื˜ 1944), ื 
ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืŸ-ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืฑื˜ืคืึธื ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืืจื˜ื™ืœืขืจื™ืข-ืฉื•ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืš. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ืจืึธืกืœืืฐืœ, ืกืžืึธืœืขื ืกืงืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœ- 
ืฉื•ืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 1, ืฐื•ึผ ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜, 
ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื ืžืขืžืึทืจื™ืืœ- 
ื›ืจืขื˜ ืœืขืงืึธืฐืขื“ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืœื“. ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื ืก ืคึผืึธืจื˜- 
ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืžืึทืœืขื ืกืงืขืจ 
ืžื•ื–ื™ื™, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืœืขืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืจืึธืกืœืืฐืœืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืงื•ื•ืขืจ. 

ื ื’ืืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืงืจื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•, ืžืึธื ื™- 
ืœื™ืึธืฐืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ , ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึท- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืžืื™ืึธืจ ืกืžืึทืœื™ืืงืึธื•ื• โ€ ืื‘ืจืื 
ื™ืขืคื™ืžืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ" (29 ืžืฒึท 1908 -- 3 ืึทืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 
3 

ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืกืคึผื™ื•ื•ืืง 
ืžืึธื™ืกืฒ ืœืฒื™ืฐื™ืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (22 ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ 1919 -- 
3 ื™ื•ืœ 1943) ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื ื’ืืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ื ืืจืึธื•ื•ืœื™ืข, ื”ืึธืžืœืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. 

ื ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืืจืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืืคึผืขืจื ื™ืง 
ืœืื–ืืจ ื›ืื™ืžืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจ- 


198 


| ืฉืืจ ื™ื™ 2 


+ ืขื™ ื 
= = 


ื‘ืื ื“ (1 ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1918 -- 23 ื™ืื ื•ืืจ' 


2) ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจืžืื›ืขืจ-ื–ืืฐืึธื“. ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขื ืงืœื•ื‘ ืืฃ ื“ื–ืขืจื–ืฉื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ืึธืจ ื˜ืฉืฒึทืงืึธื•ื• ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ื ื‘ืืจืข- 
ืœื™ืขืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคึผืืคึผืขืจื ื™ืงืก ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืื˜. ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืก-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ื ืคึผืึธืกื˜-ืงืึทื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืืคึผืขืจื ื™ืงืก ื‘ื™ืœื“. 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืื™ื– ืฆื•- 
ื’ืขื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 7. ื›. ืคึผืืคึผืขืจื ื™ืงืŸ, 
ืืคืŸ ืคืืกืื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื– ื ื•ืžืขืจ 21 ืื™ื– ืฆื•- 
ื’ืขืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื ืžืขืžืึธืจื™ืืœ-ื‘ืจืขื˜, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืกื™ึดืขืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜: 
;ื“ื™ ื’ืืก ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืกื ืฒึทืคึผืขืจ-ืืฑืกืฉืคึผื™ืจืขืจ, ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื - 
ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืœืื–ืืจ ื›ืื™ืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืคึผืืคึผืขืจื ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืขืจืึธื™ึดืฉืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืœืื ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกื•ื™ื ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐื•ืข". 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืก-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ืงืึทื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ืคึผืึธืœื™ื•ืกื•ืง ื ืื˜ืืŸ ืžื™ื›ืฒึทืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (18 ืžืืจื˜ 
2 -- 18 ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1945). ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืกืง- 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืคื- 
ืจืืŸ ื ืคึผื™ืึทื ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธื˜ืจื™ืื“ , ื ืื˜ืืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื•- 
ืกื•ืง". 

ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืืก ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืื ื“ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคึผืœืึธื˜ืงื™ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (2 ืžืฒึท 1912 -- 7 ืžืืจื˜ 1942). 

ื ื’ืืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื˜ื•ืงื•ืžืก, ืœืขื˜- 
ืœืื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื ืคึผื™ืึธื ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•ื–ืฉื™ื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 19 ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื“ืขื ื™ึธื - 
ื’ืขืจืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืคึผืจื™ื’ืึธื• ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึธืจื™ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (1924--1944). 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืึธืคื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืœืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืืฃ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ 2-ื˜ืŸ ืจืื ื’ ืคื™ืกืื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื–ืจืื™ืœ ืื™ืœื™ื˜ืฉ 
(23 ื ืึทื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1914 --19 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 


156 


4 ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืงื™ืจืึทืฐืึธื’ืจืื“, ื›ืืจืงืึธื•ื• 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืืจื ื™, ืžื•ืจืžืื ืกืงืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ 
ื’ืืกืŸ ืืฃ ืคื™ืกืื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ื ืžืขืžืึธ- 
ืจื™ืืœ-ื‘ืจืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื”ื– 
ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืจืึธืฐืึธื’ืจืื“, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื - 
ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ (ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง ืื™ื– ื ื’ืืก ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธ 
ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืคึผืกืค 
ืงืื–ื™ื ืขืฅ ืื™ืกืฒึท ืคึผืืฐืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (24 ื™ืื ื•ืืจ 
0 -- 7 ืžืฒึท 1942). ืืคืŸ ื”ืฑื–, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜, 
ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื ืžืขืžืึธืจื™ืืœ-ื‘ืจืขื˜, ืฐืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืื˜. ืงืื–ื™ื ืขืฆืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื ืงื™ื ืึธืคื™ืœื. 

ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืงืืคึผื™- 
ื˜ืืŸ ืงืื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ ืื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืึธืจื™ืกืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (17 ื ืึธื™ื- 
ื‘ืขืจ 1908 --- 23 ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1943) ืื™ื– ืคื- 
ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืืฃ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืขืกืงืื“ืจื™ืœื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ื ืขืŸ-ื˜ืึธืจืคึผืข- 
ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืืฐื™ึทืืคึผืึธืœืง. ื ืงืื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ-ื’ืืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืžืขืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื• ืœืื ื˜ื 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงืื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืึธ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื ืกืงืขืจ 
ืฉื•ืœ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 13 ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืคึผื™ืึธื ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•- 
ื–ืฉื™ื ืข ืืฃ ืงืื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื - 
ื“ื•ื ื’ืก-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื 
ืคึผืึธืกื˜-ืงืึทื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ืก ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜. 

ื ื’ืืก ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึทืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ื”ืฒื™ืžืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ืคึผืขืจืขื™ืืกืœืื•ื•-ื›ืžืขืœื ื™ืฆืงื™, ืงื™ืขืฐืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื - 
ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืคึผืึธืœืงืึธืฐื ื™ืง ืงืืคึผืœื•ื ืึธื• ืืจืงืื“ื™ 
ืœืฐืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (21 ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ 1912 -- 23 ืึทืงื˜ื™ื- 
ื‘ืขืจ 1943). 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืงืื ืกืง, ืงืจืืกื ืึธื™ืืจืกืงืขืจ 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื ื’ืืก ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืข- 
ื ืขืจืืœ-ืคึผืึทืœืงืึธืฐื ื™ืง ืงืึธื˜ืœื™ืืจ ืœืขืึธื ื˜ื™ ื–ืื›ื- 
ืจืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (3 ื™ื•ืŸ 1901--28 ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1945). 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื–ืึธื•ื•, ืจืึธืกื˜ืึทืฐืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, 
ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืžืื™ืึธืจ ืงื•ื ื™ืงืึธื•ื• โ€ ืฆืขื–ืืจ 
ืœืฐืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (23 ื™ื•ืŸ 1909 -- 12 ืคืขืฐืจืืœ 
3), ืฆ. ืงื•ื ื™ืงืึธื•ื• ืื™ื– ืืฃ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ืคืืจืขื›ื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืฑื˜ืคืึทื ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆื™ื- 
ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืœืึธื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื• ืกื˜ื- 
ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงื ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ , ืงื•ื ื™ืงืึธืฐืึธ'. ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืก-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื 
ืคึผืึธืกื˜-ืงืึธื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื ื™ืงืึธื•ื•ืก ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜. ื 
ื’ืืก ืืฃ ืงื•ื ื™ืงืึธื•ื•ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืจืึธืกื˜ืึทืฐ, ื ืคึผืจืึธืกืคึผืขืงื˜ --- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ืึทืฐืึธืจืึทืกืฒืกืง. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธืงืขืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืฉืฐื™ืžื˜ ืืจื•ื ื 
ื˜ืื ืงืขืจ ,, ืฆืขื–ืืจ ืงื•ื ื™ืงืึธื•ื•". ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ 
ื ื”ื™ืžืœ-ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทืกืงืฐืข ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื 
ืคึผืจืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ,ืฆืขื–ืืจ ืงื•ื ื™ืงืึธื•ื•". 


ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืื-ืคืœืึธื˜ 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข-ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ 
ืงืจื™ืฐืึธืฉืขื™ึดืŸ ืกืขืžื™ืึธืŸ ืžืึธื™ืกืฒืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (9 ื ืึธื™ืื‘ืขืจ 
9 --- 23 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1978). ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืกื˜-ืงืึธื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืœื“. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ื‘ืจื™ืกืง ืื•ืŸ ืฐืจืึธืฆืœืื•ื• (ืคึผื™ืœื™ืฉืข 
ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง) ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื’ืืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืงืจื™ืฐืึธืฉืขื™ึธื ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืก-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืกื˜-ืงืึทื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ-ืคึผืึธืœืงืึธืฐื ื™ืง ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื™ืืงืึธื•ื• 


ื’ืจื™ื’ืึธืจื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ 
(4 ื ืึธื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1905 -- 29 ื ืึธื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1969). 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธืžืขืœ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื’ืืก 
,ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืฉืื ื“ืืœืึธื•ื• ื™ื•ืจื™ ืื‘ืจืืžืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ" 
(10 ืžืืจื˜ 1923 -- 16 ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1945). 

ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฉื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืจืฃ ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ืขื•ื•- 
ืงื, ื˜ื™ืฐื•ืจืึธืฐื•ืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืื™ื– 
ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึท- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืžืื™ืึธืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืืŸ ืžืึธื™ืกืฒื™ 
ืคืจืึธื™ืžืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ (1911--ื™ื•ืŸ 1944). 


ื™ืขืคื™ื ืงืึธืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืง (ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขืฐ) 


ื“ื™ ืžืืžืฅ ื’ืืฉืข 


ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืž- 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืœื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืœืข, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึนืœึดืคึดึผื™ 
ื ืขืก ื ื™ืฆืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœ ื“ื™ืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข ืื™ื“ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื›ืื“ืึท- 
ืฉื™ื. ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืืฑื™ืกืจืึธื˜ื•ื ื’ืก-ืืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื 19 ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ 1941. 
ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืจืึธืฆื›ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืืจ- 
ื’ืขื˜ 3.500 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึธื›ืขืก, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื 
ื‘ืœืขื›ืขืจ. 

ืื™ื“ืขืก ื˜ืื˜ืข, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื•ื•ืœ, ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธึทืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข: ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืืก ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืึธื - 
ืฉืจืขืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื, ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืข ืขืคื ื˜- 
ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจืฉืึธืกืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืœื•ื•ืœืก ืฐืฒึทื‘, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื’ืขืจืŸ, 
ื›ื•ืžืข, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคืื›ืžืืŸ, ื ื ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืืงืฆื™ืข ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 
ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืื ื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ 
ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. 

ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขื ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืขืจืคืœ 
ืงื•ืœื™ื’ืข, ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœ ื“ื™ืงื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคึผืขืงืœืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื“ืจืฒึท ื˜ืขื- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืžืขืจื™ื ืงืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืจื•ืžืขื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜. 

ื–ืขืงืก ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืืงืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื 
ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื ืฒึทืก: ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขืœื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื ืŸ- 


ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืืงืฆื™ืข. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืืœืข ืืœื˜ืข ืœืฒึทื˜, ืžืืžืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื - 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื ื™ื˜-ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™- 
ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจ. ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜- 
ืœืขืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืคืืจื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืฒึทืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ, - 

ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืข ืžืืจื˜ื™ืจืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืฑื ื˜; ืงืจืื ืงืข -- ืืฃ 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ื‘ืขื˜ืœืขืš, ืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ--ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, 
ืงืืœื™ืงืขืก -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืจื™ื™. 

ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื’ืขืจืŸ ื›ื•ืžืข, ืฐืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื“ืจืฒึทื›ืื“ืึท- 
ืฉื™ืžื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ืคืขืœืข 
ืืจืึธืคึผื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืœืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืกืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•- 
ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ -- ื ืคืืจืžืืกืงื™ืจื˜ 
ื”ื™ื™ืœื›ืœ, ืืจืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืœื›ืœ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื“ 
ื ืกืึธืกืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื”ืืžื•ื™ืŸ, 

ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืึธืคืขื ืข ื’ืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ- 
ืืžืึธืœ, ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืืงืฆื™ืข, ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืฒืŸ ืืฃ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก. ืื–ื•ื™ืืจื•ื, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื’ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. 

ืื•ืžืงืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื”ืฒึทื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื“ืก ื™ืึธืžืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืก ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, 

ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืœืก ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึธื›ืขืก, ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ 


2 


ืื™ื“ืข ื ืื›ืœื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜ 


ืื™ื“ืข ื ืื›ืœื™ืก -- ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ-ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืื˜ 


ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•- 
ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืขืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืจื•ืžืขื ืขืจ. ื•ืฐืขืŸ ื–ืฒ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ืœืขื‘ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ 
ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขื’ืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืคืกื ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจืึธืงืŸ, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื’ื•ืืœื“: 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืœืข ืื•ืžืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคื- 
ืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ 
ืžืฑื™ื“ืึธืขืก, ืื– ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื 
ืงื™ื ื“, ื“ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืœื™ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืœื™ื™ืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ื›ืขื ืืœืขืžืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืข. 


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ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืื•ืž- 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ... 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืžืืžืข ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืžืืžืข. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ืจื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืกืขืงืจืขื˜. ื“ื™ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืข ืื™ื– ืกืฒึทืฐื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืืŸ ืึธื‘ืœืืฐืข? 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ โ€ ืžืขืกืœืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืื›ืขื“, ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฆื•ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธื˜, ืืคืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœ ื“ื™ืงื™, ื’ืขืฐื•ื™- 
ืจืข ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืฆื™ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 
ื˜ืืงืข ื ืึธืจ ื ืžืืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜: ืคืœื™ื ืง ืฆืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื™ืขื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขืžื“, ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืืœื“ื– ื 
ืฆื™ื™ืœืขืžืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืขืก ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื 
ืงื™ื ื“. ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ืคืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงื•ืœื™ื’ืข, ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืืจื”ื™ืœืŸ, ืื•ื•ืขืงืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืขืก ื‘ืื ืฐืขื’ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจ ื›ืื˜ืข. ื“ื™ 
ืžืืžืข ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข 
ื ืขืžื˜ ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœ ื“ื™ืงื™, ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืึธื˜ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 

ืงืฑื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืืคื’ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืงืึธืœื“ืจืข ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜, ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜, 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉืžื•ื’ืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื 
ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ. ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ืฉื˜ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื• ืงื•ืœื™ื’ืข, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืจืฆืจืฒึทืกืขื ื™ืฉ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื™ืคืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜. ื“ื™ ืฉืฐื•ืข- 
ื’ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก -- ืืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง.. 

ื“ืืจืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคึผืืกื™ืจืŸ, ืื– ืืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืขืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืืฐื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื’ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืืฃ 
ืื™ืจ ืึธืจื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืฐืื™ื™ึทืฆืืงื• ื”ื- 
ืœืขืžืฒึท ื–ื™ ืœืฒึทื“ืืงืขืฐืขื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืœ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืืงืฆื™ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื™ื‘ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืจืืฉ: 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ืงื™ื ื“! ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืขืก ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ? ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก? ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจืคื˜- 
ืœืฒึทื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื›ืœื•ืงืขื“ื™ื™ืขืก. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ื›ืฉืื“, ืื– ืขืก ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืงื™ื ื“. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ ืžื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ืืกื™ืœ, ืžืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื›ืฉืื“. ืก'ืงืึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ 
ืืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 


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ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ืคืขืœืข ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื–ืฉืขืŸ- 
ืฆืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืืก- 
ืงื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืฉืึทืจืข -- ืžื™ืกื˜ืื ืื™ื– 
ืขืก ื˜ืืงืข ืื–ื•ื™. ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืงืืฉืข -- 
ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“? 

ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœ ื“ื™ืงื™ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืงื•ื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ืขืก 
ืืฐืขืงื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืคึผืจืืฐื•ืข. 

ื ืžืึธืœืึธื“ื™ืฆืข ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื ื˜. ืคื™ืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ -- ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืืœื˜ --- ืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื™ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืคึผืจืืฐืข ืฆืขื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืึทืœื“ืจืข: ื ืžืฒื™ื“ืขืœืข! ืืคืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื–ืœ ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ื 
ืฆื™ื™ืœืขืžืœ. ื’ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึธื“ื™ืฉื 
ืงื™ื ื“! ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืึธืคืขืง ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ.. 

ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ื‘ืื™ืึธืจื˜ ืคึผืึธืจ- 
ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ -- ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธ 
ืกื™ื•ื•ืืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ื’ืืฉืข. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืข- 
ื™ืืฉืขื•ื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืกื˜ืืจืึธืกื˜ืข, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ -- 
ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขืจืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’. ื“ืขืจ 
ืกื˜ืืจืึธืกื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืžืืกืงื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ื“ื™ ืกื™ื•ื•ืืงืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืคืืœ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ 
ืžืขืœื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜. ืฆื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง, ืื™ื– 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืจืึทืคึผื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื ืื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืง. ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืกืข 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขื ืขื ืงื™ื ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื”ืืกืงืึธืžืข, - 

ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ื’ืึธืกืŸ ืกืฒึท ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ืŸ, ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืงื•ืคึผื™ืจื˜ืข 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ืืœืข 
ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึธื›ืขืก. ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืื˜ืข- 
ืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื‘, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ,ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ึผืข", ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื ืฒึทื ื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคืืจืŸ 
8. 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืก ื’ืขืงืขื›ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ, ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ืขืœืขืš. 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื’ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืฉืคึผืืจื•ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ื‘ืื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• 
ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื’ืืฉืข ืกื™ื•ื•ืืง ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืข- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ื˜ืึธื’, ื“ืขืจ 23 ืžืืจื˜ 1944. ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืืจืžื™ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ ืฐื™ื ื™ืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืœื™ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขื’ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉืข- 
ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ' 


ื’ืืฉืข ืกื™ื•ื•ืืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข. ืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื ื“. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ- 
ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืคืจื•ื™. ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื’ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื•ืขืง- 
ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœ ื“ื™ืงื™, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื™ื ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ, 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกื™ื•ื•ืืงืขืก. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœ ื“ื™ืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืค- 
ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื–ืขืžืœื™ืืงืขืก ืืฃ ื“ืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื™ ืฆืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืืคืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืืคืŸ 
ืงื™ื ื“. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื’ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืฒื™ืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื 
ืฆื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื™ื™ืคืขืœืข, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข 
ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขื ืข, ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ื ืจื™ืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื’ืืฉืขืŸ, ืืจื•ืž- 
ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืขืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ืขืœืขืš. ื“ืึธืก 
ืงื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืจืขืžื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื‘ื- 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžืืžืข. 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื’ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื™ืึธืžืขืจื˜, ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ, ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžืขืจืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 


/ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜! 


ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืืฉืข ืกื™ื•ื•ืืง ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•- 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ึนืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืงืฐืึธื˜ืฉืงืข ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื - 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข. ื ืžืืžืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจื˜, ื ืžืืžืข ืื™ื– ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึท- 
ื“ืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ืฃ. ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืคึผ- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืืฉืขืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข 
ื‘ืขืจื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืฉืฐืขืจืกื˜ืข ืงืึธืŸ- 
ืคืœื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืกืึธืคึผืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ. ื’ืืฉืข ืกื™ื•ื•ืืง 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืขืžืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ื ืฒึท -- ื“ืึธืก 
ืงื™ื ื“ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืฉื•ื˜ืคืขืกื“ื™ืงืก: ื ื”ืืœื‘ืข ืฐืึธืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืข ืฐืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ, ื‘ื ืื™ืจ. ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื–ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜. 

ืฐืึธืœื˜, ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืื™- 
ื“ืขื˜ืฉืงืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืืงืฉื ื˜, ืืคื™- 
ืœืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜, ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื’ืืฉืข. ื“ืข- 
ืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืืฉืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ื”ืืœื‘ืข ืฐืึธืš ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงื•ืœื™ื’ืข. 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข ืื™ื“ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืžืืžืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื’ืืฉืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ 
,ืœืฒึทื‘ืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืžืืžืข". 


ื™ืื ืงืœ ื ืื› ืœื™ืก (ืœื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜) 
199 


ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืคืืฉื™ื•ื 


ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืึธื™ึทืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืจืื ื’ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืฉื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ 1936-- 
9 ืืึธืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืž- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื- 
ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ื- 
ืฐืึธืคื ื˜ืข ื“ื•ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืฉื™ื–ื. ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉืจื™- 
ื˜ืขื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืงืฑื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ื“ื™ 
ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ ื ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืœื™- 
ื“ืืจื™ื˜ืขื˜. ื‘ืขืจืึธืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืฑื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜ ื‘ืึทืœืขืกืœืื•ื• 
ืื™ืกืืงืึทืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ื™ืœื’ืจืืขืจ, ืืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื™ 
ืจืขื•ื•-ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืื ืงืจืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืื ื“. ื‘ื™ืœื’ืจื- 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ืฐื™ื–ื™ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืฑื ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืฐืึธื•ื•, ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืœื˜ืข ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธื˜ืข ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืคื˜ืึธืœืข 
ื‘ืึทื˜ืฐื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืฐืึธื•ื• ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข 
ื’ืึทื˜ืœื™ื‘. ื‘ืื ืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขืจืื ื’ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืฐืึธื•ื• ื™ื•ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืฉืžืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
8 ืืคืŸ ืืจืื’ืึธื ืขืจ ืคืจืึธื ื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืจืขื•ื•-ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืงื- 
ื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื’ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืืจื™ื™ืข ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืจื•ื‘ืœืขื•ื•ืกืงื™. ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข ืื™ื– ืงืื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื’ืึธ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืœืื ื“. 

ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื™- 
ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืงืึทืœืึธืžืฒืข ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ื“ืจืึธ- 
ื’ืึธื‘ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืื“ืจื™ื“. 

ืก'ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืื ื’ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข ื™ื•ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืขืจื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืืจื™ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึทืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื. ืคึผืื•ืงืขืจ. ื‘ื- 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ื•ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜- 


ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืคืจืื - 
ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื‘ืืœืฑื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืจืึทื™ึทืฉืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื“-ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’. 

ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜-ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืจืื ืงืจืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึธื - 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ืขืคึผ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื–ืืžืึธืกื˜ื™ืข, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืขืก ืื™ื–, ืื’ืขื•ื•, ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืจืึธื–ืข ืœื™ื•ืง- 
ืกืขืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึท- 
ื‘ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง-ืœืฒื‘ื•ืฉ ืคึผืขืจืขืฅ. ืขืคึผืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืขืฆืขืก ื ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืง. ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขื‘ืจืึธ. 
ืื™ืŸ 1943, ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืื ืงืจืฒึทืš, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืคึผืฉื˜ืฒืŸ 
ื ืึธืžื™ื ื™ืจื˜ ืืœืก ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉืขืจ 
ืจืื™ืึธืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืึธื˜ืจื™ืื“ 
ืคืจืื ื˜ื™ืจื™ืขืจืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ 1943 ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืข ืึธืคึผืข- 
ืจืืฆื™ืขืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉืขืจ ื’ืืกืŸ, ื’ืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืง 
ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื ืกืืš ื”ื™ื˜- 
ืœืขืจืึธืฐื•ืฆืขืก. ืขืคึผืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
,ืคึผืึทืœืงืึทืฐื ื™ืง ื–ืฉื™ืœ", ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื 11 
ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1944. 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืึธืก ืงืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ืŸ -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืžื‘ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™-ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืข. ื ืึธื›- 
ื“ืขื, ืื™ืŸ 1941, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืื ื“. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื•- 
ื’ืจื•ืคืข" ืคืืจ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฑื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืžืืจืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ- 
ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™. ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ 1941 ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผ ืืฃ ื ืคึผืืจืืฉื•ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงื•ืคึผื™ืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืื™ืŸ 1942 ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืฑืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื™ื˜ืœื‘ืืจืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื•-ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉืข 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™. 

ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืงืืจื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ. ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืœืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ 
ืงืืจื˜ื™ืŸ-ืฉืžื™ื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ื“ืขื ืื ื˜ื™ืคืืฉื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืœืึธืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืฆื•ื ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ. 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืงืืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1942. ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึธืจื“ืขื ืก. 

ืœึฐืึธืžึดื™ืจ ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืข ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืคืืฉื™ื–ื. 


ืื™. ืคึผืขืจืฆื™ื’ืขืจ (ื˜ืฉื™ืจื˜ืฉื™ืง) 


4 


10--169 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข 


ื–ืฒ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜.. 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜-ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื˜ืจืื’ืขื“ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“- 
ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืืœืข ืจืขืืง- 
ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืงืฑื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ 
ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ืขืฆืขืจืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ืงืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื˜ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. 

ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืืžืฃ ืคืืจ ืฉืึธืœืขื ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข-ื”ืขืฆืขืจืก. ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืฆืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ- 
ื”ืขืจืฉืขืจ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 


ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืกื˜ืจืืœื™ืข, ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทืฉื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉึนืึธ- 
ืœืขื-ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’. ืžื™ืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืื–ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข-ื”ืขืฆืขืจืก. ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืข ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืก. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืึธื‘ืขืœืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืคืืจ ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึท- 
ื’ืจืขืก, ืคืืจ ื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืจืื™ืึธืŸ. 


ืฉืึธืœืขื ืคืืงื˜ืึธืจ, 
ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืœื•ื‘ 
ืืฃ ืื™ืฆื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 

ืžืขืœื‘ื•ืจืŸ, ืื•ื•ืกื˜ืจืืœื™ืข 
(,ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’", ื˜ืขืœ-ืื•ื•ื™ื•ื•) 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืขืŸ 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืื™ื–, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, 
ืคืืจืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื ืืฆื™ึธืึธื ืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคืืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืึธื ืื–ืฉ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื", ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืคึผืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขืจืฉื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึดืฅ- 
ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืฉื. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืฉื ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืš ืกืจื™ื™ืคืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื”ืืงื ืข- 
ืกืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ (ืื™ืŸ 


ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืงื˜ื™ืงื•ื˜) ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’, -- ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงื•ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ืขื“ื™ืขืœืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ืฐื™ ื ื’ืขื ืขืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื•ื™ืœ 
ืฆื• ืคืืจื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืขืก. 

,ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืกืจื™ื™ืคืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ ืคืืจืœืึธืฉืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ", --- ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ 
ืจืขืื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืกืจื™ื™ืคืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš, ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง, 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธืฉืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืฉื ืขืœ.. 


(?.ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’", ื˜ืขืœ-ืื•ื•ื™ื•ื•) 


ื ื™ื˜ ืคืื“ืฐืึธื’ืœื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ 


ื‘ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื• ืื™ื ืขื ืงื•ืจืึธืจื˜-ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืืž- 
ืœืขื“-ื‘ืขืŸ (ืคืจืื ืงืจืฒึทืš) ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืคืืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜" 
(ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉ) ืคืืจืŸ 3 ื™ื•ืœ 1984 ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึท- 
ืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ืฉืžื•ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•- 
ื™ืึธืจืง. ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื“ื–ืฉืขืจืกื™ ืื•ืคืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ืžืึธื ื•- 


ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ืจืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื ื–ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ื– ,,ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’", 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื- 
ื ืขืจ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื 
ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืžืงื•ื- 
ืœืื’ืขืจืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืงื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืงื ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™- 


161 


ื‘ืขื ืข ืืกื™ืจื™ื-ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฑื˜ืข 
ืืจืžื™ื™. 

ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขื ืžืึธ- 
ื ื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืืคืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืกืงื•ืœืคึผ- 
ื˜ืึธืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“- 
ืžืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“ 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ, -- ื ืื˜ืืŸ ืจืืคึผืึธืคึผืึธืจื˜. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืžื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจืืคึผืึธืคึผืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืึธืง, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทืฐืขื“ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืง- 
ื˜ื•ืขืœืข ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ,ืคืืจ- 
ืฐืึธื’ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ" ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ื•ื™ ืขืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ ื™. ืฉืžื•ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ,ืื•ื ื“- 
ื–ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜". 

ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื”ืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ืฆืื“ 
ื“ืขื ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ,ืคืืจืฐืึธื’ืœื˜' ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืืฒื ืขื ื 
ืคืืงื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1939 ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื˜- 
ืœืขืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืึธืจื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืข- 
ืจื•ื ื’. ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื‘ืืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ื•ืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉ ืืฃ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ -- ,ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ". 

ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืง ืืฃ ื™ืข- 
ื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš ื‘ื•ื’, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืืจืžื™ื™. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, 
ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืึธืง- 
ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1939. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ 
ืœืึทืฉื™ืฅ, ืœืขื ืฉืขื“ืœืขืฅ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ื’. 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœืืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ --- ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื˜ืฒึทืš. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื™ื•ื™- 
ืกืขืฃ ืึทืงืจื•ื˜ื ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธื“ื–ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•- 
ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ื 
ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš. ืคืืจ ื 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืืงืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฉื™ืคืœ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืื›ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืฃ ื™ืข- 
ื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ. 

ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืจื•ื™ื˜ืืจืžื™ื™ืขืจ. ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืคืจืื’ืข, ืฐืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜- 
ืคืขืจื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคึผืขื ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข. ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืกืขืžื™ืื˜ื™ื˜ืฉ, 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ื™. ืึธืงืจื•ื˜ื ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืงื•ืฉื˜. ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืืจืžื™ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฐื™ ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ 


ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
,ืคืืจืฐืึธื’ืœื˜ืข" ืื•ืŸ ,ืคืืจืคึผืœืึธื’ื˜ืข", ืฐื•ื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ. 
ื ืึธืš ื ืคืืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื™ืงื ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ืคืืจืฐืึธื’ืœื˜". ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื™ืื‘ืขืจ 9 ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืึธืง, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. 
ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก ื“ืขื 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืฐืึธืœื“ืžืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข (ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉ). ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืฐื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’-ื“ืฒึทื’ืขืก. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผ- 
ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ื- 
ืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื˜ื•ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ื•ื™ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื ืงืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ- 
ื’ืืก. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืื›ื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. 
ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ืึธืจ ื ืื˜ืืŸ ืจืืคึผืึธืคึผืึธืจื˜, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื™. ืฉืžื•ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
, ืคืืจืฐืึธื’ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ" ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืกืง- 
ื•ืข. 
ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ื ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ 1939 ื‘ื™ื– 
ื™ื•ืŸ 1 ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜- 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกืœืื ื“. ืžืฒึทื ืข ืืœืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ืฆืื“ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 80 ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื’- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ .ืึทืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ". ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืคืืจ ืžืืจื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคึผืจืข 1940 ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜- 
ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื ืกืง. ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ืื˜ืืŸ 
ืจืืคึผืึธืคึผืึธืจื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืข- 
ื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืœืข ืžืขื’- 
ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ. 
ืืœื–ืึธ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื ,ืคืืจืฐืึธื’ืœื˜ืขืจ", ืฐื™ ืขืก 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ -ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืจื˜" ื™. ืฉืžื•ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ื ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื‘ื- 
ืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ. 
ืื–ื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืข- 
ืจืขืจ. 
ืื ืจืืฉืข ืกืœื•ื›ืึธืฐืกืงื™ ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉ 
(, ืคึผืึธืœืงืกื™ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข", ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข) 


ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ืš" 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ 


ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ / ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“* ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 25-ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื’ืื ื’. ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜? ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจื- 
ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืืœืฅ ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืจืึธืžืื ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ- 
ืคืึทืจืฉืขืจื™ืฉืข ืขืกื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื›ื™ื•ื•-ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืงืŸ -- ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜. 
ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืฆืฒึทื˜-ืึธืคึผืฉื ื™ื 
ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ, ืื™ืจืข ืฐืขืจืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื•ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื•- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฑื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜. ืืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืžืขืจืงื‘ืืจ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฐืœื˜ืืžืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืžื™. ืขืก ื‘ืืฐืฒึทืฅ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฒึทืข ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™- 
ืคืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ -- "ื•ื ื’ืข ืคืจืึธื–ืื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืกืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืกืฒึท ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขื˜, ืกืฒึท ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ-ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ. 


ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜! 

ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื‘ืึทื ื™ืจ-ืงืืžืคึผืื ื™ืข ืืฃ ื“ืขื 1986 
ื™ืึธืจ. ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ-ื‘ืื–ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’, ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขืจ ืกืืžืข ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ,, ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". ืกืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜-ืฆื•-ื˜ืึธื’ ืคืืจืืŸ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืกืื™ื– 
ื ื›ื•ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ืืคื™ืœืข ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขื ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื›ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืกื“ื™ืงืŸ. ืฐืึทืก ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐื™ 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“, ืžื™ื ืกืง, ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื•, ืœืฐืึธื•ื•, ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืก, ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืข, ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, 
ื’ืึธืจืงื™, ื›ืืจืงืึธื•ื•, ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื‘ืกืง, ื‘ืึธื‘ืจื•ื™ืกืง, ืงืื–ืืŸ, ื”ืึธืžืขืœ, ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™ืจ, ื˜ืืฉืงืขื ื˜, ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื•ื•ื™ืฅ, 
ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืกืง ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ื”ืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื - 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ 1986 ื™ืึธืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื ืฒึทืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื• ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข, ืงืจื•ื™- 
ื•ื•ื™ื. ืงืึธืึธืจื“ื™ื ื™ืจืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ืืจืคืŸ, ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฐื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื- 
ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืืœืขืžืขืŸ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ื ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื˜ื™ื™- 
ืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื‘ืึธื ื™ืจ-ืงืืžืคึผืื ื™ืข. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ืื– ,ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ 25-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธื ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขืคึผืขืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืจืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื•ืจืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืึธืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ-ื ื•ืžืขืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ื›ืœ 
ื ืฒึทืกื˜ืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืงืœืืกื™ืง. ืึธึทื ื”ืฒื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ-ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคืืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืก ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื ,ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืœืขืจืขืจ" (ืžื”ืืกื–ืขื˜ืขืกืื’)) ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคืืจ ื™ืขื ืข ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืื ืฒึทืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคืกื ืฒึท ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, 

ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืงืึธืœืขื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึทื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืจืึธื’ ืืฃ ืึธืคึผืฆึทืŸ- 
ืžืขืจืงืŸ ื“ืขื 25-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆื•ืคืœื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ. 


ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืงืึทืœืขื’ื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“* 


ื‘ื™ื ื™ืึธืžื™ืŸ ื’ืึทืจืึทื“ืขืฆืงื™ 
ื’ืจืึธืกืžืฒืกื˜ืขืจ 


ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืœืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืขืจ 


ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขื ืขืžืึทื ืขืก: ืื•ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึธืจ ื ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก -- ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืŸ, ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข ืคืืจืฐืฒึทืœื•ื ื’, 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืฉืงืขืก, ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืฆื• ื ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืืจื˜ื ื™ืึธืจ -- ื“ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืฐืขืจ ืฆื• 
ืืฒึทืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš? 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ืคืึธืจื˜, ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืขืจ ืงืœืืคึผืŸ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืึธืงืึธืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคืฒึทืคื˜... 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืืกืŸ -- ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื“ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืื ื’, ืื™ืจ ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืขืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืึธื ื’ืขื ืขืž- 
ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืขืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืงืฒืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆื™ืึธืจ. ืื™ืจ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข, ืื– ืขืก 
ืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš... 

ืืœืฅ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืขืฉื•ืจืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืข- 
ืฐื™ื ื™ื ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ. 

ื›'ืงืึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื–ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืฉ- 
ืงืข-ืกื˜ืจืื˜ืขื’ื™ืข ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, 
ืืœื‘ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืœื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื•-ื˜ืขืึธ- 
ืจื™ืข. ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžืื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ? ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ืฉืืฉืงืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงืฒึท-ืฉืคึผืฒึท, ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขื›ืœืขืš. ืขื˜, -- ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš, -- ืฉืืฉืงืขืก... ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข ืžืื“- 
ืจื™ื™ื’ืขืก! 

ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžืขื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื, ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื•- 


ืžืขืจ-ื˜ืึธื’. 

..ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืืฃ ืœืื ื’. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื ื™ืึธืจ, ื ืึธืš ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ 


ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื•ื•ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื’ืœืขืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื˜. 

ื‘ืขืงื™ืฆืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืืฉืงืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ -- ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ 


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ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข. ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื“ื– --- ืคื™ืœ ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜-ืžืขืฐื™- 
ื ื™ื. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืืžืฃ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ืข, 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ. 

ื“ืขื ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืจืฑึทืง, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜. ื“ื™ ื’ืขื ื’ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคึผืืฐืึธืœื™ื ืงืข, 
ื”ืื ืึธืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ืขืžืขืก, ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื’ืึธืจ ืœืื ื’ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ื“ื™ 
ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื’ืขื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงืจืึทื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืึธื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืืฉืงืข-ืฉืคึผื™ืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึท ื ืึธืš, ื ืจื•ืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, -- ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜-ืžืขืฐื™ื ื™ื 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ืฆืขืก. 

ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืืคืขื ืข ืœืื’ืข ืื™ื– 
ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื™ืฆื™ืข. ืกืึธืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื–ื ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– 
ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืื’ืจืื. ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื’ืื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืืจื˜ื ื™ืึธืจ. 


9 = 
6 8 
': 

7? 7 0//, 7/ 
2 ; 2 7 
2 7242 2;2 244 

220 0 
2 7277 


77 


3111 


-// 
: /, : 82 ืจ 
ืืจื™ืšื˜ ื˜ืก ืฉื™ 0 5 


ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ื™- 
ืจืข. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™- 
ื ืขืŸ! ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื•ื™ืง. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข 


ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื“ืื ืง ื“ืขื ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคื™ืœืฆืึทืœื™ืงืข ืคืืจืžืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืกืืš ื™ืึธืจืŸ. 

ืฐื™ ืขืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, --- ืื– ืžืข ื•ื•ืืจื˜ 
ืืฃ ืขืคึผืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“, ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ื•ื™ ืคึผืื˜ืขืงืข. ื ืึธืจ ืืœืฅ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืกืึธืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืืจื˜ื ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื 
ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก. ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืคื•ื - 
ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื? 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืื– ื›ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ. 
ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืืจื˜ื ื™ืึธืจ ื ืจืฒึทื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก, 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš -- ืืฃ ืœื™ื ืงืก, ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืกืคึผืึทืจื˜-ืžืขืฐื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ, ืœืขืกืึธืฃ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฆื™ื’ืœ ,,61. ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ... ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ืคึผืืจื˜ื ื™ืึธืจืก ื”ืื ื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืื›ืฉืึธื•ื•ืขืก... 
ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืืฉืงืข ,61" 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืฉ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฃ ,, 42". 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื˜ืจื™ื•ืžืคื™ืจื˜, ืื•ื•ืื“ืข! ื ื’ืจืื - 
ื“ื™ึดืขื–ืข ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืกื˜ืจืึธื™ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขื ื’ืื ื’. ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื‘ืขืงื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, 

ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขื’ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืจื™ึธื•ืžืฃ! ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื 
ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืืจืฑืกืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 

ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข 
ืžืขื’ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ :ืข- 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆืื“. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืžืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฆื“ืึธื“ื™ื, ื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขืœืึทืงืขืจื˜ 
ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื–ื™ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืกืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจ (ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื“ืืžืงืข-ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจ!) ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื˜ืฉืขืžืึธื“ืื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืงืœืขืš ืึธืŸ ื ืฆืึธืœ. ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ 


ื“ื™ ืฉืืฉืงืข-ื‘ืจืขื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ื ื“ืœ ืืคื’ื™ืš 
ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืจื™ืก 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืคืขืœื“. ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ื’ืœ ,84" ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ: 
,ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ! ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฐืขื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืกืึธืฃ!" 

ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื‘ื ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
,ื–ืขืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง"! ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื ืงืœืืค ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ื’? ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืคืขืœื“ ,23', ืื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื˜ืจืืกืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ืข ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืืจืฆืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข -- ืฆื•ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ื›ื™ื˜ืจืข ืงืืฐืึธื ืขืก. 

ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืคืจืฒึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืฆื™ื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. ืžืฒึทื ืข ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜- 
ืžืขื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ ื’ืื ื’! 

ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืžื™ื ืึธ -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืข- 
ืžื•ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืจื•ื™ึดืงืŸ... 

ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจ ื 
ืจืฒึทื–ืข (ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš), ืคืืจื’ืขืกื˜ 
ื’ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืืฉืงืขืก. ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืคึผ- 
ืจื•ืขืŸ, ื‘ืืจื•ื™ื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืขืจื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ืก 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืื ืึธืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืž- 
ื‘ื™ื ืืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข (ืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืื’ืจืื). 

ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืืฒึทืš, ืื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข ืึธืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ. ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืจืขื ื’ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื“ืขื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ 
(ื‘ืื ื•ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ 
ื•ืฐืขื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ!); 
3 :185--8:80 .2) 1:84 .2 !93ื--612 .1 
4 469--4:06 .3 005.. .2 (ื 4069--2:44 

1:44---087! 

ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜,,05'', ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืื™ื ืื•ืค- 
ืจืฒึทืกืŸ, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืืžืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื 
ื 


ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ 


ืจื•ื‘ื™ืืŸ (ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ืืŸ), ื™ืืฉืข 
(1911--1979) 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื™ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ (ืกืึธืงืึธืœื™ืฐื•ื™ 
ืงืข), ืงื™ึทืขืฐืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืขืจืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ 1919 
ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืžืืŸ. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื ื”ืื ื˜- 
ื•ื•ืขืจืงืขืจื™ืฉื•ืœ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืขืจ ืืฐืขืง 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื’ืื ืกืง ืื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืฃ ื 
ื–ืืฐืึธื“. ืื™ืŸ 1931 ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ืืจื‘ืคืืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1934 -- ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ืคึผืข- 
ื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜. ืคื•ืŸ 1937 
ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืืœืก 
ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื“ื–ืขืจื–ืฉื™ื ืกืง 
(ืจืึธืžืื ืึธืฐื•). ืฐืขืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ 
ืคืจืฒึทืฐื™ืœื™ืง ืื•ื•ืขืง ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜. ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ 1945, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึธ- 
ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™, ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืคืืจ- 
ืœืื’ ,ืขืžืขืก", ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ --ืืฃ ื 
ื–ืืฐืึธื“. ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 1935. 
ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ 
ืœืื ื“" ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื”ื•- 
ืžืึธืจืขืกืงืขืก, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคืืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืงืกื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ืฐืขืŸ ื ื‘ืื’ืื‘ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื™ื•ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึธื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืœืฆ. 


106 


-- ืคึผืจืึธื–ืื™ึดืงืขืจ. 


ืฐืขืจืง: ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืžืึธ- 
ื ืึธืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ. ื ืึธืฐืขืœืŸ. . ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 
,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคึผื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ", 1981. 

ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข: ื”. ืจืขืžืขื ื™ืง, 
ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื ืึธืฐืขืœืข. ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", 1978, ื ื•ืž. 3; ื™. ืกืข- 
ืจืขื‘ืจื™ืื ื™, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฐืฑื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืงืกื™ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜, 1978, ื ื•ึนืž. 9; ื”. ืจืขืžืขื ื™ืง, 
ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ื‘ื•ืš ;ื ืขื›ึผื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜?. ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ 
ืคื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ", 1981. 


ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืฐืจืึธื 
(1905--1981) 


-- ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’, ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ-ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ื“ืจื- 
ืžืื˜ื•ืจื’. ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืขื•. ืฆื• 14 ื™ืึธืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืฑ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืขืจื™ 
ืกืึธื ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืขืจืฅื™ืฉื•ืœ. ืื™ืŸ 1922 
ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืงืึธ- 
ืœืฒึทืขืฐืขืจ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืืฃ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ , ื”ืื‘ื™ืžื". ืื™ืŸ 1926 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ- 
ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ืข ,ืคืจืฒึทืงื•ื ืกื˜". ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ืข ืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื™" 
ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 1930 ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืฐื•ึผ 
ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืจืŸ ืคื•" 
ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขื™ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืืฃ 
ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ 
ืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ืืœืก ืืงื˜ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ-ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฒื™ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืืคืŸ ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกืขืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ ื‘ืื ื˜ืขืื˜ืจืืœืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™- 


ื˜ื•ื˜ ืืฃ ื’ื . ืœื™ืกืขื ืงืึธืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 
ืคืืจืŸ ืงื™ืขืฐืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข- 
ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ืกืฆืขื ื™ืจื˜ ืขืจ ืฉืึธ- 


ืœืขืื™ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ,ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ื ื“ืข 
ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืงื™ืฉืขืค- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ", ืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืฃ 
ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืืงืœืขืŸ ;ื–ื™ืืžืงืข ืงืึธ- 
ืคึผืื˜ืฉ", , ืกื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื ื™ื•", ,ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉ- 
ืคึผืึธื›ืข ืึธืฐืื“ื™ืก', ,ืฉื•ืœืืžื™ืก?", 
,ื‘ืืจ-ืงืึธื›ื‘ื", , ื“ื™ืื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืื ื™ื" 
ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“. ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืขืจ 
ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืจื™ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืืœ- 
ื ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœ- 
ื›ืึธืžืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐื•ืขืจ 


ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืจื™ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื˜. ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืค. ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื‘. ื’ืจืื ื“ืข 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื•ืจื™ื˜ื™ืจื•- 
ืกื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•- 
ื›ืข-ืคืืจืœืื’ ืคืืจ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ืŸ. ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ 


ืื™ืŸ 1962. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข" 
(ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ) ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ, ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™- 


ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื- 


ื˜ื•ืจืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืขืจ 
ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ , ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืž- 
ืœืื ื“" ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื’- 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืขื- 
ื˜ืขืจ-ืคืจืื’ืŸ, ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง- 


ืœืึธืจ, 
ืฐืขืจืง (ืื™ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืž- 
ืœืื ื“"): ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืขืจ 


ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง (ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื˜ืขืžืขืก ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืž. ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืก ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืข- 
ื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง), 1968, ื ื•ืž. 3; 
ื’ืึธืจืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืขืฅ, 1962, ื ื•ืž. 3; 
ื’ืึธืจืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื ืืฉ, ื“ืึธืจื˜: 
ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืื›ื˜ืื ื’ืึธื•ื•- 
ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, 1972, ื ื•ืž. 2; ื™ืื ืงืขื•ื• 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจื˜, 1978, ื ื•ืž. 6; ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืขืœื™ืงืก ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ, 
2, ื ื•ืž. 11; ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜- 
ืงืข ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืขืก ืžื™ื ืงืึธืฐื•ืข,. 1980, 
ื ื•ืž. 8. 


ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข: ืืฐืจืึธื ืจืŸ- 
ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื ืขืงืจืึธืœืึธื’, ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ 
,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", ื ื•ืž. 7, 


ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธื›ืขื 
(1902--1938) 


-- ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ;ืึธื’ืจืืฃ. ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ-ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข. ืื™ืŸ 1920 ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื- 
ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืงื•ื. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ื™.-ืœ. ืคึผืขืจืขืฅ-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืก- 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืึนืฃ 
ื•ื•. ืื™. ืœืขื ื™ื ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืื™ื ืฆืฒื™- 
ื˜ื™ืง ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืš-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜, ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ื ืœืขืจื ื‘ื•ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜, ืคืืจ- 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ืคื™ืจื‘ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืื‘ืข ,ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“". ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืกืืš ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืจืขืฉื™ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ 19:ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจื˜ ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ- 
ืื•ื™ืฆืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืึธืกืง- 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข- 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืงืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืจื™ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื•ื•ืขืจืง. 

ืฐื•ืขืจืง: ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืงื™ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืงื•ืจ" 
ืฆืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ื‘ื•ืš ืคืืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื‘- 
ืœื™ึธืึธื˜ืขืงื™ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ืžืึธืกืงืฐื•ืข, ืฆืขื ื˜ืจ- 
ืคืืจืœืื’, /192;: 10-ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืึธืจื™ึดืขื ื˜ื™ืจ-ื‘ื™ื•ืœืขื˜ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืจืขืงืึธ- 
ืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจ- 
ื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ึทืึธื˜ืขืง 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•. ืื™. ืœืขื ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื ืกืง, 1922; (ืฆื•- 
ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉ. ืคึผืœืืฐื ื™ืง) ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ- 
ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืืฉืŸ-ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืš. 
ืžื™ื ืกืง, ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜- 
ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, 
2 ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ 


ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงื˜ึทื™ืื‘ืขืจึด-ืจึผืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข. 
ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืืžืœื‘ื•ืš ,ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜" 
ื ื•ืž. 5,, ืžื™ื ืกืง, 1931: ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ื“ื™ื™ 


-- ืฉืข- ื‘ื•ึผืš ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ 


ืื™ืŸ 1932, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข. ืžื™ื ืกืง, 
ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธ- 
ื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืกืกืจ, 
3 ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื•ึนืš ืื™ืŸ ืกืึท- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ 1933, ื‘ื™ื‘- 
ืœื™ึทืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข. ื“ืึธืจื˜, 1935; ื“ืึธืก 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ 
ืื™ืŸ 1934, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข, ื“ืึธืจื˜, 
5 ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ 1935, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธ- 
ื’ืจืืคื™ืข. ื“ืึธืจื˜, 1926; ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื- 
ืจื™ืฉ-ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ-ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ 1934 (ืกื˜ื- 
ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื‘ืœื™ืง). ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ , ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ". ืžื™ื ืกืง, 
5, ื ื•ืž. 5--6, 

ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข: ืž. ืจืึธื–ื ื”ื•ื™ื–, 
ื“. ืจื•ืžืื ืึธื•ื•ืข, ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื 
ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ. ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", 1972, ื ื•ืž. 12. 


ืจื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ื‘ืขืจืœ (1913) 


-- ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ. ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืึธืŸ, ืžืึธืœื“ืืฐื•ื™ืข. 
ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืขืจืขืจ-ืกืขืžื™ื ืืจ 
ื‘ืื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื•ืœื™ืคืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคืืงื•ืœื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ืฆืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜. ื’ืข- 
ืฐืขืŸ ื ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœืŸ. ื“ืข- 
ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1936 ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ื™ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืคืืจ ืืœืข- 
ืžืขืŸ? ืžื™ื˜ ืืคึผื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš-ืคืจืื’ืŸ. ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ืจื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ 
ืคืจืขืžื“-ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ. ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™- 
ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ืœืขืจ- 
ืžืึธื ื˜ืึธื•, ืž. ืกืืœื˜ื™ืงืึธื•ื•ื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื“- 
ืจื™ืŸ, ื. ื˜ืฉืขื›ืึธื•, ืœ. ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึทื™, 
ื•ื•. ืงืึธืจืึธืœืขื ืงืึธ, ื. ืงื•ืคึผืจื™ืŸ, ืž. ื‘ื- 
ื–ืฉืืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจืข 
ืฐืขืจืง. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคืืจ ,ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“"? ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก ืคึผืจืึธื–ืขื™ื•ื•ืขืจืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ. ืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื•ื•ื™ืฅ. 


ืจื•ื–ืฉื™ื ืกืงื™, ื˜ืขื•ื•ื™ืข (1912) 


-- ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜. ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ 1927 
ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทื™ื–ืœืื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื“ืึธื ืขืฆืงืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืืœื•ืจ" 
ื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืืฐืึธื“. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธื ืขืฆืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ;ื–ืื‘ืึธื™' ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ 
, ืคึผืจืึธืœื™ื˜?. ืื™ืŸ 1931 ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ืืจืงืึธื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืกื™ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืงื•ื 
ื‘ืื ืื•ืงืจืื™ึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ- 
ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜. ืคื•ืŸ 1933 ---ื ืžื™ื˜ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ื™ื•ื ื’ืข 
ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืข?. ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ-ืฐื•ื–ืฐืึธื“, 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ ืคืืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืคืืจ- 
ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืงื™ึทืขืฐืขืจ ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธ- 
ื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืคื•ื‘ืœื™- 
ืงืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข, ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉ- 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืŸ. ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ: ,ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ื™ื˜ืืœืึธื•", , ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ?, ,ื•ื- 
ืœื™ืื•ื•ืข -- ื“ืึธืก ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืึธืจืฃ", 
,ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฑืจืึธืœืขืก", , ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ 
ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืขื˜ืข? ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“. ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ-ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืกืกืจ. ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงึตื™ึดืขื•ื•. 


ืจื•ื™ื›ืœ, ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ 
(ื“ืื˜ืขืก ืื•ืžื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜) 


-- ืคึผืจืึธื–ืื™ืงืขืจ, ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜, ืคึผืข- 
ื“ืื’ืึธื’. 


ืฐืขืจืง: ื ืžืฒึทืกืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืงื•ื•ืืง, ืฐื•ื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืคืืจ- 
ืœืึธืคืŸ. ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืคืืจืœืื’ ืคืึธื ื”ื•ื™ื‘", 
8 ืคื™ื™ื’ืขืœืขืš, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ื“ืึธืจื˜, โ€ 41918 ืžืฒึทืกืขืœืขืš (ืœืฑื™ื˜ 
ื’. ืืคึผืื ืืกื™ืขื•ื•, ืฐื•. ื“ืืœ, ืง. ืื•- 
ืฉื™ื ืกืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“.). ื“ืึธืจื˜, ,, ืงื•ืœ- 
ื˜ื•ืจ-ืœื™ื’ืข? ืื•ืŸ , ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ืคืืจืœืื’", 
1 


ืžื’ืงื˜ื™ื–'ื–ืขื™ืขืฆืกื2ืก 
18/4ืž43 (ื–ื•ื–ื–ืขื”ื–ืข) ืก0ืชื–80ื8828//0 


086ืขืกืขืชืกืงื”ื– 


-22ืกืชืกืงืช ืื ื•ืกืืกืช 663 ื•ื•ืขืชืข ืžื“ื’ื ืฅื‘ึผืข ืฆืขื˜ื•ืกื•ื’ืชืกืื’ ื”ื”ืช 628232366ืงื— ืคื”ืกื–ืขื˜ืขืกื8ืก 
.8816 

0 38846446 0682002867 ,ื’ืืขืกืขื— โ€ ืข ื”ืขื˜ืกื–ื˜ ื—ืื’ื”ื—ืžื’ืงืช ืก ื–ืื0ื388 8ืฐ4668/ 
-84ืข27ื•ืืื’ืงื™ื– 2ืขื’ืžื’ืžื— 00408826 2267 ืคึผืกื”ืก 2500 

-0086111613 ืืกืขื”ืกืžืž222 8 ื”ืกืขืืกื’ื•ื’ื˜ืฅ ื–ืกืื ืกืืกืช ื’ืืข8ืกืกื˜ืฅ ืืกื”ื’ืขืงืกื–ื’ื 082826846 
.ืื ืกืง /80ื–ืกืฅ ื ืกื”ืกืขื˜ ืืก? 8 ,2346 ื–ื0ืืก68062 ื ื”ืฐ3820 ืืข80ืก 218082178 

82ืกืงืฅื ืกื–4066080 ื—ืข (ืฅ--} ื–ืืกืงืฅ) ืœื’ืกืงืฆื 0/0ืž48802 ื‘ืข /ืขืก0001 ืžืชืกื ืขื˜ืขืกื8ืก 
ืœืจืœื ื—ืงื— ืฆืืขืืกืกื˜ืฅ 8 (1/ ื’ืืกืงืฅ ืก ื”ื”ื”ืื ืฆื’ืช) 

; (2ืืกืชืฅ 0 0676 226108 ื˜ืกื•ื”ื 82024284176 ืืกืžืขื”ื’ื•ืงืฅืื’ 8) ืื”ืขืž3222 ื ืฆืกื•ืชื ({ 

;4820208ืช ืื•ืžื ;ืงื”ืฅืช2606 1868 (2 

{1),) 22861144ืงื—ืก 1:2ืขืช186 (3 

-0888ืก 2ืขืืกืกืขืง-0ื6806280 ืงืขืื–ืžืงื (4 


ืกืงืฆื /ื•ื˜ืชืก88 


ื–ืชื ืืก 0 ื•ื•ืขื”ืข 8 ื’ืืขืกืขืช ื ื”ืฐืฐืกื–ื˜ ืืื’ืชื—ืžืงืงืช 0 ื–ืขื0ื32 ืขืกืงืฆื /488028 
6884 ,ืค21ืกืขืช 128246 2 ,168018 2006ืกืขืชืกืืฅืง 4 27806ื˜ืกืช 012178ื˜ ืืกื˜ื–ืขื˜ืฅื’ื” ื•ืžืžืื ืชืกืช 

-ืกืช ,000 ,238142 61146::ืข139ืข 6 4 2006018840 000606ืช 2280406 ืื’ื ืื’ืš1 
-248 ืื•ืžื•ื•ืžืชืกื“ืขื•ื”ืกื—ืกืช 82ืง ื–ืืื ืง026ืก ,(ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืื ื’ืงืชืฅ (ืื–ืกืืก1) 2ื”742ืก21ื ืกืชืกืžืกืกื˜ืฅ ืกืืžื 
-20276008 /ืฐ0802268 ืกื—ืกื•ื ื•ืกื—ืกืฅ ื”ื”ืช ืื•ืืข02ื06ืก ,232800ืืฅ ืฆืžืืกืกื˜ืžืชืกื–ืกื โ€ 8ืกื—ื”ืขืงืก1 
-ื‘ืขืกืงืช 231:826708ืืฅ ืืกื“ืฉ)ืขืงื•ื– ื–ืื”ืืกืกืฅืง 06828ื0 ืื•ืฐื–8ืง882ื 8 ืฆืชืงืกืช ืื•ืžืžืงืกืช 824 (ืืกื” 
2ืกืงืฅ 4224200 ื—ื’ืืง276ืขื 1366 ืชืขืžืกืื ืกืชืชืกืงืช ืข 10 2 /,ืžืกื—ืก ืืืืก68262 20106846 
0101ื108301826 128 22082016 ,ืœืขื4102/8 ,ืขื2018ื˜ ื–ื•ืืขืขื–ื˜ื”11660 ืขืื•ืžื”ืื˜ื”ืกืชื“ืก 4308126104 
- 1607 (ื 4ืขื•ืกื•ื•ืื ืงื—ืฅ (6 2876 ืกืชืก08ืื•ืž3ืช 2080/0 ื”ืฐืืกืฐ0ื”ืก06 (2 :23 ื“ืืก?ืก0ืก ืขืชื’ืฐื•ื 
0ืกื˜ื˜ืฅ 70844ืฐ203 18828 .22ื˜0:ืช48 ืกื•ืžื’ื•ืกืืกืช ืก ืืืงืกืžืกืงื—ืกืื’ืก (ืช ,3822808 ืกื–ืกื’ืžื”ืกืง 
ืขืื˜ืชื•ื’ื ืก 8ืฐ00018010/8 8 ืฅืกืกื˜ืฅ 08010 ืžื–ืขืกืง?ืก ืื’ื ื–ืืฉื–ืก062 ,ืžื–ื’ืืขืช 8220 ,2ืฐ876008ื 
.1081142111:ืกืข ื–ืขื–ืื–ืžื–ื™ืกืงืื•ืกื 

ืขื”ื–3222 ืืกืกื 40 /018670 6ืžื•ื•ืžืชืชืžื’ืงืช 4/ืขื•8ืื ืง0026 ,ื˜ืกื•ื”ื 8ืก7ืก8ืชืชืžืงืช ืื’ืืกืงืฅ 8 
6:0006704 68028676 ื–ืž ื™ืืกื˜ืกื•ืชื 0 018618 0804 086088 ,(386320382) ื0ื32 ืื–ืžืžืžืกื˜ืกืื–ืก 
ื—ืช 4026616 ื ,ื”2216042 ืื”ื—ืกืžืกืฅ ื ืขื ืกืžืžืชืขืžื’ืงื— ืข ืกืžืชืกืช ืกืืคืฐ82080 ,ืžื–ืื—ืกืชืกืงื—ืก 0ื’ืžื”ืก1 
ื•ืืกื˜ืกื•ืชื 0 018012 ืกื™ืกืฐื•2ื ืขืฐ2600802266 ืขืงืช ;ื–ื•ืืกื– /0262910016 ืกื•ืขืกื˜ืขื‘ึผืข ื ื’ื–ืชืกืงืกื ื ื•ื 
.41112042 08061111010ืข116 161110ื™ืข13ืข ืขื–ืืกื•ืงืกื“ืžืกืช ื 8ืกืžืฆืขื•ื•ืงืกื ืกื•ืืขืชืกืืกืกืกื•1 ื–ืื”ื 

.3220 ืื•ื•ืกื•ื•ื–:ืกื—ื•ืžื ืกื—ืก8ื”10816ืก00ื•62 0006 0ืื˜ืช10 ื–ืกืฆึทื’ืกื”ืก ืฆืฑืกื•ื”ื ื ืืกืžื“8ื•ืืง06 

-28 47004ืฐ:/32 110263066 .ืกื•ื•ืงื”ื”ืขืชืกืง ืขืกื•ื—ืก?ืื˜ืขืก402 ืกื— 8ืกืžื“2ืฐืฐ386 ืืกืขืชืžืกืืกืืกืง 
-ืกืงืช 60221146 646263 ืชื—ืืงื”ืกื— 8 ืืชืกืžืืกืช ืืกื˜ ,ื ืฆืžืขื 00--49 ืกื 641 ื”ื–ื“0ื ืžืžืก2 ื”ืฆื•ืช 
.806216:14 ืขืื“ืขืื ืกื ืข 


ืœื™ืžืขื“ ืื™ื™ื ืก 0 ื’ืึดื›ึผื–ืื“ื˜ 1 ืืกืงืฆ 


ืืืขื˜ื•ื”ืงื– /68260080 ืืฐื“ืก00066660 
(3 ,ืฅ ,2 1 6 ,ืง 2 ,5 ,0 ,2) ื•ืžืžืืขืฅืก ืกื•ืžืืกืื—ืกืืขืง ื ืกื•ืžื–ื’ืฑืกื— 
ืื–ืžืฐืžื”16ืข18ืกืกื•ื•ื•ืขืก 202 .ืžื”ืืขื ืง :2ืืื“ื’ืื–ืื’ืง'ื– 


2086 /ืกืืกื”ืกืง8ืก 0 


7,ื‚ } ?ืชืขื•ืชืžืช 6 8 ื”ืขืžืกืื ืกื”ื”ืกืงืช ื—ืข 08082 23242 ืกืชืกืืกืกืขื ื–ืก ืกืขื˜ืขื”ื–ืก 8 
-300ืขืกืงื— 88080:ืข02 8 8ืืฅ6 ืž007ืžืฐ208816ืก7ืกืกืช ,ืงืกืืขืืงื—ื’ื ,60288216 .222680 888ืงืชืก 
: (ืขืฐ6ื–ื˜ 02826846ืช22 823200ืฅ 017062800) 0008282 4ื0-6806/0ืช ืข ืืืกืกืขืง-ืกื— ืื•ื ื 
, 8 + 0,828 886:1:26ืข6 3- ื–ืืกืืกืกืฅืง 8 
7 
ื™=ื™ ืื™ ื™ื™ ื  =} ื =48 5 =ืช 


-ืขืก 8080/4ืฅ38 ื ื0626ืกืกืžืกืขืงืช ืืกื“ืข27088 ืื–ืืก/ืกืงืžืกืกืžืžืกืง2 ื”ืกื“ืกืฅื‘ึผืขื”ืกืช ื–ื•ืื” 
.2ื ื–ื•ื•ืขืชืข 0166 

ืื•ืžืงืกื–ืกื 0 ,ืžืืฅ6 ืืฆืžืฐื˜ืกืขืกื 8 6019 80 ,8ืืฅ6 ืื•ืžื˜ืกืขื—ืกืงืช ?26 86ืข020ื– 680680808 8 
842 //ืฐ806ืกืฅ ืกืชืกืืชืกืช 60266 ื”ื”ืชืช 828 128 ,106076 ื–ืืกื’ืขืกื•ืฅ8?ืก1ืกืžื–ืกืกืก 8 ืืกืชืž3ืฅ ื•ืžื 
-ื–ื•ื 118 112116260116 ื”ืขื•ืกืžืื ื’ืงืžืฅ ื•ืžืžื’ืช ืื–ืžืงืกื–ืกื ื ;ืื‘ืชืชืขืง? ืกื— ื˜ื–ื’ื˜ืขืฅื‘ืข ืกืชืก ืืกื”ืฅืก ื•ืžื 
.1668 6622000 1408ืข1188 {ืื–860ืง 


168 


ืขืฐื”ืกื–ื˜ ื’ื”ืืžื’ืงื” 


-ื—ืงืช ;:8ื184ื’ืงื•ื– 1ื•ืื–ืคื ื•ื ื™ืขื‘ืง 6327210108ืช ื•ืขืžืืฅืขืก ืกืฐื6806/0 ืื’ืื•ืž3ื” ืฆืขืชืฆืงืช 8 ื’ 188 
-ืื 82 8 ืฆื”ื’ื˜ืขื”ืก 8064 80 6020280 .ืช .? ืชืข ืื•ืขื“ืกืืก ,ืื•ืžืืงืขื;2 ืืกืžืืกืงืฅื ,ืื–ืžืžืก0ื”ื2ื˜ ,ืื–ืžื 


ืกื•ืขื•ื•ืžืกื•ื•ืกืก ,ืืกื•ื•ืฅืกืืง /0640800 266 ื”ื”ืช ืกืืžื”ืก? /272816288ื ืคื–ืืฉืฐื”ื‘ื’ืง ืกืื–ืกืช 886ืฅ6 ื”ืก2 
-ืขื–ืืกืฆืก 


2 ืฆึธืž3 4ืฐ000280 ื—ืข ืื•ืžื—ืก2ื”ืช ืืขื ืขืกื•ืขืชืกืชืก ื”ืขืžืกื˜2ืฐ0603 ืกื˜ืื ืกืžืืฅืก ืกื–ืื˜ื0ื—ื’3 


1 1:2ืขื”46 1 


ื”2 ื“ื”ื•ื™ืกื— |0ืฐืกืฐ8ืกื”ื—ืกืก 11:11::212 
6382ืข8 | ืืกื”ืฅืขืกื•ืฉืก ื•ื 8 ื ืข6 


ื•ื•ืข 8ื 6 6ื•ืขื•ื”0ืฆืก 6ื“2ื’2ื˜ืขื”3ื’? 


2260 638804 ืกืื  104 ืข 0280/4 06030232:0104 (0) ื (24) ืกืืกื’ื”ืช :6 ื– ื“ืก ื 34 
71 ืกื•ืช ืกืชืก2ืช ืขื‘ึผื•ึผื•ื ื”ืก1ืกืฅื‘ืคืชืกืชืกืข (0) 8ืฐ8ืกื˜060382 ื”ื”ืช 410 ,ื10 8 ?000?04 2382044ืง 
./4021611-226 112381826108 882ืฅ6 ืข ืฆืืกื–110 .ืœื–ื•ืกื0ื 814ื112321826 322 


169 


:678 ืฆืขืืก/ืกืง68 15 ื–ืคืืกื”ืกืคืขืงื—ื– ืกืื ื1ืŸ .1 6 ื ืฐ/4ืช 324 
1-ืจ, --ื, 3-ืึธ, 1-4, 5-, 6ื˜, ื“-ืข, 8--ื˜, 9--ื˜, 0ื“-ืจ, 1-ื“, 12}--ื, 123--ืึท, 14--ืข, 15--ืึท. 


ืกื•ืขื•ื•0ื•ืฆ0001861018 } ื ืžืžืืฅ6 2204 423881:06 ื–ืืกืชืชื 6 ื”ืงืกืืกื˜ 6ืกืื”ื”ืงืกื” 16ื’ื ื•ืขื—ื’11 
' -ืขืžืืฅ6 ืกื•ืฆืืกืกืขื˜ 600 
1 -- ืฉืื”ืกืง -- ืง 2 -- 8260 -- 8 ... :018672 060836 

31101116:46ืขืกืžื— ื—ืข ื”ืกืžืกืงืกื— ืืข ,0082 46 ื6806/0 ื–ืžืžืกืชืกืžื—ืงืช ืกืื ืขื–ืŸ .2 3226 
6 0008245 6806040446 434172016 ,ืขืก340/0684,ืกืง60 8ื—6ื”610 216ืกืงืืขืงืช ืื–2ืืฅ6 ืืกืื–ืกื—ืŸ/ 
-/66 110648201608 .3400416ืขืกืงืช ืฆืข ื–ื•ื ื—ื” ืกืžืžื”ื—ืขืžื’ืงื— ,0430106044062ืง40 10206 8 ื˜ืกื”ืืง 
.0208 8068 648ื“4 0ื–ืก. 


0380 |ืก8ืกืžืงืกื— 08ืขื—ืกื•ืกื”ื—ื‘ืฉื•ืกืงื— 


46 


2440 


),2 


772 


ื’ื™ 


4 
20 


ื‘ึผื™ื–(0ืฆืจ 
ื‘ืœ ืคึธื•ืก 
ื‘ื˜ื™ 2160 
ื˜ 
03 6710 
ื . 


ืคึผืขืจื™ ืกืข|ืจ'0 0/2ืก 
ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ 080ืฆืจื™ + 1000/0/0 
ืคืœืจ 0ืึธืจืก | :7000 


?7ื”),)) 
ื“ื 88 


ื•ื—2 
(ืื2 
(ื—ื 8| 


ื•ื‘ 
ื• 
|| |ื3ื‘8| 
(ื‘ึผื“ืžื– ืกื‘ึผ| 
(ื‘ื–ื”ื” 8| 
(ื—ื ืžื‘ึผ2| 
ื•ืื 83 
|ื“ืื ื—ืื| 
(ื“ืžืื ืงื‘ึผ8| 
| ืžื“ื”ื‘ึผื“ ืกื‘ื) 
|ื“ืงืื“ ืค3ึผ4| 


6 ื’ืขึทืกื–! 56160000 406 6ื ืื• 46216 2150 13 ืกืขืกืŸืืกืฅ . (8182) 201410 .1 ืข880ืก/ืกืขื›ืŸ 
133168 161'' 486 ืฆืก' 1941 ืžื’ 66ื’2115ื˜ื›ืŸ 0660 6ืข02 10 25ืขื• 1024 ื’226111 ืžืฐืก1ืกืž5 ืฉื˜ ืขืกืกื˜ 
6 +.60ื˜ืข86ืกืขื›ืŸ 660 185 00 6ืžืก ืฅ|ืžืก ืžืกื ืžื˜ืฆ 10 ;6ื•2//000 ืžื’ ืข6ืž115ืžื˜? ื’ืฆื’ืื•ืกืŸ 
-81200 8'ืž861/1 .84 , (ืฉื™10500,  )โ€ 16112140118 .12 ืœึธื› 216016 2 168 1612066ื›ืŸ 15 86160100 
-45;ืกืขื˜ 8'ืž36111 .2 01 ืฆืžืงื’ื ืคืกื•ืžื ื› 2 206 ,ืžืก 

-000 ,/60140 16 0 16046:8 0211168 3601100 '/1421 0'8ืž12ืฅ116 50636680'' ืกืžื™ืš' 
1 1211221108ืกืžื–ืžื 1 6ื’/} ื˜ืก (ืฉ26941006) ืื˜ืขืžืฅ?1601 .36 ืขืก ืž260ืžืขืก101 2110 
ืกื—} ืžื’ 11460ื›ื˜ื›ืŸ 18ืก!161 16860618 00012/5 2130 11 .ืžืกื ืž/ื– 800166 ืกืช} /0 68ืกื–116 ืกืžื– 
4 125665 1,106 6ื’ืŸ} }0 ืขืก 01 1661108 1116 611606 ื’101ื  ืขืจ 8ืคืกืขื›ืŸ ืžืคื ืฉื˜ืก{. ื’2ื ืกืขืก} 
.60010142168 1016 06002 ืž1 ื’ืก 0211160 2220642ืงืกื ืงืŸ 20-50164 ืกื} 

ืกืžื–ื• ืžืกืคืžื ื˜ืก, 1 /1ื ื–1/1261 ืข21016ื›ืŸ ืกื’) }0 5/ื˜6?2 1116 0068ืกืขืงืŸืกื’ 102822106 ืกืžื™ืš' 
6 ืฆื˜ 06 886ื˜ืกื–ืง ืคืืกืกืง ื’ืื•ืฉืกืŸ 16 01 ืข6ืช4650 106 25 16200/8 ื˜ืก 10 ืžืฉืฉืกืžื +: 
.001150618ื˜1 "1182461 ืฅ198ืก1ื˜ืกืค'! 

6 46 1' .4208018 2000 12165 115 8ืกื˜ืž:6ืž0ืก ืฉ6ืค2010066) ./ /8060102566ื–ื‘) 
01 1,641000 2 /10 1121601218' , "1006:050 01 1160 . 8ืช560610 1241110021 ื’ื•ืก 0012108ืก 
-ืฐืช1161 160188ื˜50'' .1116 /4ืข1106 106 01 001016ืข00 4 ,8ืกืกืกืžื›ืŸ , "216ืข1106 ืžืคื ื˜ื•ืกืŸ 0166 
-ืฆืกืกื˜ 1ื•ืกืฅ-1620 3100150 2 01 ืž21:04610ื˜ื’ืŸ 106 :8026 15 "1200 

1 4006 8606121 116 /06ืžื˜ื• 5ืฅ6594 01 0011600100 2 15 1556 106 10 1660ืžืกื’ืžืก!1ืงืžื˜ืค 
-212822106 ื’ืก 01 2680618 406 ืขื›ืŸ 14160ืขื˜ื• 81168ืขืกื›ืŸืข16ืž00) 


116/1064 .13 ืขื™ืœ 6115161641ื–ื™1 


0424 ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ืจ ืจ ื™ื‘ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ืื›ื›ืขื•ื, ืฉืคื˜ื ื ื•ื•ืœ ื“ืœืขื ืืืŸ โ€ ืขื“ 2 
ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’! 


ืื™ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ-ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ืคืืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืก ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 
ืึท ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืœืขืจืขืจ (ืคื”ืก1ืขืฆื˜ืฅืขืกื8ื) ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืก ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ 
ืคึผืืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืื ืฒึทืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืึธืกื ืœื™. 

ืืฃ ื•ื™ืคึผืœ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทืข ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœื™ืืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ื- 
ืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื‘ืึธื ื™ืจืŸ, ืื™ื™ืฆืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 1986 ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. 


ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืข ืขืงื™ืขืขืงื™ื™ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืจ ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืง ื™ื”ื™ ื™ื• ื™ื™ ื™ื™ 101101 1 1001 4121512 !121 
ืื‘ ื™ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืจื”ื˜ ื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื™ื– -ื™ื™ื™ ืขืž" = ื™ื™ 


61 ื—ืข {ื– 2 ื–ื ื– ื–ื– ื 


-06642 0ืช28238 ื•ืžื ืชืกื– ื”ืขื’ืขืฅืืกื– 4 ืœื”ืžื’ืชื/ืก ื–ืขืฐื–6ืž4000 606ื20 ืืกืืกื˜ืกืกืคื–ืืก ื 
681 617216260 ืื–ืขื’ืฉืฆืฅ6 4 72003,1244 ืกืงืงื! ื•ื•ืขื”ืช ื’ืื–ื˜3ืช ืžื”ืกืฆืื˜ืฅืกื8ืก ื˜ื“8? 
- ืฆื‘ึฟืข ืื”ืช ื ื•ื•ื•ืชืช ืกืื•ืžื‘ืช ื ื”ื—ื”ื’ื”ื‘ืกืช ืืกืžืก 1808878ืกืžืกื ืขืงืกืžืกืกืฅ ืืฐ:ื˜0ื•28622 ื•ืžืงืฆื“ื”ืงืกื“ืขื” 
-3201080 600 ืžื“ืขื˜ 

ื”ื”ื” 8272ืงืฅื2 ื–ื•ืื’ืงืชื”ื—ื•ืืก3ื 8ืื’0800028 /2200072/26 16 ื”ืื’ื22ืกืง ืฆืืžื”ืกืืกืกื•ืŸ 
-8086 ื–ืืกืฆึธื–086ืก ื”ื’ืืงืฅืฆึธืื  2 ื—ืกืžื–ืชืกืขื—ืชืกืช ื—ืกืชืกืฅ 86 ืกื“ื ,164 6ืžืกืกืงืช ื”ืขืืกืงืกืค1ืกื ืžืกืชืฅ 
ื“ืฆื”ืฆ6 ืกื–ืกืงืกื“ืกื ื—ืืฐืžืกืื ืชืขื–ืกืงื 24 ,2ืก? 1986 (ืขื’ื•ืขื”ืขืก 82 ืขืืกืขื—ืชืกืช ืคื–ืžืืงืกืง)ืก ื”ื 
.0'111644ื08 ื•ืžืžึผื”ืชืช 46ืฐ/ืก282811 ื”ืกืžื“ื’ืžืกืื”ืกืฆื— 


ื™ื™ 204 2:12:1 5,144 4.2400:1:-51:::344 141 ืขื™ .ื™ื• ื™ื™ ื™ื• ื ืื˜ ื˜ื™ 5 
ื•ืข 


6 /0 ืžืกืžืฆืฅื–ื•ืžื˜ืกืก ืžื’ 01 4615 (8101156ืกื˜ืกืืŸ) 68ื˜16ื˜2) ืžื–/02) 5101165 ืคื  ืžืŸ 
18 16 21160600 206 ื•ืžื–ืขื’ื˜ืจ ื’11ื˜ื˜---ืฆืขืก82 ,50141615 ,5ืช214154ื›ืŸ---ืขืก1ื’ืขื ืก! 10169/6 
6 0112/204615 018 1100ืกืžื˜ื•ืกืขื ื˜ืคึฟ 6 106 60601018 /ื–ืก1ื˜2 ืกืž} 1026 1006 8621 ืž11ื•ืฆ 
6 48ืขืกืขืฆ ืค'ืชืกื•ื˜ืกืขื˜ื‘) 8210 .110466 ืฅ100:550101 216 ืžื’ืžื– 200 2240:6 ,4621 8204 
.096ืขื›ืŸ 66'8ืกื›ืŸ 

2605 56ืฅ810 ืฆึธื "ื–ืก: 12โ€ 0141ืข146 6" ืฉื ืก51 2001061 2119/465ื’ื•ื›ืŸ 2822106ื ืช 16 
6 40 8604100ืกืขืงืŸ ืช|ืกืกื˜ 5ื’ื’' 116 '5401165 16ืงืžื–ื’ื˜" 06 1115 ืžืขืกืข} (21211020114212) 
.215ืกืฅ ืฉืฉืก} 1254 106 101 /060ืช086ื’ื•ืŸ 16200618 

7ื–ืก?5 2 165ื–/02 "ืคื–ืก6ื•ื ื˜ื˜ ืžืื•ืกืขืกืข ืฉื˜ ืคืืขื–ืกืฉ1" 8ืชื•20ืกืช 6 /ืก0ืžื˜ 860604 6ืž1' 
6 ืฆืื–ืกืฉื• 6ืืกืžืขืจ (01010220)) 2011215) 5/6ืฅืก21 116ืขื˜ 61102ืžื–ื’/ 176ืคืฆืกืขืงืกืฆื›ืŸ ืกื} ืฆืก 
--116108ืขืฅ 6 46/. ืฉื ืก/ืค 5014 ืคื•ื} 1 .102822106 ื˜ืก }0 5ืข16206 406 10 ืžืฉื•ืกืžื !3061 
5116 6 01 ืฆืคืกืžื ืงืง2ื ืกื}1 106 5/108916 66 215 8ืกื’ื•ืžื ื–ืชืกืก ืคื•ืฉืกื’ืื) .21 "14016 
.5001 ืชื’ืžืžื˜ื’! 106 01 ืฅ?ื ืขื˜ืงืŸ 6 ืข0ืก} ืฅ!ื•ื™ื ื’ื ืžื ืขื›ืŸ 206 ,121/16590655 114ืกื˜ื˜ 106 ืžื’ 16ืง60ืŸ 

/06ืžื˜ 1:414 ืกืž'1'' 1016ืชืกืฆืžืก-ืฅื–ืก51 10 04 ืž2110ื˜ืžื ืž0ืก 16 0115268ื˜ื›ืŸ 1586 136 
ืกืžื˜) 6006 106 ื– ืชื’ืžื– 11184 106 +ื•ืกื˜2 (9006ืก21) ืฉืก1ืž241::0506 0101 ืขืก "ืฅืข ืกืช} 
68 2110 1006 102518 ืขื™:648ืžืฐื˜000 6)ื˜ 2 ืž0) /221116 0051010 486 6102106ื˜ืก 
-6ื˜ 106 206 1965 6064 /0 818ืกื˜ืก ืกื} ื’}ื ื• 0618 ?21 113' -ืžื 222) ื’ืขื˜ืข 07 110286 16 
-1966 ืงืžื ืžืžื•ื 

6 1,621 6 ื“'' 2111016 2 165ื’ื•ื˜1ืขื•ืžืกืก (6ื™ืกืก9ืก1) 41 1,60061 0110154ื’? 
-ื˜400 ืžื˜ื•ืกืžื˜ 111016 04 2515 106 ืžืก ,672102165 ืข1ืคืžื ืกืžื ื˜ืžืกืก ืชืกื ืžืฉื™ "1ื˜111:020 01 
-111844) "ืคืชืกื•ืžื˜ 1:206' ืฆื–ืกื;ืกื˜ื˜-1/ืช2 406 01 1206ืง 40 1016 106 ,5ืก!ื˜ืงื’} 200 16218ืช 
.131261 04 1116 0ืžื–0ืž660 226 506121 106 ืžื’ ( 6110 

1061 1161 /ืก211ื›ืŸ 106 1066 10111 1660161 6 } "ืคืฉืกื’ื˜ืก/ืž1 +ื˜0)' 560110 106 ืž1 
-1411 /16152 ืขืก?ืง1ืกืค 6 ,ื–ื’ืกืฅ ืคื ื} 6ื˜1? ืฅ1ืž6ื˜56 5 0616012466 ืกื’ืืจ ืฉืกืกืคืก1/1 ืžืขืกื–} 
ืžืขืก?1 2ื˜ืฅืžืกืžืกื1 2 0186ืข210461-0612ื›ืŸ ืคืžื˜ืกืฅ 6 200 1:60:81240 ืžื–ืก?} {ืืค1ื’ื˜ืขืกื˜ 
1011 

4218 200ืž101 1 ืž6ืžื–/2:2 011000 ืงื–2ืขืก/11 ืก} "ืขืกืกืืช 25510066ืงืž1'' 2111016 1015 ืž1 
6 /06 60166600 106 ืžื’  10010066โ€ ืžื’ืžื–015ื’) ื’ืž /15ืกื˜ืกืช 406 ืขืก ืคืื–ืกื˜ื˜ ืกื} 
41 1821 , "1666ื˜ืกืข ืกื} ืฆืข4ืค , 5661 1106 244" ."ืคืฅ66802ืขืฅ 4 11011027' 01 41016 
14 ืกื•ืค ื’ื•ืกื–ืžื˜ 1004 01 ,1116 21ืžืกืคืกื›ืŸ ืขืกืช 01 ืงื ืก!5 6 1611 ืžื”ืžื–ืžืฆื–ืกื) -ืžืคึฟ ืฆื˜ ืคืขืกืกื˜ 


.5ืข1/66402 :1116 ื˜ืก 21016 ืข01102ืช 
-100ืช2 ืžื’ 026 615 406 ืžื–ืขืก11 ืงืคื•ื˜ืกืžืขืกืื’) ืžื–ืกื–} ืžืกืฆื•ืกืช 8 200 ืงื–ื˜ื .1 


ืฉ1606011 60 1125 ืคืงืžื 2ืก ืž002060112110 1 ืกืช} ื: 0001066 618ืกืงืŸ ืžืคื’ืืก 01 {8ืก1 


186( 6ืกืกื›ืŸ 6ืš' . "1205 ืž16ืกืฉืค. ?0 1006 ืกืž1 /ืกืกืžื˜ 11-1315161ื’:116628 7,612 
11161217 6 /0 62/08ืค 2 00112860ืžื˜ 0 226 ืกื’ืฉืฉ ืฅืžื’ืžื–ื–ืกื’) 1066 ื’ื–ืกืฅ} 46ืข56 
4ืกื˜ืžื˜ืข'' 62110160 2004 2 ืžื– ืคื ืžืกืกื›ืŸ /6ื’/ 001160160 ,064698ืงืŸ 8ืžื˜ืกืฅ 6} 01 26111226 
6006 ื˜ื’ 1-12151961ื’ื’2ื˜ืข2166 2ื ื–ืŸ76 }0 1116 486 04 12018 ืกื ื–ืกื ."ื’ืคื ื˜ืงืž, ืžื’ 
: ื’ืื˜ 506 1941 ืž: 200 ืงืคื•ื˜ืกืžืขืกืก ื: 5 .ืกืื• 0001 6901 0} 684 506 .ืžืฉืกืžื 


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.ืขื–ืขืืขื–ื•ื˜ืกื•ืืก2 


ื•ื•ื• *1 


6061 ื˜ืก0:ืข 0216 0 4 ืืกืงืกื–ืืก; ืื–ืขืžืกืง320 1116ืข1120 ืขืชืื ืกืช8ื–ื• 
-1211224:ืข38 8210084000 20 ื”ืกื–'ืขื”2080 

-3417216 0862ื1ื’2 8 ื’ืื˜ืกื”ืฅ 4001012 208601210 //2260080ื 680604 00 
2 +(1414111111168) 11172/408 ื—ื—ื!1 ืืขื’3ื‘ืกืงืช 6280610:44 ื–ืขืืกืื’/ื•ื‘ /ืกื” 
-0102 ,/21008 -- ืงืชื 1160:42 8 23020740104ืง ื’ืื˜ืกืžืฅ ื’ืืขื”ืื ืกืชืฅื ืืกืงืกืช 
;6066 16 -2041606000 ืงืขื 3101 8 ืžืขืฅืฐื”ื—/32 .0182ืกืื ืฆืฅื 68ืžืง60 ,0108 
5 4ื—388ืฅ 200006 ืกืื ืฅ ื•ืžื 4282 ืฆืข ืชืข ืื”ืชืกื•ืช 600 ,22106086 0 ืกื–ื˜ 
.111021:0:81:2 .11 /3862614ืขืกืงืช ืืืฆื•ืื ืกืงื•ืช 

7 /ื—ื’ืงื 2026008000 {ืฐืชืง06 ืกื–ืกืชื—ื ืืช2002 ,ืื’ืืืชืืก3 ืฆืืขืกืžืก 0 
0 28008832088107 ื–ืขื”ื—ืกืžืก1 ืกื—ื ..(ืืกืงืข11080046) ืคืขืคึผืกืงืฅ 1 ืืข28 ืง83/080ืง 
ืง2810 ./2146ื—ื•ืืขืก ื—ืข 20100ื—16 6 -- 6288ืช00/024-62 ,ื220143212 -- ืืข 
2 ืคื’ื‘ืข28 .60068ื– 0 206/0ืื ืฅืขืงืืก 010788ื ,ืฆึธื”ืกืงืขืงืช 210608010 ืก ?ืกืขืกืขืง 
-3ืข1120 .60604 ืฆื”ืื ืกื ืข08232 110023028840 ืืกืžืกืชืกื˜ ืข ื’ืชื’ืกืงื—ืงืช ,ื˜ืฆืงืกืืก 
-203782 2032 3170 -- 42ืข8ืกืงืฅ 1 .ื ื”ืขื•ืกืช80 

6 140/1116 71ืขืขึฐื–ืก/8 01642 ,02266ืกืกื”ืขื ืคื”ืฆืืฆ 8ื2008230ืง 0 
,ืœืขืขืง4010 4110004216 8ืืขื’ืŸ 113 ื”ืขื–ื•ื’ืืขื—ืกืขื” ื”ื’2ืกืงืกื ื™ืก 210 . (1822ื™2ืฆ112) 
-ืขื˜ ืงืึธืก 08 81440001 ?20 280ื”26080 ืืขืžืชืกืžืกืกืช ืกืขืกื˜ืก? ืž 2810 2ื’ืขืงืกืขืกื 
816611 

-ืขืกืฆืช 1188ืงืฅืื  27626/42ืกืขืช 18ืž1111000081111 8ืขื–ื•38626ืข41100 ืกืืขืงืกืขืง ื 
8ืกืขืžืข 1 6ื•ื–?ืกืŸืง 8 2:0800ืืข28000 048000ืกืกืงื—ืกืงืช 0086008 ?ืกืฅื 
-112.12ื˜ ืืœ 4141416220 23860100 ืกืืกืงืขื–ืŸ ืกืื ืฅ 1800460080 200 .(ืกืชื’ืืื˜) 
ืกืขื•ืขืŸ 24 82 20280600000ืช 48 086014ืช 022ื23ืง ืกืช /100ื˜16602 ื‘ืŸ 
6 8 10264ืช ืื–ื•ื–ืกืกืงืช 0380106 32 {ืกืžืงืกืก ืกื ;ืข1868ืกืกืื ืฅื 61ื’ืื ืชืก2ืกืงื— 
ื™ื ืข 16008660842 {ื–ืกื–ืกืขื ื™ 32 ,8060 11060826 .ื”ืขืžื’ืžื—ืกืก6 

828,)ึธ) }ืืขื˜0ืก2ื:-ืข?860ืกืช 270200286446 2632126:0 ืกืงืกื—ืืก4 ื 
680ืž0ืกื˜ ืกืงื ื ืืกืžืงืกืช 0 ืœืืก0ืก ืชืกืช 8ืฐืืก423 11638088ืกืงืฆืข/ืช2 2ืงืกื ืืขื 
611,011 ื–ื ืฆืื•ืก2, 1101 ื–ื•ื ื 6ืก 2 .560ืž680 ืขืืกืกื˜ืขืืกืกื ื—ืกื”ืก2ืกืกืงื— โ€ 00114ืก:ืก: 
6 1120::041111611 8 ื’ืฐืฐืง12/2 ื”ืืขืง10 00023 ?800003226 8810 004086 
6 ,6 044? 1969 04 8ื”ืข?ื000 0 20082328206104 8224ืืงืฅื; 
-1022 1906 

-2160 :6,111 ืขืช 861ืžืขื–ื™ืกื ืžื 82ื“ืขืงื”4074 1 ืคืขืฅืก 28ืข41101 1418604ืก 00 
-212:10438607 ื–ืืกืขื•ื•ืกื˜ืกื”ืžืขืงืช 0 ,880ื—200823210 .(14008482) ืขื˜ื’ืขืช12ืŸ ืคื—ืกื• 
-/0ืกืงื—+ ืฆ0800ืข://2 6010 ืžื”ืกืง 00604826908 ,ืงืข ืข 108ื•ืกื•ืืฆืืกืช ืื–ื– 
-4ืข11302 2431 0341108611110/1 ื–ืข 0611602861011 8 (8ืขืฆืง22ื–ืกื—1) 00103082 

ื–ืืืกืžืกืืกืกื 0 14108ืก8012 89ื—41216ื˜ ืขืกื•ื ืขืžืงืกื–ื˜ืช 4112 ืกืืขืงืกืฅืง ื 
ื˜ืกืกืขืฐ0ื—20 ืฆึธื”ืก?ื– ืืก?ืค 8 ืฆืืกืงืกื ืกื ;ืืก2ืง1!8/6 ืืกื ืขืงืก} ืืกืืขืื’ืื ืกื”ืฅื 
-ื•ืขืงืกืžืขืงื! ื116/402480 ืืกืงืกื“ืชืคืžืฆืืก ืืืืกื”ื’ืงืชืชืขื—ืกื” 0 ,61 ืคื–ื”ื 026041ื66 
.26867108 2001 04ืืก:8608-/202811416ืฅื /008404ืขื”ืข16 /20ืกืชืกื ื— ืื”ื 

1 8 (/ืขืื˜ืงืก1 .ื–) 8300ืข146 3226 ืืืฆืขืงื 842ืงืฅื ื’ื˜ืกื–ืื” 
8 815010461016 ,2028ืกืžื‘ืขืกืงืช ื—ืกืขืฅืงื—ื‘3ืขืช282 ืขื’ื–ืขื•ื 46:00201428 078796 
-2116/2ืข0 ืœืชืกืงืก ืืขืฐ4112832 ื”ื’ืื–ืขืงืก} ื–ื•ืงืขื–ื•ืŸ 32/82ืกืงืช ืืขืืง60ืก 0811 
-ืฆืขื” 66 0 22800423 210 -- ืื’ืื ืฉืง0ืก1 111 ื—ืขื–ืขื”ื 806 ืกื˜ ,42280108 /4110004 
-028002 1 8/2622 022 042 3170 ,ืืก1 0 26ื˜ืฅื—07 ืืกืื”ืกื 80 ,ืขื”ื‘ืขืื’ 101 
-000 //26240 86082 8722661 042 ,6020280 -- .260603641 38863261---, ื’ื” 
41+ 116 1166 { ,ืขืืกืกื ื™ืขื•ื–ืื ืกืฆื ืงืขื 8ืฐ1216ืขื˜ ื”ื—ืช ืž00322827 00611001810 
4ืฅ 0141 281900 .ืœืขื‘ืขื; ืฅ 838170 806 ืืก? 0 886006 ื— ,ืฐืขื–ืกื”ืกื–ื82ื˜) 
ืืขืข1124 ืข2ืก00ืก ืืขื•ื•ืชื‘ื’ืงืช -- ื”ื’ืื–ืขืง10 ื–ืžืงืขื–1ืŸ ื’ื–ืขื ืืข ื”ื’ืืกืฅ0/ืฐ060683 ืกื–ื˜ 
.69211611 ืื–ืžื ื ืง 2 ืงืกื–ืขื” 

-1164010 410 ,0006102101 ืข20/3 .ื ื ืชืงืขื 11 ื’ืง2810 ืกืขืื•ืขืžืกื’ืงืกื˜ 
6ืืขืกืฅื—260 160802146040/4, /162622080 8 423242 ืฅืืก? ื”ืืกืงื 006 
-160111088106 ืื–ื•ืืกืžืกืงืกืž:ื ืชืข? 4808ืข30ืฅ ,0035108 ืืฐืืก680624 ื”ืื–ืกื”ืก281 ื’ื—ื”ืชื‘ื— 
,080268ืก 88138182101166 ,46:2080 11238282 8010028 ;ืกื–ืขื˜ื 3102 8 68 
-03:60 /:20ืกืžืกื–ื 200461:164 4080061146ืข01 21146ื–ืืขื•ื–ื•ื 0668 22 ?06021126 
-ืขื— ืฐืขื–2081000 9ื—196ืข26224100-000188 .ืงืกื™ืข283-ืฅ1166062 ื–ืขืื˜ื”36 ื–ืขืก 


ื˜ืŸ ื–ืช 10ืค ื–ื™ ? 


(182ื–ืขื”ืกืงืŸ 46:0860888) ืœื”ื–ื•ื’ื—ื–ืืงืกื– ื•60:0861 
35 .ืžืก86ื–ืืก ,10 5 


-4)2086 11081606 ืืกื› ืž 620:2826842ืงื— ื”ืื‘ึผื›ืกืช 6802620428 ื”6086?082) 
 11701-โ€ 11 ืžืกืืขืžืกืขื•ืกืง)-3108ืกืช /ืกืืงืกืก6ืชืกืช /206:118110 ืขืชื•:2ืฐ/6ื– ื–ื  
, (12468) 2ื˜ืืžืกื”ืื–ืกืŸ2 21 /,(16468) ืกื–ืกืืกืžื’ื ืฆืขืงืขื .11 ,(ืืกืขืขืงืกืกื) ื’ืžื—ื 
, (012ืง0ื–1108) 22ื–ืืžืขืง 1 24 , (ืืกื˜ื—ื•ืช) 608ืฐื—16 21 ,(ืืกื—ื—ื•ืช) 262608 .{ 
(16468) 6,402672ืฆืขื 11 ืื—ื—ืกื”ืกืืกืช 0ื–ืกืฐื•ืง018 ืž0ืง2810 ืืื—ื—ื˜ืกืชืกืžื‘ืขืกืงื— 
. (2100882) //80ืกืืขืžื˜ื—ืกื•ื•ืขืก .ื ื 


-61ืฅืืขืžืกืฆืช 6 2ืฅืื  ืž 100668262 68/ืงืก6) ื”ืข1ืกื—-90 0342860820246 ื 
ื™ื–ื•ื–ืขื”ืข 12 6068026ืช 8 372ืกืช /114ืกืง180ืกืืขื“ืก ื”ืืขื•ื– ืืก 


ืกื ืฅืžึผืงืกืช 7ื˜ืกื—ื’ืŸ ื”ื’ื—ืืงืฅืื  1028 ืก'ืกื ื–ื•ื ืกื–ืž:ืŸ ืกืืื ืขื˜ื /208200804 8 
ืืขืžื–ืž607 ื”ืืกืงื4 (16468) 110888602 ื”ืขืงืกื ืขืง! 262ื0ืง 0ืช8080 ื˜ืฅ80ื˜ 
ืืกื•ืกืช ,01224000222) 222006 8 238072348210104 484:/ืข00:) .ืขื”ืื ืกืชืื• 
-ืฆื–ืฆื” ืกื ืฆืืกืงืฅื! 114 ื”ื—ืžืกื’ืกืžื‘ืขืกืงืช 160068 ื–ืขืกืกื˜ืกืงืกืืช 196ืกืžืกืืžื”ืช 8060006 
-ืขื”6 468 :84ืข0020862ืก 0 +ื–ืขืฅืžื’ื 8 ืืืขื–ื– 0 08ื”2200?2 ืžื—ืกืขื’ื–ื—ืก 
-32 1306 .2ืงื—ืชื•2ื0, ื—0382ืช 0883407 ื—ืข ,1606008 804ืกื”ืก0 ื—ืกืฐ32386 28086 
{ืกื–ืขื’ืขื .ืืขื–ืกืง?1ืก ื—ืข ืื’638ืž60ืก 108ื—ืž01200 18000ืกืง ืกื•ืขื— ืื”ื ;ื—ื—ืžื–ืกื 
-10 24ืืข3ืฅ16 ,ืฆืืกืฅืงืš ืžื—ืื ืกื”ืกืช 116006108 .1238/00180 80100406 ืกื—ืขื˜380 
31 ื–ึทืขื‘ึฟืฅื’ืช //20700 000606 ื— 2608 ืืขืก8ืก ื—ืกื”ืชื”ื–ืก ืกืื ื•ืกืง 

-ืกืช ื–ืื .. 128 800 ..ืฆื ืฅืžืขื 36063 ืคืขืฅืžืื•ื—ืกื ื–ืกืื ืกืขืช 002086406 -- 
? ื”ื– 


161161121171,- 8202 ื•ืขืง1082 ืขื”ื”ืืกืŸืŸ -- 

ืžื–ื’ืชืฅืกื–ืก :4ื—26 ืกืช 1160622216 !6012 ืกืช 806 -- ื—ื”ื—ื”ืžื˜ืกืช ื—ืขื—ืกื -- 
...1682 

24ืข8ื™'ืก ,16010ืข 06:6 6806 114 ืกืžื ืกืช ืข 8208 206 114 ื—ืขื•ื•ืขืžื”ื’ื˜ ืืก 
ื—.ืกืขืกืฅ 6 0ืขื˜ ,ื—00ืข0008821 ืกืืขื—ืกืข ื–ืขืš 11 .ื–ืขื—ืกืืก ืกืขืืกืกืื 872 ืฐ018ื•ืช220 
828 3:0 /26026 828 ,842016086ืข1 ื ืืกื˜ืขืžืขืกืงืกืžืชืกืช 0621 ื˜ื–ืขื–ื•ื”ืกื 


{ืกืืฅืง ื—ืขื•ื•ืฆื’ื ืืก ืฆืืก?ืกืช 2 ,2032480 ืืกืื–ืขื—ืก ืกืื ืฅ ืžืงืกืช16 .ืืก0ืก ื”ืก0ืกื— 
:ืืก1100801  08232โ€ 


.31:2101...2ืข 288 ื–ืข ืกืื ืฆืกืงืก1 ืฆืื˜ื‘ืฅืืŸ !ืกืขืก ืฆืืก 2424 -- 


,ื—0222082ื, 011 ื’ื–ืื–ืขืงืกื™ืก 6040084 128246 2 ,600 ,110ื˜ืกื“ืขืžื–ืก/ืก2 1ืข 

-622ืงืช ืื— ,0180ืกืื ืฅื ืืข ,0100280018 ืืข -- ืขื—2ืž433 ืกืงืกืืก ืคื”ืกื˜ืก ืชื’ืง8 

2204 /ืขื”60 2 ,ืฆืชื’ืงื ืžืกื—ื–ืก 2 ื–ืžื”ืขืก 806 012210 00108640018 ,202486 0018 
.2::11311810 ืžืข:082ื˜ื™'ืงืกืื ืกืช 


-114 ืืขื ื˜ื”60 ื”ืืกืง68 ื’ืฐ2ืืกืง 32018 8170028 2200423018200 ื–ืืกื ืค 06 
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